A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in 1 Update A regional perspective based on new data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation UNICEF/NYHQ8-46/Harneis, Democratic Republic of Congo, 8 Prepared for AMCOW as a contribution to Fourth Water Week Cairo, Egypt 14 15 May, 1
n Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW), 1 In collaboration with the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation Disclaimer The data presented in this report are based on the latest estimates of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation as presented in its latest report Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation 1 Update of March 1. The individual country estimates are based on data from national censuses and nationally representative household sample surveys using the international indicator definition for monitoring progress towards the MDG drinking water and sanitation target. The estimates and assessments presented in this report do not necessarily reflect the point of view or position of AMCOW and/or its member countries. All the information presented in this report can be freely used, copied and distributed. Proper source citation is appreciated.
Foreword On behalf of AMCOW, I am pleased to present this Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in. For us in AMCOW, this data reminds us of the great challenge we face, and opportunity we have in front of us to tackle the water and sanitation problems with strong leadership and commitment. We can make great changes in the lives of ns and achieve social and economic development through improving water and sanitation. In March 1, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation announced that the world has met the MDG drinking water target of halving, by 15 the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water. Measured by the proportion of the population that uses an improved drinking water sources it calculated that over billion people gained access over the period 199-1. It estimates that since 199, 3 million ns gained access to an improved drinking water source and 189 million gained access to an improved sanitation facility. Yet 65 million more people in lacked access to an improved drinking water source in 1 than did in 199 and the population without an improved sanitation facility increased by 197 million since 199. So despite our considerable achievements we must ask ourselves if we are doing enough in bringing the most basic of services to our populations, in particular to those in remote rural areas where the majority of the population without such services still reside. AMCOW is grateful to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation for its assistance in preparing this Snapshot. We hope it will serve to guide and inform the deliberations at the fourth Water Week, and in the future as we work together to serve the people of with better water and sanitation. Bai-Mass Taal Executive Secretary of AMCOW
Table of content Page Introduction. All drinking water coverage trends.3 All sanitation coverage trends.4 Urban and rural drinking water coverage trends.5 Urban and rural sanitation coverage trends.6 AMCOW Regional drinking water coverage trends.7 AMCOW Regional sanitation coverage trends.8 Progress towards the MDG drinking water target.9 Progress towards the MDG sanitation target.1 1 Drinking water coverage levels. 1 Sanitation coverage levels.1 The Equity imparative Behind the averages.13 A different way to assess performance.14 A different look at country groupings.15 Regional groupings.16 MDG definitions.17 JMP methodology.18 Drinking water coverage data.19 Sanitation coverage data. 1
Introduction This Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in 1 update, aims to inform senior policy makers about the status and trends in progress towards achieving the MDG drinkingwater and sanitation target in. It is a contribution of the n Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW) to the fourth n Water Week (Cairo, 15-16 May 1) which brings together senior officials from across the continent to review and discuss the challenges and priorities in the acceleration of providing access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. This is the third AMCOW Snapshot prepared in collaboration with the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). The country estimates presented in this Snapshot are those published by the JMP in March 1, in Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation, 1 Update. The JMP is the official mechanism for tracking progress towards the MDG drinking water and sanitation target. Its estimates are derived from data collected by national statistics offices and other relevant institutions through national censuses and nationally representative household surveys such as the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), World Health Surveys (WHS), Living Standard and Measurement Studies (LSMS), Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaires (CWIQ) and other national surveys. This Snapshot compares progress across the five AMCOW regions. On page 13 an assessment is included for sub-saharan of the use of drinking water sources and sanitation practices by socio-economic classification comparing the poorest and the richest % of the population. In addition, on page 14, a new indicator is introduced for a comparison of country efforts identifying 13 n countries performing better than the regional average on both water and sanitation. In order to maintain comparability of data on the use of drinking water and sanitation between and within countries over time, the JMP uses the standard MDG classifications for improved drinking water sources and improved sanitation facilities. It should be noted that some improved drinking water sources may not be adequately maintained and therefore may not actually provide safe drinking water. As a result it is likely that the number of people using safe water supplies has been overestimated. The internationally agreed MDG definitions, explained on pages 17 and 18 of this Snapshot, may differ from national definitions of access. Some countries may, therefore, use different national estimates than those presented in this Snapshot. For further information on JMP estimates please visit: www.wssinfo.org
All drinking water coverage trends Drinking water coverage trends,,199 1 1 13 9 17 Surface water 344 million people in without an improved drinking water source in 1 3 Unimproved sources 31 38 9 9 4 Eastern 16 million Western 17 million 55 47 34 41 33 39 7 3 13 Urban 8 Rural Total 199 1 199 1 199 1 Other improved sources Piped on premises Northern Northern, 13 13 million Southern 49 million Central 5 million Facts 3 million people in gained access to an improved drinking water source since 199 The population that uses a piped drinking water source onto premises increased from 147 million in 199, to 71 million in 1 To meet the MDG drinking water target 15 million people need to gain access over the period 1-15 Despite an increase in drinking water coverage from 56 per cent in 199, to 66 per cent in 1, the population relying on unimproved drinking water source increased from 79 million in 199, to 344 million in 1 In 1, 5 million people directly draw on surface water to meet their drinking water needs Population improved drinking water sources a piped supply on premises other improved drinking water sources unimproved sources for drinking water surface water Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total 199 4 431 635 86% 4% 56% 55% 8% 3% 31% 34% 33% 1% 9% 4% % 9% % 1995 46 475 71 85% 44% 58% 53% 9% 4% 3% 35% 34% 13% 3% 4% % 6% 18% 91 5 8 85% 47% 61% 51% % 5% 34% 36% 36% 13% 3% 3% % 3% 16% 5 345 566 9 86% 51% 64% 49% 1% 6% 37% 39% 38% 1% 9% 3% % % 13% 1 49 613 1, 85% 54% 66% 47% 13% 7% 38% 41% 39% 13% 9% 3% % 17% % 15 484 661 1,145 - - 78%* - - - - - - - - - - - - Population improved drinking water sources a piped supply on premises other improved drinking water sources unimproved sources for drinking water surface water Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total 199 4 431 635 176 181 356 35 147 64 146 9 3 17 151 5 13 18 1995 46 475 71 1 1 4 13 44 174 8 166 46 3 141 171 6 14 13 91 5 8 48 46 495 149 55 4 99 191 91 37 154 19 6 1 16 5 345 566 9 96 86 58 169 68 37 17 18 345 41 167 8 8 3 1 49 613 1, 349 38 678 191 81 71 158 47 47 51 179 9 9 16 5 15 484 661 1,145 - - 893* - - - - - - - - - - - - * MDG targets, based on JMP 199 coverage estimates.
8 13 All sanitation coverage trends Sanitation coverage trends,,199 1 6 13 44 3 33 Open Defecation million people in practised open defecation in 1 7 19 1 Unimproved facilities Western 86 million Eastern 78 million 3 6 13 17 Shared facilities 57 54 8 5 31 35 Urban Rural Total 4 199 1 199 1 199 1 Improved facilities Northern Northern 7 million Central 7 million Central 15 million 15 million Southern 35 million Facts has made limited progress in providing its people with access to basic sanitation. Coverage only increased from 35 per cent in 199, to 4 per cent in 1, equal to 189 million people gaining access. With a population growth of almost 4 million people since 199, the population without an improved sanitation facility increased by almost million people to 61 million in 1. With a doubling of the urban population over the period 199-1, more than 1 in 4 people in urban areas rely on shared or public sanitation facilities. Little over 1 in 5 people in still practise open defecation, down from 1 in 3 in 199. Population improved sanitation shared sanitation unimproved sanitation Population practising open defecation Population without improved sanitation Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total 199 4 431 635 57% 4% 35% 1% 8% 1% 14% 4% 1% 8% 44% 3% 43% 76% 65% 1995 46 475 71 56% 5% 36% % 8% 13% 14% 5% 1% 8% 4% 3% 44% 75% 64% 91 5 8 55% 7% 37% 3% 9% 14% 15% 5% 1% 7% 39% 8% 44% 73% 63% 5 345 566 9 55% 9% 39% 4% 1% 16% 14% 5% % 7% 36% 5% 45% 71% 61% 1 49 613 1, 54% 31% 4% 5% % 17% 15% 6% 1% 6% 3% % 45% 69% 6% 15 484 661 1,145 - - 68%* - - - - - - - - - - - - Population improved sanitation shared sanitation unimproved sanitation Population practising open defecation Population without improved sanitation Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total 199 4 431 635 5 15 1 44 35 78 9 1 131 16 189 5 89 36 415 1995 46 475 71 137 58 55 4 95 35 4 149 19 19 19 354 463 91 5 8 161 143 34 68 49 7 41 14 165 1 4 5 13 377 57 5 345 566 9 189 167 356 84 59 143 49 138 187 3 5 156 399 555 1 49 613 1, 19 41 13 68 171 61 158 18 5 197 3 189 44 61 15 484 661 1,145 - - 779* - - - - - - - - - - - - * MDG targets, based on JMP 199 coverage estimates.
Urban and rural drinking water coverage trends In seven countries in sub-saharan less than half of the population uses an improved drinking water source; rural drinking water coverage lags far behind urban drinking water coverage Urban National Use of improved drinking water sources, 1 Rural Almost five times as many people in rural areas without an Since 199, the population without an improved improved drinking water source than in urban areas,199 1 drinking water source increased by 65 million Urban 4 5 million 3 349 million 176 million 199 1 Rural 6 16 million Population 199 1 9 million 4 4 Population Population 6 85 5 13 million 1 38 million 6 181 million 9 199 Piped on premises 1 Other improved sources Unimproved sources Surface water Urban/rural disparities in the population without improved sanitation,,199 and 1 Urban Rural Urban/rural disparities in the population without improved sanitation,,199 and 1 5
Urban and rural sanitation coverage trends In 18 countries in sub-saharan a less than a quarter of the population uses an improved sanitation facility Urban National Use of improved sanitation facilities, 1 Sanitation coverage trends by population,,199 1 4 199 1 44 5 million 4 16 million 36 3 million 5 million 199 1 Rural 6 197 million Population Population Since 199, the population without an improved sanitation facility increased by 198 million Urban 6 Population Rural 189 4 189 million 1 89 19 million 15 million 199 1 Improved sanitation Public and shared facilities Unimproved facilities Open defecation Urban/rural disparities in the population without improved sanitation, sub-saharan,199 and 1 Urban Rural Urban/rural disparities in the population without improved sanitation, sub-saharan,199 and 1 6
AMCOW regional drinking water coverage trends Drinking water coverage trends 199 1, AMCOW regions, sub-saharan and all of 6 Surface 1 13 15 19 water 17 4 3 4 3 9 8 8 9 31 8 5 1 19 9 7 6 4 3 Unimproved sources 3 43 35 43 37 54 31 37 58 83 34 45 33 39 Other improved sources 1 1 1 1 9 33 15 16 3 7 Piped on premises 199 1 199 1 199 1 199 1 199 1 199 1 199 1 Eastern Central Western Southern Northern Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan comprises of the countries in the AMCOW regions of Central, Eastern, Southern and Western Due to rounding and different ways of aggregating regional data, the sum of the individual regional data does not necessarily match the regional aggregates of sub-saharan and Urban, rural and total drinking water coverage population data 199-1 improved drinking water sources a piped supply on premises other improved sources unimproved sources for drinking water surface water Population Urban- Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Western 199 6 1 183 47 4 89 19 3 8 39 67 41 5 39 4 1 136 168 34 87 197 9 5 34 81 8 163 56 77 4 5 3 Eastern 199 8 137 165 4 46 7 6 17 13 4 53 3 43 45 1 48 5 1 65 16 8 5 154 6 9 35 6 9 9 7 79 45 47 Southern 199 38 68 16 33 31 64 4 6 3 9 5 34 4 18 1 19 1 73 9 163 64 51 4 43 1 53 1 41 61 7 31 17 18 Central 199 4 61 16 1 9 7 7 9 1 3 16 17 1 14 15 1 44 64 18 37 1 58 1 1 1 7 46 6 8 34 1 15 16 Northern 199 58 6 1 55 49 14 5 7 5 9 34 3 14 1 9 76 166 86 67 153 8 55 137 4 1 16 4 5 9 4 4 Sub-Saharan 199 146 37 516 131 5 6 15 77 59 6 175 8 138 5 16 1 319 537 856 64 61 55 19 5 134 155 36 391 46 174 9 1 1 199 4 431 635 176 181 356 35 147 64 146 9 3 17 151 5 13 18 1 49 613 1, 349 38 678 191 81 71 158 47 47 51 179 9 9 16 5
AMCOW regional sanitation coverage trends Sanitation coverage trends 199 1, AMCOW regions, sub-saharan and all of 4 8 34 8 35 3 14 18 5 5 4 6 36 5 33 Open Defecation 3 34 13 19 1 1 5 14 14 48 36 7 9 4 14 6 19 19 13 1 17 Unimproved facilities Shared facilities 19 17 5 6 6 43 5 18 8 6 3 35 4 Improved facilities 199 1 199 1 199 1 199 1 199 1 199 1 199 1 Eastern Western Southern Central Northern Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan comprises of the countries in the AMCOW regions of Central, Eastern, Southern and Western Due to rounding and different ways of aggregating regional data, the sum of the individual regional data does not necessarily match the regional aggregates of sub-saharan and Urban, rural and total sanitation population data 199-1 improved sanitation shared sanitation unimproved sanitation Population practising open defecation Population without improved sanitation Population Urban- Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Western 199 6 1 183 1 7 48 16 38 34 6 57 63 39 95 135 1 136 168 34 48 31 79 53 75 43 64 15 7 86 88 137 5 Eastern 199 8 137 165 9 19 8 6 8 14 9 44 53 4 66 7 19 8 137 1 65 16 8 3 48 71 18 19 37 19 76 94 5 73 78 4 168 9 Southern 199 38 68 16 5 1 46 6 6 1 4 7 3 34 37 13 47 6 1 73 9 163 5 31 81 1 1 3 7 18 4 4 31 35 3 59 8 Central 199 4 61 7 4 5 7 7 3 9 1 13 14 13 38 5 1 44 64 18 15 15 3 1 4 16 4 39 1 14 15 9 49 78 Northern 199 58 6 1 53 34 87 4 6 6 6 1 5 8 33 1 9 76 166 85 64 149 5 5 1 7 7 5 1 17 Sub-Saharan 199 146 37 516 6 7 134 4 3 7 3 97 17 14 169 183 84 98 38 1 319 537 856 136 15 61 98 63 161 6 159 18 5 19 16 183 41 595 199 4 431 635 5 15 1 44 35 78 9 1 131 16 189 5 89 36 414 1 49 613 1, 19 41 13 68 171 61 158 18 5 197 3 189 43 61
Progress towards the MDG drinking water target 3 countries in are on track for meeting the MDG drinking water target On track: Coverage rate in 1 >95%, or was within 5 per cent of the 1 rate required to meet the MDG target Progress but insufficient: Coverage rate in 1 was between 5 per cent and 1 per cent below the 1 rate required to meet the MDG target Not on track: Coverage rate in 1 was the same or lower than the rate in 199 or more than 1 per cent below the 1 rate required to meet the MDG target, Not applicable, no or insufficient data: Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends is not on track to meet the MDG drinking water target of 78 per cent 1 Northern 9 94 MDG targets 8 7 Coverage (%) Southern 6 Western Central 66 8 78 75 74 71 65 55 54 Eastern 4 Current trend Trend needed to meet the MDG target 199 1 15 9
Progress towards the MDG sanitation target Only eight countries in are on track for meeting the MDG sanitation target On track: Coverage rate in 1 >95%, or was within 5 per cent of the 1 rate required to meet the MDG target Progress but insufficient: Coverage rate in 1 was between 5 per cent and 1 per cent below the 1 rate required to meet the MDG target Not on track: Coverage rate in 1 was the same or lower than the rate in 199 or more than 1 per cent below the 1 rate required to meet the MDG target, Not applicable, no or insufficient data: Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends Only Northern already surpassed its MDG sanitation target all other regions are set to miss it. 1 Northern 9 86 8 MDG targets Coverage (%) 7 68 63 59 59 6 4 Central Southern 5 4 Western 8 6 Eastern 5 Current trend Trend needed to meet the MDG target 199 1 15 1
1 drinking water coverage levels Somalia Ethiopia Democratic Republic of the Congo Madagascar Mozambique Niger Mauritania Angola Chad United Republic of Tanzania Sierra Leone Nigeria Sudan Kenya Togo Zambia SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Guinea-Bissau Mali Rwanda AFRICA Central n Republic Swaziland Congo Burundi Uganda Senegal Liberia Guinea Benin Cameroon Lesotho Burkina Faso Zimbabwe Côte d'ivoire Algeria Morocco Malawi Ghana Gabon Djibouti Cape Verde Sao Tome and Principe Gambia South Namibia Comoros Botswana Egypt Mauritius 7 19 18 33 4 18 4 16 3 14 9 4 17 15 13 15 4 15 18 1 1 9 5 13 1 4 6 1 3 5 1 1 3 4 7 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Coverage (%) Piped on Premises Other improved Unimproved Surface water
1 sanitation coverage levels Niger Chad Burkina Faso Benin Sao Tome and Principe Mauritania Somalia Namibia Togo Ethiopia Liberia Sudan Mozambique Madagascar Lesotho Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone Côte d'ivoire Cape Verde Zimbabwe SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Angola Nigeria AFRICA Guinea Central n Republic Ghana Zambia Senegal Morocco Swaziland Botswana Mali Kenya Djibouti United Republic of Tanzania Uganda Democratic Republic of the Congo South Malawi Congo Cameroon Algeria Rwanda Gambia Gabon Comoros Burundi Libya Mauritius Egypt 79 6 59 56 55 54 53 5 51 46 45 43 41 37 37 31 8 8 8 7 5 5 19 18 17 16 15 15 14 14 14 1 1 9 8 8 8 6 4 3 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Coverage (%) Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation 1
Behind the averages the equity imperative Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from the period 4-9 have been used to assess the use of improved drinking water sources and improved sanitation facilities by socio-economic status. The socio-economic status of a household is obtained by dividing the population in five equal parts (quintiles) based on a wealth index which is an asset index made up of a number of different assets, including means of transportation, radio, television, refrigerator, roofing materials, flooring type, number of animals etc. 13
A different way to assess performance The standard MDG progress indicator is biased against countries struggling with high population growth that started out with low baseline coverage in 199. This applies to most countries in sub-saharan, many of which are not on track to meet the MDG drinking water and sanitation target despite providing millions of people with access over the past decades. It has therefore been suggested that a performance assessment should look beyond coverage rates and also take into account absolute numbers of people affected by change. The indicator below represents the proportion of the current population that has gained access over the period 1995 1. The performance of a country is assessed against that of their regional peers in sub-saharan. Population in sub-saharan that gained access to an improved drinking water source 1995 1: 1 million Population in sub-saharan that gained access to an improved sanitation facility 1995 1: 15 million Total population sub-saharan in 1: 856 million Population that gained access to an improved drinking water source 1995 1 1 million ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = ------------------ = 5.8% Total population sub-saharan in 1 856 million Population that gained access to an improved sanitation facility 1995 1 15 million ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = ------------------ = 1.% Total population sub-saharan in 1 856 million Performing better than the regional average for sub-saharan in both water and sanitation Proportion of current population that gained access 1 coverage (%) MDG progress assessment Country 1995-1 Drinking water Sanitation Drinking water Sanitation Drinking water Sanitation Malawi 48.4%.8% 83 51 On track Not on track Gambia 37.7% 8.5% 89 68 On track Progress but insufficient Rwanda 3.7% 33.7% 65 55 Not on track Not on track Uganda 4.3% 16.% 7 34 On track Not on track Comoros 35.1%.7% 95 36 On track Not on track Namibia 4.6% 13.5% 93 3 On track Not on track Senegal 9.% 4.5% 7 5 Progress but insufficient Not on track Swaziland 35.6% 17.1% 71 57 On track Not on track Cameroon 36.6% 14.5% 77 49 On track Not on track Ethiopia 3.7% 18.1% 44 1 Progress but insufficient Not on track Zambia 6.% 16.1% 61 48 Not on track Not on track Mauritania 6.1% 14.6% 5 6 Not on track Not on track Kenya 6.4% 13.6% 59 3 Not on track Not on track Ranked by the average of the performance in both drinking water and sanitation. Best performing countries* in sub-saharan Poorest performing countries* in sub-saharan Performing below the regional average for sub-saharan in both water and sanitation Country Proportion of current population that gained access 1995-1 1 coverage (%) MDG progress assessment Drinking water Sanitation Drinking water Sanitation Drinking water Sanitation Zimbabwe 6.5% 1.8% 8 4 Progress but insufficient Not on track Lesotho.7% 6.4% 78 6 Not on track Not on track Tanzania 16.5% 4.9% 53 1 Not on track Not on track Sudan 14.% 7.5% 58 6 Not on track Not on track Somalia 15.9% 8.% 9 3 Not on track Not on track Nigeria 3.4% 6.3% 58 31 Not on track Not on track Côte d'ivoire.4% 8.% 8 4 Progress but insufficient Not on track Mozambique 1.3% 9.% 47 18 Not on track Not on track Chad 4.8% 7.1% 51 13 Not on track Not on track Madagascar 4.9% 7.7% 46 15 Not on track Not on track Ranked by the average of the performance in both drinking water and sanitation. *This assessment does not imply endorsement by AMCOW, UNICEF or WHO. 14
%-pts increase (199 1) %-pts increase (199 1) %-pts increase (199 1) %-pts increase (199 1) A different look at country groupings %-pts decrease (199 1) %-pts decrease (199 1) %-pts decrease (199 1) %-pts decrease (199 1) Low-income non-fragile countries show a strong performance in drinking water and reducing open defecation; Resource rich countries perform poorly 4 16 8 Low-income non-fragile countries 1 17 17 7 9 9 9 7 4 4 1 Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Improved drinking water sources Piped on premises Improved sanitation Open defecation 1 5-5 -1 Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total - -7 Low-income fragile countries 1 1 9 8 8 8 Improved drinking water sources Piped on premises Improved sanitation Open defecation 1-1 9 1 Resource rich countries 5 Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total -1-3 -3 - - -6-5 - -17 Improved drinking water sources Piped on premises Improved sanitation Open defecation 35 Middle-income countries 33 5 3 19 15 9 14 1 5 6 5 3 1-5 Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total -1 Improved drinking water sources Piped on premises Improved sanitation Open defecation
Regional groupings Regional groupings and classifications This snapshot includes data for the five AMCOW regions and for groups of countries classified according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) criteria for Low-income fragile states, Low-income non-fragile states, Resource rich countries and Middle-income countries. AMCOW regional classification Central Eastern Northern Southern Western Cameroon Burundi Algeria Angola Benin Central n Republic Comoros Egypt Botswana Burkina Faso Chad Djibouti Libya Lesotho Cape Verde Congo, Dem. Republic Eritrea Morocco Madagascar Cote d'ivoire Congo, Republic Ethiopia Tunisia Malawi Gambia Equatorial Guinea Kenya Mauritius Ghana Gabon Rwanda Mozambique Guinea Sao Tome and Principe Somalia Namibia Guinea-Bissau Sudan South Liberia Tanzania Swaziland Mali Uganda Seychelles Mauritania Zambia Niger Zimbabwe Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Classification into low-income, resource rich and middle-income countries used for this report Low-income fragile Low-income non-fragile Resource rich Middle-income Burundi Benin Angola Algeria Central n Republic Burkina Faso Cameroon Botswana Cote d'ivoire Ethiopia Chad Cape Verde Democratic Republic of the Congo Ghana Congo Egypt Eritrea Kenya Equatorial Guinea Lesotho Gambia Madagascar Gabon Mauritius Guinea Malawi Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Guinea Bissau Mali Nigeria Namibia Liberia Mauritania Sudan South Sierra Leone Mozambique Zambia Swaziland Somalia Niger Tunisia Togo Rwanda Zimbabwe Senegal Tanzania Uganda Composition of sub-saharan Sub-Saharan Countries in AMCOW regions of: Central Eastern Southern Western 16
MDG definitions Definitions of access to drinking water and sanitation The Millennium Development Goal 7, Target 7c calls on countries to Halve, by 15, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. The indicators used in this document to assess the proportion of people with sustainable access to safe drinking water and to basic sanitation are the official MDG indicators: The proportion of the population that uses an improved drinking water source The proportion of the population that uses an improved sanitation facility An improved drinking water source is defined as one that by nature of its construction or through active intervention is protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with fecal matter. To allow for international comparability of estimates, the MDG indicators use the following classification to differentiate between improved and unimproved drinking water sources. Note that in line with the official indicators for the MDG drinking water target only users of 'improved drinking water sources are considered as having 'access to drinking water. Improved drinking water sources Piped water into dwelling, plot or yard Public tap/standpipe Tube well/borehole Protected dug well Protected spring Rainwater Unimproved drinking water sources Unprotected dug well Unprotected spring Small cart with tank/drum Tanker truck Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, irrigation channel) Bottled water An improved sanitation facility is defined as one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. To allow for international comparability of estimates, JMP uses the following classification to differentiate between improved and unimproved types of sanitation facilities. Note that in line with the official indicators for the MDG sanitation target only users of 'improved sanitation facilities are considered as having 'access to sanitation. Improved sanitation facilities Flush or pour-flush to: - piped sewer system - septic tank - pit latrine Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) Pit latrine with slab Composting toilet Unimproved sanitation facilities Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere Pit latrine without slab or open pit Bucket Hanging toilet or hanging latrine No facilities or bush or field (open defecation) Shared or public facilities* * Users of public and shared sanitation facilities are not counted as having access, even though they use public or shared facilities an otherwise improved type. The rational behind this is that private sanitation facilities provide ready access to all family members at all times and are likely to be more hygienic than non-private facilities. Indicator definitions and population estimates used for MDG monitoring sometimes differ from those used by national governments, hence the coverage estimates presented in this report may be different from those used nationally, even when based on common data sources. The most common reasons for such differences are: Use of different definitions of access, including poor classification of service categories Exclusion for MDG monitoring of shared and public sanitation facilities from improved sanitation facilities Use of latest survey or census findings vs. use of an interpolated estimates based on linear regression Use of different population estimates, including a different distribution of urban and rural populations Use of old estimates which do not reflect the latest or all findings from new sample surveys or a new census Use of reported line ministry data vs. use of independently verifiable data from sample surveys or censuses Often these reasons also explain the difference between national estimates generated by the statistics authorities and those generated by line-ministries. The JMP promotes the national harmonization of definitions of access and the harmonization of data collection mechanisms so that different monitoring instruments collect data that are comparable. 17
JMP methodology The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) is the official United Nations mechanism tasked with monitoring progress towards MDG Target 7c on drinking water and sanitation. JMP publishes updated coverage estimates every two years on the various types of drinking- water sources and sanitation facilities used worldwide. In line with the MDG indicator definition, which stipulates use of improved facilities as a proxy for access to improved facilities, the JMP measures and reports on the actual use of facilities. It is worth noting that the household surveys on which the JMP relies also measure use and not access since access involves many additional criteria other than use. Measurability of many of these criteria at the national scale, which is the scale required by the JMP, poses a huge challenge. It should also be noted that some improved drinking water sources may not be adequately maintained and therefore may not actually provide safe drinking water. As a result it is likely that the number of people using safe water supplies has been overestimated. Data sources and MDG data base The water supply and sanitation coverage estimates presented in this report draw from data collected by national statistics offices and other relevant institutions through nationally-representative household surveys and national censuses. The survey data used are mainly drawn from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Cluster Indicator Surveys (MICS), World Health Surveys (WHS), Living Standards and Measurements Surveys (LSMS), Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaires (CWIQ), Health and Nutrition Surveys, Household Budget Surveys and Reproductive Health Surveys, etc. JMP estimates are therefore based on nationally generated and owned data, JMP assembles, reviews and assesses these household survey and census data. Population estimates The population estimates and the proportion of the population living in urban and rural areas used in this report are those estimated by the United Nations Population Division (1 revision). These estimates may differ from national population estimates. Methodology to derive MDG coverage and progress estimates For each country, survey and census data are plotted on a time scale from 198 to the present. A linear trend line, based on the least-squares method, is drawn through these data points to estimate coverage for 199 and 1. The total coverage estimates are based on the aggregate of the population weighted urban and rural coverage numbers, divided by the total population. Trend analysis at country level have been made for the following categories: Drinking water Piped water into dwelling, plot or yard Improved drinking water sources Surface water Sanitation Improved sanitation facilities* Open defecation *The coverage estimates for improved sanitation facilities presented in this report are reduced by the proportion of the population that shared an improved type of sanitation facility. This ratio (the proportion of the population that shares a sanitation facility of an otherwise adequate type among two or more households) derived from the latest household survey/census is subsequently subtracted from the trend estimates of improved sanitation facilities. This results in the estimates for shared sanitation facilities. Differences with national coverage estimates Indicator definitions and population estimates used by the JMP sometimes differ from those used by national governments. Estimates have been computed by JMP to ensure compatibility between countries and over time; thus they are not necessarily the official national statistics of the concerned states. 18
Total Improved Piped on premises Other improved Unimproved Surface water Total Improved Piped on premises Other improved Unimproved Surface water Total Improved Piped on premises Other improved Unimproved Surface water Drinking water coverage data Population (1) 1 Drinking Water Coverage (%) Urban Rural Total Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Population gaining access Total Urban 199 1 Country (x 1,) (%) (x1,)* Angola 19,8 59 6 34 6 38 38 36 1 41 51 1 3 Rest 31 of 18 5,343 Algeria 35,468 66 85 8 5 15-79 56 3 1-83 7 sub-saharan 17-5,591 Benin 8,85 4 84 31 53 14 68 4 64 5 7 75 15 6 5 3,897 Botswana,7 61 99 85 14 1 9 36 56 4 4 96 66 3 647 Burkina Faso 16,469 6 95 3 7 5 73 73 5 79 6 73 17 4 8,933 Burundi 8,383 83 47 36 9 8 71 1 7 1 19 7 6 66 1 18,151 Cameroon 19,599 58 95 6 69 4 1 5 3 49 18 3 77 16 61 1 13 9,15 Cape Verde 496 61 9 58 3 1 85 4 45 15 88 51 37 1 9 Central n Rep. 4,41 39 9 6 86 7 1 51 51 43 6 67 65 9 Ethiopia 4 1,33 Chad,7 8 7 3 47 3 44 1 43 51 5 51 7 44 45 4 3,37 Comoros 735 8 91 53 38 9 97 1 76 3 Sudan 95 3 65 5 318 Congo 4,43 6 95 36 59 5 3 3 39 9 71 3 48 18 - Côte d'ivoire 19,738 51 91 64 7 8 1 68 16 5 8 4 8 4 Nigeria 4 18 6,186 Djibouti 889 76 99 79 1 54 1 53 41 5 88 6 8 1 349 DR Congo 65,966 35 79 1 58 17 4 7 5 47 6 45 9 36 37 18 13,68 Egypt 81, 43 1 1 99 93 6 1 99 96 3 1 8, Equatorial Guinea 7 4 - - - - - - 1 - - - - 5 - - - - Eritrea 5,54 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ethiopia 8,95 17 97 46 51 3 34 1 33 43 3 44 8 36 37 19 9,979 Gabon 1,55 86 95 49 46 1 4 41 1 31 13 46 87 44 43 3 1 47 Gambia 1,78 58 9 51 41 8 85 5 8 15 89 3 57 83 Ghana 4,39 51 91 33 58 9 8 3 77 9 86 18 68 9 5 1,98 Guinea 9,98 35 9 9 61 1 65 1 64 1 14 74 63 17 9 4,433 Guinea-Bissau 1,515 3 91 8 8 1 53 53 44 3 64 3 61 34 613 Kenya 4,513 8 45 37 14 4 5 1 4 18 3 59 19 4 17 4 13,54 Lesotho,171 7 91 63 8 9 73 4 69 6 1 78 58 1 1 373 Liberia 3,994 48 88 8 8 1 6 1 59 17 3 73 4 69 15 1 1,79 Libya 6,355 78 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Madagascar,714 3 74 14 6 15 34 3 31 5 41 46 6 4 1 33 6,57 Malawi 14,91 95 8 67 5 8 78 16 4 83 7 76 14 3 8,471 Mali 15,37 36 87 35 5 13 51 1 5 46 3 64 13 51 34 7,41 Mauritania 3,46 41 5 35 17 48 48 14 34 46 6 5 3 7 46 4 1,1 Mauritius 1,99 4 1 1 99 99 1 99 99 1 39 Morocco 31,951 58 98 89 9 61 19 4 16 3 83 6 3 7 1 8,317 Mozambique 3,391 38 77 19 58 19 4 9 1 8 55 16 47 8 39 4 6,33 Namibia,83 38 99 7 7 1 9 8 6 1 93 45 48 7 1,4 Niger 15,51 17 1 39 61 39 37 58 3 49 8 41 49 4,944 Nigeria 158,43 5 74 8 66 1 5 43 1 4 35 58 4 54 8 14 46,451 Rwanda 1,64 19 76 13 63 14 1 63 1 6 1 16 65 3 6 15,83 Sao Tome and Principe 165 6 89 3 57 9 88 18 7 8 4 89 7 6 8 3 51 Senegal 1,434 4 93 75 18 6 1 56 13 43 4 7 39 33 6 4,53 Seychelles 87 55 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A - Sierra Leone 5,868 38 87 19 68 7 6 35 1 34 16 49 55 8 47 13 3 1,75 Somalia 9,331 37 66 53 13 3 4 7 7 5 41 9 9 44 7 1,479 South 5,133 6 99 89 1 1 79 36 43 1 91 69 5 4 15,381 Sudan 43,55 4 67 47 31 5 1 4 35 13 58 6 3 33 9 8,67 Swaziland 1,186 1 91 74 17 6 3 65 5 4 17 18 71 35 36 14 15 499 Tanzania 44,841 6 79 57 18 3 44 3 41 36 53 8 45 31 16 9,841 Togo 6,8 43 89 1 77 1 1 4 1 39 3 3 61 6 55 17 1,9 Tunisia 1,481 67 99 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - Uganda 33,45 13 95 75 3 68 1 67 18 14 7 4 68 16 1 16,6 Zambia 13,89 36 87 36 51 46 1 45 3 61 13 48 4 15 4,84 Zimbabwe 1,571 38 98 8 16 69 4 65 9 8 34 46 14 6 1,787 Sub-Saharan 856,33 37 83 34 49 14 3 49 5 44 3 19 61 16 45 6 13 7,54 1,,3 4 85 47 38 13 54 13 41 9 17 66 7 39 3 31,441 1995-1 estimates are given for Cape Verde, Gabon, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, and Somalia. ata not available to the WHO/UNICEF JMP are marked with a 19
Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation Sanitation coverage data 1 Sanitation Coverage (%) Population (1) Urban Rural Total Population gaining access Total Urban 199 1 Country (x 1,) (%) Rest of (x 1,)* Angola 19,8 59 85-9 6 19-3 51 58 - sub-saharan 17 5 8,31 Algeria 35,468 66 98-1 1 88-1 95-1 4,19 Benin 8,85 4 5 36 8 5 1 6 77 13 9 56 956 Botswana,7 61 75 6 18 1 41 1 38 6 8 15 15 79 Burkina Faso 16,469 6 5 37 4 9 6 1 8 76 17 17 7 59,134 Burundi 8,383 49 7 46 4 49 1 46 6 47 1 1,43 Cameroon 19,599 58 58 18 3 1 36 8 44 1 49 14 31 6 3,776 Cape Verde 496 61 73-8 19 43-14 43 61-8 Ethiopia 16 Central n Rep. 4,41 39 43 4 3 3 8 14 7 31 34 18 8 1,169 Chad,7 8 3 18 37 15 6 1 13 Sudan 8 13 6 19 6 965 Comoros 735 8 5 3 46 1 3 67 1 36 61 1 186 Congo 4,43 6 39 38 3 15 5 43 17 18 Nigeria 34 4 8 - Côte d'ivoire 19,738 51 36 3 35 6 1 7 5 4 18 3 8,173 Djibouti 889 76 63 5 3 1 1 8 61 5 4 3 14 75 DR Congo 65,966 35 4 33 4 1 4 3 4 13 4 7 4 9 1,451 Egypt 81, 43 97 3 93 7 95 5 36,47 Equatorial Guinea 7 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eritrea 5,54 - - - - 4-96 - - - - - - Ethiopia 8,95 17 9 4 9 19 6 53 1 1 1 46 15,51 Gabon 1,55 86 33 36 3 1 3 5 43 33 34 3 1 Gambia 1,78 58 7 5 5 65 15 15 5 68 1 9 493 Ghana 4,39 51 19 73 6 8 43 16 33 14 58 9 19,39 Guinea 9,98 35 3 4 7 1 6 53 3 18 18 44 1,83 Guinea-Bissau 1,515 3 44 16 38 9 46 43 6 43 31 146 Kenya 4,513 3 48 18 3 1 9 18 3 7 7 14 7,16 Lesotho,171 7 3 3 3 6 4 4 3 49 6 6 37 139 Liberia 3,994 48 9 3 16 5 7 1 8 64 18 5 1 45 48 Libya 6,355 78 97-3 - 96-4 - 97-3 - 1,956 Madagascar,714 3 1 8 3 19 1 14 9 45 15 18 3 37,45 Malawi 14,91 49 44 5 51 3 9 1 51 33 8 8 3,866 Mali 15,37 36 35 38 3 4 14 9 57 19 45 14 1,977 Mauritania 3,46 41 51 18 16 15 9 4 6 81 6 1 1 54 587 Mauritius 1,99 4 91 8 1 88 9 3 89 9 14 Morocco 31,951 58 83 14 3 5 6 4 38 7 3 16 9,17 Mozambique 3,391 38 38 8 41 13 5 1 36 58 18 4 37 41,679 Namibia,83 38 57 4 19 17 4 7 7 3 1 6 5 4 Niger 15,51 17 34 5 1 4 3 91 9 6 6 79 1,57 Nigeria 158,43 5 35 38 15 1 7 13 9 31 31 5 1,935 Rwanda 1,64 19 5 18 9 1 56 6 35 3 55 8 34 3 3,318 Sao Tome and Principe 165 6 3 4 17 49 19 5 1 64 6 4 15 55 17 Senegal 1,434 4 7 19 9 39 1 3 8 5 14 17 17 3,763 Seychelles 87 55 98 - - N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Sierra Leone 5,868 38 3 45 5 7 6 16 37 41 13 7 3 8 313 Somalia 9,331 37 5 3 15 3 6 6 5 83 3 15 9 53 769 South 5,133 6 86 9 3 67 7 9 17 79 8 5 8 13,178 Sudan 43,55 4 44 5 14 4 3 59 6 7 4 43 4,4 Swaziland 1,186 1 64 3 4 55 18 8 19 57 1 7 15 59 Tanzania 44,841 6 58 7 4 73 16 1 8 7 1,956 Togo 6,8 43 6 43 3 6 17 74 13 14 51 91 Tunisia 1,481 67 96 - - - - - - - - - - Uganda 33,45 13 34 5 15 1 34 15 4 34 36 1 6,645 Zambia 13,89 36 57 4 17 43 8 7 48 14 18,63 Zimbabwe 1,571 38 5 44 3 16 1 4 4 7 6 7 744 Sub-Saharan 856,33 37 43 31 18 8 3 1 3 35 3 19 6 5 13,63 1,,3 4 54 5 15 6 31 6 3 4 17 1 189,77 * 1995-1 estimates are given for Cape Verde, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia. Data not available to the WHO/UNICEF JMP are marked with a For more data and information on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation visit: www.wssinfo.org
Prepared by: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) www.wssinfo.org