Incarcerated and Over the past quarter century, there has been a profound change in the involvement of women within the criminal justice system. This is the result of more expansive law enforcement efforts, stiffer drug sentencing laws, and post-conviction barriers to reentry that uniquely affect women. now comprise a larger proportion of the prison population than ever before; the female prison population stands nearly eight times higher than its population count in 1980. More than 60% of women in state prisons have a child under the age of 18. 1 Between 1980 and 2014, the number of incarcerated women increased by more than 700%, rising from a total of 26,378 in 1980 to 215,332 in 2014. 2 Rise in s Incarceration, 1980-2014 202,089 205,190 215,332 Jail 164,221 119,786 81,023 State Prison 26,378 42,176 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Federal Prison Sources: Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States, 1850-1984. (1986); Prison and Jail Inmates Series. (1997-2014) Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Prisoners in 2014. (2015). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Though many more men are in prison than women, the rate of growth for female imprisonment has outpaced men by more than 50% between 1980 and 2014. There are 1.2 million women under the supervision of the criminal justice system. Under Control of the U.S. Corrections System, 2014 Prison 106,232 Jail 109,100 Probation 966,029 Parole 102,825 Source: Carson, E.A. (2015). Prisoners in 2014. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Minton, T.D., and Zeng, Z. (2015). Jail Inmates at Midyear 2014. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Kaeble, D., Maruschak, LM, and Bonczar (2015). Probation and Parole in the United States, 2014. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1
RACE AND ETHNICITY In 2014, the imprisonment rate for African American women (109 per 100,000) was more than twice the rate of imprisonment for white women (53 per 100,000). 3 Hispanic women were incarcerated at 1.2 times the rate of white women (64 vs. 53 per 100,000). 4 Female Imprisonment Rate per 100,000, by Race and Ethnicity, 2000-2014 250 200 150 100 50 Black Hispanic White 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Prisoners Series. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. The rate of imprisonment for African American women has been declining since 2000, while the rate of imprisonment for white women continues to rise. Between 2000 and 2014, the rate of imprisonment in state and federal prisons declined by 47% for black women, while the rate of imprisonment for white women rose by 56%. Imprisonment Rates by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity per 100,000: 2000 vs. 2014 STATE VARIATION 2000 2014 % Change White 34 53 56% increase 9 465 4% increase African American 205 109 47% decrease 3,7 2,724 21% decrease Hispanic 60 64 7% increase 1,220 1,091 11% decrease Source: Prisoners Series. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. The rate at which women are incarcerated varies greatly from state to state. At the national level, 65 out of every 100,000 women were in prison in 2014. 5 The state with the highest rate of female imprisonment is Oklahoma (142) and the state with the lowest incarceration rate of females is Rhode Island (12). 2
Highest and Lowest Female State Incarceration Rates (per 100,000), 2014 ID KY AZ MO AL WY SD TX AR WV LA IN MS TN MT NV AK CO FL OH VA GA NM OR All states ND SC KS NC IA NE UT WI DE HI IL MI PA WA NH CT CA VT MD MN NY NJ ME MA RI OK 142 125 108 104 100 97 78 77 76 76 75 67 63 63 58 51 51 49 48 47 42 41 41 36 35 33 33 29 27 23 22 21 15 12 97 96 93 92 88 87 86 Source: Carson, E.A. (2015). Prisoners in 2014. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. 3
OFFENSE TYPES FOR MEN AND WOMEN IN STATE PRISONS in state prisons are more likely than men to be incarcerated for a drug or property offense. Twenty-four percent of female prisoners have been convicted of a drug offense, compared to 15% of male prisoners; 28% of incarcerated women have been convicted of a property crime, compared to 19% among incarcerated men. Incarceration Offense Type by Gender, 2014 Violent Property Drug Public Order 54% 37% 19% 28% 15% 24% 11 % 9% Source: Carson, E.A. (2015). Prisoners in 2014. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. In 1986, 12% of women in state prisons were incarcerated for a drug offense; by 2014, 24% were incarcerated for a drug offense. INCARCERATED GIRLS Of the 54,148 youth in residential placement, 14.3% (7,727) are girls. As with all youth confinement, girls are confined considerably less frequently than 20 years ago. At the peak year, 2001, 15,104 girls were confined in residential placement settings. By 2013, this figure had been cut in half (7,727). White girls have experienced a more substantial decline in youth placements than African American girls. From 1997 to 2013, the white percentage of confined girls dropped from 49% to 41%; among black girls, however, it dropped from 34% to 31%. represent a high proportion of those who are confined for low-level crimes such as status offenses and technical violations, behaviors that would not be considered illegal if committed by an adult (such as skipping school or running away). 4
Highest and Lowest State Rates of Confinement for (per 100,000), 2013 Highest Incarceration Rates Lowest Incarceration Rates State Rate State Rate National 50 Wyoming 209 West Virginia 159 South Dakota 161 North Dakota 136 Nebraska 119 National 50 Massachusetts 10 Rhode Island 12 New Jersey 13 Tennessee 15 Connecticut 19 Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, M., Kang, T.J., and Puzzanchera, C. (2015). Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Deliquency Prevention. Youth Offense Type by Gender, 2013 Person 38% 31% Property Drug Public Order Status Offenses & Technical Violations 34% 24% 19% 20% 6% 7% 12% 9% Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, M., Kang, T.J., and Puzzanchera, C. (2015). Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Deliquency Prevention. ENDNOTES 1 Glaze, L. E., and Maruschak, L. M. (2009). Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2 Carson, E.A. (2015). Prisoners in 2014. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. 3 Carson, E.A. (2015). Prisoners in 2014. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. 4 Carson, E.A. and Sabol, W.J. (2012). Prisoners in 2011. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. 5 Carson, E.A. (2015). Prisoners in 2014. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. This fact sheet was updated November 2015. 1705 DeSales Street NW, 8th Floor Washington, D.C. 20036 The Sentencing Project works for a fair and effective U.S. justice system by promoting reforms in sentencing policy, addressing unjust racial disparities and practices, and advocating for alternatives to incarceration. sentencingproject.org 5