Kasontwerp en energiezuinige kassystemen Sustainable greenhouse design Masterclass 26 november 215 HAS Den Bosch BOGO project Klimaat en energie: nieuwe low input teeltsystem in de tuinbouw S. Hemming en F. Kempkes, Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw Design greenhouse systems which combine (economic) production efficiency with minimal input of energy, water and nutrients for different regions in the world: The Adaptive Greenhouse design Sustainable greenhouse production Climate conditions: different worldwide sun (MJ/m 2.month) sun radiation (MJ/m 2.month) 8 6 6 beijing July taipei TOWARDS Lighting 4 4 2 2 Heating holland shanghai Cooling J D -1.. 1. 2. 3. -1..mean temperature 1. ( o C) 2. 3. mean temperature ( o C) 1
Technology for greenhouse production Technology for greenhouse production Controlability of production factors (light, CO 2, temperature, humidity, water&nutrients, pests&diseases) Degree of technology Knowlegde level of grower 24/7 attention of grower greenhouse climate crop response economic result increasing control of production factors Sustainable greenhouse production Design procedure 3. Alternative Working principles Goals for design: High production, product quality, predictability High energy efficiency and use of sustainble energy High water use efficiency, low nutrient losses Low pesticide use, high food safety Economic profit of the production system 1. Goals of design 4. Combination into Conceptual designs 5. Evaluation: Experts Model simulations Practical experiments 2. Required functions 2
Type of crop Light CO 2 Water & nutrients Temperature Humidity Greenhouse construction Make use of natural ventilation, it is for free!!! Air exchange temperature/humidity control Air exchange natural CO 2 supply Multispan tunnels Glass greenhouses Simple tunnels Paral greenhouses Single tunnels Covering material Make use of natural sunlight, it is for free!!! Light yield Sun energy energy saving Plastic films Shading and screens Energy screens Shading screens inside White wash Diffuse glass Plastic sheets single / double Nettings Shading screens outside Clear glass Glass with modern coatings 3
Cooling system Natural ventilation Heating system Heat, CO 2, electricity Co generation engine Fogging Direct air heater Boiler Pad/fan Heat pump Forced cooling Geothermal Energy source and supply Solar CO 2 supply Oil, diesel CO 2 = growth Natural gas Outside CO 2 Wind Biomass Geothermal energy Natural gas Waste CO 2 other industries Liquid CO 2 4
Growing systems and substrates Water and nutrient supply Water treatment Soil Soilless Sprinklers Substrates Recirculation systems Nutrient mixture Drip irrigation Find optimum greenhouse design Pest and disease management Chemicals Biological control Beneficials How to decide on optimum sustainable greenhouse design for different region s in the world? 5
4 2 3 18 16 2 14 1 12-1 (1) 8 6 (2) 4 (3) 2.3.5.7.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 Price tomato [ /kg] Glass simple Glass optimum system Glass advanced system with lighting 27/11/215 Research methodology Research methodology Expert view Experts with long year experiences in different countries Dynamic greenhouse climate and crop models input: local outside climate, crop parameters variables: greenhouse design, climate equipment, set points result: year-round inside greenhouse climate (temperature / humidity / CO 2 ) and crop performance at every hour of year Economic model input: local prices for products, materials and investments, local interest rates (4) output: return of investment, yearly net benefit Hemming et al., 28; Vanthoor, 211 netto income [ /m 2 /year] return of investment [years] Resources: Land Energy Capital Labour Water Nutrients Climate: Temperature Humidity Solar Radiation Wind Rainfall Market: Price of Products Quality of Products Legislation Adaptive greenhouse model Greenhouse system design Sustainable greenhouse production Example: low tech Example: Malaysia, tropical lowland multispan Goal: Introduce a passive, low cost, passive, greenhouse concept suitable for lowland tropical climate conditions 6
Example: Indonesia, tropical lowland Example: Indonesia, tropical lowland New plastic films: high light transmission, diffuse, reflection of heat radiation Good greenhouse climate by maximum ventilation and chimney effect Tight for insects by nets Example: Indonesia, covering material Example: Indonesia greenhouse climate PAR (light) transmission NIR (heat) transmission Impron, 211 Impron, 211 7
Example: Indonesia, crop production Sustainable greenhouse production cum. fresh weight harvest (kg m -2 ) Cumulative fresh harvest 8 7 NIR NIR1 6 NIR2 5 4 3 2 1 25 5 75 1 time (days after planting) Example: mid tech Impron, 211 Realised demo greenhouse in Tainan, Taiwan Goal: Introduce a medium tech greenhouse concept with environmental control, soilless cultivation for safe tomato production daily global radiation sum [MJ/m 2 ] Taiwan climate global radiation 3 25 2 15 1 5 NL, 21 Kaohsiung, 21 Tainan, 21 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 day in the year Typical: Year round daily radiation sum of 1 2 MJ/m 2 Large difference in cloudiness per region Hemming et al., 213 Hemming et al., 213 8
Taiwan climate - temperatures Taiwan climate - humidity 35 Tainan, 21 1 Tainan, 21 3 9 8 Temperature [ C] 25 2 15 1 5 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 day of the year Typical: Heating demand small Challenge: High temperatures create need for efficient ventilation Extra cooling measures needed Hemming et al., 213 Relative Humidity [%] 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 day of the year Challenge: High humidity levels can cause diseases of crops and low quality of products Hemming et al., 213 Light control greenhouse covering Temperature control natural ventilation Temperature crop [ C] 5 45 4 35 3 EVA, thermic, diffuse EVA, thermic, clear PE, non thermic, diffuse PE, non thermic, clear Glass, thermic, clear outside 5 1 15 2 hours Covering material non-thermic plastic lower night temperatures diffuse plastic higher crop production Hemming et al., 213 Temperature [ C] 44 42 4 38 36 34 32 3 28 Location Tainan outside Window fraction.7 m 2 m -2.27 m 2 m -2.54 m 2 m -2 1.1 m 2 m -2 26 5 1 15 2 25 3 hours Natural ventilation Ventilation area > 3% brings temperature inside close to temperature outside Hemming et al., 213 9
Temperature control natural ventilation Cooling with water - fogging Window fraction [m 2 window / m 2 greenhouse] Number of hours warmer than [h] T air> 3 C T air> 35 C Number of hours with relative humidity higher than [h] RH> 95% RH> 9% Evapotransp. [kg/m 2 / yr] Crop production [%] Adiabatic cooling = evaporation of water Two functions: 1. decreases inside temperatures 2. increases humidity.7 1526 374 2197 586 985 1.14 1231 157 2471 496 118 113.27 157 41 257 4676 152 121.41 14 18 2552 4522 173 124.54 977 9 252 44 187 126 1.1 943 1 245 4176 1117 129 Fogging BUT ventilation needed NOT working at moments with too high humidity Hemming et al., 213 Temperature control fogging Temperature control - fogging Tair [ C] 4 38 36 34 32 3 28 26 24 22 maximum air temperature inside the greenhouse reference case with fogging, 3gr/m 2 with fogging, 6gr/m 2 outside 2 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Hemming et al., 213 1
Example: Sustainable tomato greenhouse concept for sub-tropical areas Realisation demo greenhouse Climate control High light transmission External shading screen Rain water collection Diffuse non-thermic plastic film High ventilation rate Cooling by fogging Automatic irrigation/fertigation High-wire tomato crop Air circulation Substrate cultivation Drip irrigation, closed system Temperature demo greenhouse Small crop, low transpiration, high inside temperatures Inside air temperature = outside air temperature = good ventilation capacity Relative humidity demo greenhouse High relative humidity during night, open ventilation, Use air circulation under crop? High night temperatures, bring down by night cooling? Low relative humidity during day, Fogging not effective 11
Fogging demo greenhouse Fogging demo greehouse Fogging duration, puls interval, droplet size - ventilation open sensor position Possibilities of dehumidification Sustainable greenhouse production Possibilities of decreasing humidity in greenhouse with natural ventilation: Create air movement avoid condensation on crop use fans, air ducts under crop Water system avoiding high evaporation drip irrigation Heating & ventilation dry air Cooling & condensation dry air Example: high tech -Energy saving - 12
Innovation and Demonstration Centre (IDC) Energy What: innovations for energy saving in greenhouse production by new technologies and new cropping strategies Who: Wageningen UR, greenhouse supply industry, grower VenLowEnergykas Goal: Greenhouse concept with highest energy saving and good tomato production Double glass with low u-value and high light transmission Mechanical dehumidification with heat-regain Next Generation Cultivation Strategies (climate control) VenLowEnergykas double glass Double glass low u-value due to low- coating high light transmission due to AR coating VenLowEnergykas: energy consumption 5% saving 7% saving Glass Coating T h U-value Single - 82 6.7 Single AR-AR 91 Single AR-Low- 81 Double AR-AR- Low- -AR 79 1.2 Hemming et al. 212 Kempkes et al. 214 13
Dehumidification condensation effect condensatie Condensation tegen inner dek [liter/(m2 side roof dag)] [l m -2 d -1 ].8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 Single glass Double glass De Zwart et al. 215 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Compensation necessary by: Ventilation Mechanical dehumidification (+ heat exchanger for sensible heat collection) (+ cold surface for latent heat collection) Dehumidification Ventilator & Heat exchanger Blow in dry outside air Perforated tubes VenLowEnergykas: crop production tomato (cv. Komeett ) Production tomato cv. 'Komeett'[kg m -2 ] 8 7 6 5 4 3 Prediction: 7 kg m -2 y -1 2 Comparable to 1 commercial growers 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26 28 3 32 34 36 38 4 42 44 46 48 5 52 week number 211 212 213 214 VenLowEnergykas: upscaling to practice ID Kas Duijvestijn tomato grower High insulation with double glass with AR coating and diffuse structure (no low- coating) Next Generation Cultivation Strategies Kempkes et al. 214 14
IDkas at Duijvestijn Tomato 2SaveEnergykas ca. 3% saving Goal: Greenhouse concept with high energy saving and high production at limited level of investment New Venlo-greenhouse with insulated covering Glass with AR coating and diffuse F-CLEAN inside for insulation and high light level Small ventilation windows Next Generation Cultivation Strategies and dehumidification De Zwart et al. 215 2SaveEnergykas : glass & F-CLEAN Glass F-CLEAN always 1 layer diffuse 2SaveEnergykas : light transmission Hemispherical transmission h and the haze of different base materials for PAR light 4-7 nm Material Haze Hemispherical light transmission h glass clear 82.1 glass clear + AR coating 9.5 Fclean clear 87.4 glass diffuse high haze 68 82.1 glass diffuse high haze + AR coating 68 88.8 Fclean diffuse 77 84.5 Kempkes et al. 215 Glass Hemispherical transmission h and the haze of different combination of materials for PAR light 4-7 nm F-CLEAN Kempkes et al. 215 Material Haze Hemispherical light transmission h glass clear + Fclean diffuse 77 72.6 glass clear + AR coating + Fclean diffuse 77 75.9 glass diffuse high haze + Fclean clear 68 75.3 glass high haze + AR coating + Fclean clear 68 8.7 15
2SaveEnergykas : energy consumption Predicted in a whole year: 19 m 3 gas m -2 y -1 (ca. 4% saving compared to practice) Realisation 14 m 3 gas m -2 y -1 (ca. 55% saving compared to practice), start ca. 3 weeks delayed climate 215 differs from calculation year Commercial growers large differences: 24-35 m 3 in week 45 2SaveEnergy kas : crop production tomato cv. Cappricia Predicted in a whole year: 63 kg m -2 Realisation around 65 kg m -2 (start ca. 3 weeks delayed) Kempkes et al. 215 Kempkes et al. 215 Summary: Sustainable greenhouse production a matter of design & coverings TOWARDS 16