European mobility: patterns, characteristics and impact Helga de Valk IES Policy forum Freedom of movement Brussels December 2015
STRUCTURE 1 Patterns of European mobility 2 Who are the mobile European citizens and why are they moving? 3 What are the consequences of European mobility for binational union formation, European identification and solidarity?
European mobility at heart of EU unification In research most emphasis on non-european migrants But European migration and mobility increasingly important and directions diversified
Three types of migration: International migration from outside EU to the EU Migration between EU countries Both EU and non EU nationals Internal migration within the country of both nationals and Europeans
MIGRATION IN EUROPE Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
MIGRATION IN EUROPE Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
INTRA-EU MIGRATION Europeans who live abroad
INTRA-EU MIGRATION Europeans who have ever lived abroad (PIONEUR project 2006)
INTRA-EU MIGRATION Europeans who lived and worked abroad (Eurobarometer 2013)
2013 flow: 1.7 million immigrants to EU28 from non-member countries 1.7 million people migrated between members states January 2014 stock 33.5 million people born outside of the EU-28 17.9 million persons born in a different EU Member State than where they are currently residing
SHARE OF NON-NATIONALS IN THE RESIDENT POPULATION, 2014
FOREIGN WORKING POPULATION OF EU AND NON-EU ORIGIN, 2012 Bron: Eurostat
FOREIGN WORKING POPULATION OF EU AND NON-EU ORIGIN, 2012 Bron: Eurostat
TOP TEN AVERAGE INTRA EUROPEAN FLOWS 2008-2011 UK-PL (e) DE-RO (e) PL-UK (i) UK-FR (e) RO-DE (i) FR-UK (e) RO-ES (i) RO-IT (i) PL-DE (i) DE-PL (e) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
TOP TEN AVERAGE ANNUAL INTRA-EU MIGRATION FLOWS, 2000-2011 (X 1 000) PL-UK (i) UK-ES (i) DE-IT (e) UK-FR (i) RO-DE (i) FR-UK (e) RO-ES (i) RO-IT (i) DE-PL (e) PL-DE (i) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 2000-2003 2004-2007 2008-2011 Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
PERCENTAGE INTRA-EU IMMIGRATION AS SHARE OF TOTAL IMMIGRATION FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, REPORTED BY COUNTRY UK SK SE RO PL NO NL LV LT IT FI ES DK DE AT 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2000-2003 2004-2007 2008-2011 Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
PERCENTAGE INTRA-EU IMMIGRATION AS SHARE OF TOTAL IMMIGRATION FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, REPORTED BY COUNTRY UK SK SE RO PL NO NL LV LT IT FI ES DK DE AT 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015) 2000-2003 2004-2007 2008-2011
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EUROPEAN MIGRANTS (FLOW) AND MIGRANT POPULATIONS (STOCK)? Distribution by sex and age of migration from PL to DE, according to DE, 2008 (%) Distribution by sex and age of migration from DE to PL, according to DE, 2008 (%) 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 -12-10 -8-6 -4-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 men women -12-10 -8-6 -4-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 men women Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 Distribution by sex and age of migration from PL to DE, according to DE, 2008 (%) 85+ 5-9 0-4 -12-10 -8-6 -4-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 men women 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 Distribution by sex and age of migration from PL to NL, according to NL, 2009 (%) -14-12 -10-8 -6-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 men women Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
Distribution by sex and age of migration from RO to ES, according to ES, 2008-2011 (%) Distribution by sex and age of migration from UK to ES, according to ES, 2008-2011 (%) 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 -12-10 -8-6 -4-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 men women 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 -12-10 -8-6 -4-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 men women Source: Van Mol & de Valk (2015)
EUROPEAN BINATIONAL COUPLES Maastricht Treaty ( 92): European citizen Indicator of European integration European binational couples = both partners born in a different EU country Literature focuses on non-eu couples and marriage ESF funded EUMARR project European binational couples Work together with Suzana Koelet, Tom De Winter & Christof Van Mol
Incidence of international and binational marriages (% of all marriages registered in 2009) International marriages Spain Belgium The Netherlands 21.3 20.8 11.3 Binational marriages 18.8 18.4 10.3 EU27 Binational marriages EU12 Binational marriages Total number of marriages 2.7 6.7 4.7 1.8 5.7 3.3 174,062 43,121 71,228 Koelet, S. M., Schroedter, J. H., Cortina, C., De Valk, H. A. G., & de Busser, C. (2012). Bi-national Marriages between European Citizens: From Intermarriage to Intramarriage? In D.-S. Kim (Ed.), Cross-border Marriage - Global Trends and Diversity (pp. 123 162).
% of total number of registered marriages in year X 25 20 15 10 5 0 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 N of marriages in year X N European binational marriages (EU27) N European binational marriages (EU12) N binational marriages % European binational marriages (EU27) % European binational marriages (EU12) % binational marriages Source: Koelet, de Valk & Willaert (2011)
Consequences of European bi-national relations: European identification European solidarity
MEASURES identification as a European: On a scale of 0 to 10, please tell us how much you agree or disagree with the following statement : I feel European European transnational solidarity: The government in this country proposes a special contribution to assist another region in a European country that has experienced a natural catastrophe. Please indicate how much of your yearly earnings you would be prepared to donate to help assist economically this region/country ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (a great deal)
MEASURES identification as a European: On a scale of 0 to 10, please tell us how much you agree or disagree with the following statement : I feel European European transnational solidarity: The government in this country proposes a special contribution to assist another region in a European country that has experienced a natural catastrophe. Please indicate how much of your yearly earnings you would be prepared to donate to help assist economically this region/country ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (a great deal)
Source: Van Mol, de Valk & Van Wissen (2015)
Take home messages: European migration is and will remain important also for the future across Europe
European migration is and will remain important also for the future across Europe Focus on male migrant worker doesn t do justice to the existing diversity
European migration is and will remain important also for the future across Europe Focus on male migrant worker doesn t do justice in this context to the existing diversity Family life and demographic events are crucial in understanding migration project: we should go beyond the classic origin-destination divide!
Sources/references: Van Mol, C. & Valk, H.A.G. de (2016), Migration and immigrants in Europe: a historical and demographic perspective. In: Garcés- Mascareñas, B. & Penninx, R. (Eds.), Integration Processes and Policies in Europe. Contexts, Levels and Actors. Dordrecht: Springer, p. 31-55. [URL] Kleinepier, T., Valk, H.A.G. de & Gaalen, R.I.A. van (2015), Life paths of migrants: A Sequence analysis of Polish migrants' family life trajectories. European Journal of Population 31 (2): 155-179. [URL] Valk, H.A.G. de, Koelet, S. & Erf, R. van der (2015), Intra-Europese migratie: een demografische achtergrond bij migratiepatronen en inter- Europese partnerschappen in vergelijkend perspectief. In: Timmerman, C., Mahieu, R., Levrau, F. & Vanheule, D. (Eds.), Intra-Europese migratie en mobiliteit; andere tijden, nieuwe wegen?, Leuven: Universitaire Pers Leuven, p. 31-51. Van Mol, C., Valk, H.A.G. de & Wissen, L. van (2015), Falling in love with(in) Europe: European bi-national love relationships, European identification and transnational solidarity. European Union Politics. [URL] Koelet, S. & Valk, H.A.G. de (2014), European Liaisons? A study on European bi-national marriages in Belgium. Population, Space and Place 20 (2): 110-125. [URL] Valk, H.A.G. de & Díez Medrano, J. (2014), Guest editorial on Meeting and mating across borders: union formation in the European Union NIDI single is an institute market. of Population, the Royal Netherlands Space and Place 20 (2): 103-109. [URL] Academy of Arts and Sciences KNAW and is affliated to the University of Groningen www.nidi.nl
thank you Valk@nidi.nl www.nidi.nl http://www.familifeproject.com Mobilewelfare.org NIDI is an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences KNAW and is affliated to the University of Groningen www.nidi.nl