Reading History Series Sample Pages Canada: A Changing Society Archives of Ontario, F229-308, T. Eaton Co. fonds Unit 3 Jennette MacKenzie, Susan Green, and Mary Quennell Student Name:
Table of Contents Looking Back...3 Setting the Stage...4 Strategies for Learning: Visualize The Impact of Technology...6 Strategies for Learning: Make Connections Social and Working Conditions...8 Strategies for Learning: Look for the Main Idea Changing Roles in Society...10 Strategies for Learning: Ask Questions Check Your Understanding...14 Study Notes...15 Sifton and Immigration...16 Strategies for Learning: Make Inferences Laurier and Compromise...18 Strategies for Learning: Analyze Check Your Understanding...20 Study Notes...21 Canada and the British Empire...22 Strategies for Learning: Monitor and Check Canada and World War I...24 Strategies for Learning: Make Connections Check Your Understanding...28 Study Notes...29 Study Guide...30 Reflect on My Learning...31
Looking Back Population Across Canada In 1871, Ontario had a population of over 1.6 million people. Quebec had a population of over 1 million people. Much of the population was living in cities. Manitoba had a population of over 25 000 people. British Columbia had a population of over 36 000 people. Settlement of the West Farmers had to work the land by hand, using simple tools. Wheat crops were damaged easily by changes in the weather, disease, and insects. The railroad was changing the lives of settlers. Towns were built around railroad stations. These towns gave farmers a place from where they could ship their crops to Eastern Canada. The towns also provided farmers with a place where they could go to buy supplies and manufactured goods. Two Cultures, Two Points of View Reactions to the Red River Rebellion of 1870, as well as the North-West Rebellion of 1885, showed the different points of view of Canada s two main cultures. The leader of the rebellions, Louis Riel, was seen as a hero by French- Canadians. They felt he acted as he did to protect French culture and French-Catholic tradition in the West. English Canadians, however, felt that Riel was a traitor against the Canadian government. Pacific Ocean British Columbia 0 1000 kilometres Canada in 1873 Arctic Ocean North-West Territories Manitoba United States Ontario Greenland Quebec Atlantic Ocean Newfoundland PEI Nova Scotia New Brunswick Reading History 3
Setting the Stage Strategies for Learning As you read, visualize or make a picture in your mind of what you are reading. Start to make a sketch as you read. Change it or add details as you get more information. Life in Canada changed during the late 1800s and the early 1900s. The main causes of this change were industrialization and urbanization. Before Industrialization Before industrialization in Canada, people made most things by hand. They used the resources they had around them. For farmers, land and livestock were primary resources. Farming was important, because people lived off the land and grew their own food. Other primary resource industries in Canada were forestry, mining, and fishing. After Industrialization industrialization increased use of machines and factories to make goods urbanization growth of cities primary resource supply of something that can be used as needed With industrialization, machines and tools in factories produced more goods to buy and sell. People left their farms and moved to cities to find work in factories. New inventions created the need for big, new factories. As more factories were built, more workers were needed. Soon women and children were working in factories. Immigrants often became factory workers, too. As factories produced more goods, Canada increased its trade with other countries. Canada traded raw materials, as well as some of its manufactured goods. Politics Population Society Economy two main cultures: English and French Canada in 1871 3.7 million people most Canadianborn mostly rural communities, small towns, some cities resource-based industries: farming, fishing, forestry, mining some small family businesses Remember... Industrialization and urbanization caused many changes in Canadian life. 4 Canada: A Changing Society
As I read about life in Canada before industrialization, I visualized what it must have been like. I pictured most people living on farms, growing their own food, raising animals for food, and making most of their own clothes. I pictured people going into small towns to buy food and supplies that they could not grow on their farms or make themselves. Think About Your Reading 1. Write your own definition of industrialization. 2. List three things about life in Canada that changed after industrialization. (a) (b) (c) 3. Make a sketch that shows what you visualized when you read about life in Canada after industrialization. Reading History 5
The Impact of Technology Strategies for Learning As you read, make connections. Underline parts of the text where you made a connection to a personal experience, to another text you have read or viewed, or to events in the world today. In factories, new technologies resulted in more and faster production and the start-up of new industries. For example, the steam engine was used in many different inventions, including cars, trains, and mining machinery. Technology and Agriculture By 1867, power-driven machines had replaced hand tools on most farms. A steam threshing machine could harvest more in one day than most farmers could harvest by hand in one year. Steam-powered tractors could pull a plough that cut three furrows (trenches) at the same time. Horse-drawn ploughs could cut only one furrow at a time. Canada s wheat yield went from 490 000 tonnes in 1896 to 2 123 000 tonnes by 1911 because of this new technology. Adam Beck founded the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission in 1906 at Niagara Falls, Ontario. courtesy of Niagara Falls (Ontario) Public Library (detail) Technology and Transportation In cities, travel by horse-drawn carriages was being replaced by electric streetcars. Cars were too expensive for most people to buy. Two new transcontinental railways were built to help move people and products across Canada. The Canadian Pacific Railway could not handle all the transportation needs of the country. Technology and Communication Technology helped people communicate with one another across great distances. Telegraph lines linked the provinces to one another and to the United States. By 1901, there were 63 192 telephones in Canada. The world s first transatlantic wireless message was sent from Britain to Canada. The invention of the radio allowed people to know what was going on in other parts of the country and the world. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Moffett Studio / LAC / C-017335 (detail) Remember... Technology increased inventions and production, and caused the rise of new industries. 6 Canada: A Changing Society
Technology and Manufacturing By 1910, many of the goods and clothing that people needed were no longer made by hand. Machines made things such as vacuum cleaners and stoves. The invention of the sewing machine meant that clothes could be made in factories and sold in local stores. People in rural areas could order clothes through mail-order catalogues. When I read about how technology changed the way people farmed, I made a connection to a personal experience. I visited a dairy farm and saw that cows wore a computer chip around their necks. When the cows were fed, a computer read the chip and food was given to each cow based on the needs of that cow. It made me think about how much farming has changed. Think About Your Reading 1. What is technology? 2. Use the chart below to summarize the changes that new technology made to life in Canada in the early 20th century. Before New Machines After New Machines Agriculture Transportation used hand tools horse-drawn ploughs power-driven machines steam threshers tractors Communication Manufacturing 3. Describe one connection to the text that you made. Reading History 7
Check Your Understanding Pause and think about what you have learned. The following activities will help you review your learning. Check Your Vocabulary In your own words, write a definition of the following terms: industrialization (page 4) urbanization (page 4) technology (page 6) prohibition (page 10) suffrage (page 10) Check Your Reading Strategies You have used the strategies visualize, make connections, look for the main idea, and ask questions to help you understand the text. Which strategy helped you the most? How did it help you? Check Your Learning What did you learn that was new or surprising? What did you learn that changed your opinion or your thinking? 14 Canada: A Changing Society
Study Notes Use the two columns below to help you remember what you have learned. Take a blank piece of paper, and cover up Column B so you cannot see it. Read each item in Column A, and test yourself by writing down three or four ideas about it. Column A Canada Before Industrialization Technology and Change Living Conditions Working Conditions Women for Change Column B People worked in primary-resource industries such as farming, mining, fishing, and forestry Population mostly rural People made things by hand and grew their own food Many goods were now made by machine Technology led to new inventions People moved to cities to work in factories Technology made production of goods faster Technology increased the amount that could be produced Technology allowed people to communicate with one another through telegraphs, phones, radio Three social classes: upper, middle, working Workers in cities lived in poor conditions Employers for farms, mines, and logging camps provided shacks and bunkhouses for workers to live in Long hours; low pay Conditions unsafe in the workplaces No benefits for workers Women did not have the right to vote Women organized into groups to try to make social change Women worked for the right to vote Women organized into groups to try to change problems such as child labour, unsafe working conditions, unfair pay Women won the right to vote in federal elections Reading History 15
Study Guide Use the following graphic organizer to help you remember the important ideas you learned in this unit. Industrialization Farming steam-powered machines and tractors can farm more land and produce more food faster Advances in Technology Manufacturing Transportation factories made goods that used to be made by hand more goods produced people left farms to work in factories horses replaced by electric streetcars, railways, and automobiles Communication telegraph, telephone, and radio connected people Impact of Technology Social Classes three social classes (upper, middle, and working) Working Conditions working class paid low wages, worked long hours in dangerous conditions Role of Women/Children women wanted the vote (suffrage) so they could make changes (e.g., child labour, health care) Immigration offered free land to immigrants did not treat all immigrants equally A Changing Society French/English Relations Canada and Britain English Imperialist wanted to stay tied to Britain French Nationalists did not want ties to Britain Laurier defeated, because he could not meet needs of both groups Britain set Canadian policy on war and treaties Britain wanted Canada to send troops for Boer War French and English disagreed on sending troops World War I Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia Central Powers: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy killing of Archduke Ferdinand started war Canada entered war and used War Measures Act 30 Canada: A Changing Society
Reflect on My Learning Three new things I learned: 1. 2. 3. Two things I already knew: 1. 2. One thing I still have a question about: 1. Reading History 31
2007 Jennette MacKenzie and Susan Green Contributors: Margaret MacKenzie, Carolyn March All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed and bound in Canada by Friesens. Titles in the Reading History series Unit 1: Confederation ISBN: 978-1-55379-148-5 Unit 2: The Development of Western Canada ISBN: 978-1-55379-149-2 Unit 3: Canada: A Changing Society ISBN: 978-1-55379-150-8 Teacher s Guide ISBN: 978-1-55379-151-5 Reading History Set ISBN: 978-1-55379-147-8 100-318 McDermot Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3A 0A2 Email: books@portageandmainpress.com Toll Free: 1-800-667-9673 Fax: 1-866-734-8477