Unit 4 Before You Read What are some healthy foods? What are some unhealthy foods? Do you eat chocolate? Why or why not? Unit Vocabulary Underline or highlight these words as you find them in the text. ability calories cause caution consumption decay digest exception healthy improves include increase maximum necessary research Chocolate: The New Flavor of Health 1 Everybody loves chocolate. The chocolate industry is huge. People eat millions of kilograms of chocolate each year. The UAE is no exception. In fact, experts say that the consumption of all kinds of chocolate is increasing in the UAE. It is now a 200 million dirham industry. Most people think of chocolate as a delicious treat but did you know that it is also good for you? 2 The idea that chocolate is healthy actually began hundreds of years ago. People in South America made a drink from chocolate. However, this chocolate was not sweet. Later, doctors in Europe gave chocolate to their patients. They thought that it would help people who were too thin, too tired, or had problems digesting their food. 3 In the 1900s, people thought chocolate was unhealthy. For example, many people thought that chocolate caused acne, or pimples. However, this is a myth. They also thought that chocolate was bad for your teeth. This isn t true either. Actually, studies show that milk chocolate is one of the snack foods that is the least likely to contribute to tooth decay. 4 New research shows that chocolate has other health-giving effects. There are three main benefits of chocolate. First, it contains flavanols, which are healthy chemicals that can lower blood pressure. Secondly, research shows that chocolate can help people metabolize sugar. People with diabetes cannot metabolize sugar very well, but when they eat chocolate their ability to metabolize sugar improves. Thirdly, when people eat chocolate their serotonin levels increase. Serotonin is a hormone in the brain which makes people relaxed and happy. Not all chocolate has the same effect, however. These studies were all done using dark chocolate. In order to get the maximum benefit from chocolate, you should eat dark chocolate. 5 A word of caution is necessary. Most chocolate is made with a lot of fat and sugar. Fat and sugar have a lot of calories. If you are trying to lose weight for your health, you should eat fewer calories. This means that if you include chocolate in your diet, you should eat less of something else. Reading Skill: Paragraph Topics 4.1 What is the topic of each paragraph? Match the topic to the paragraph number. You will have one topic left over. Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 Paragraph 5 Topics a. false ideas about chocolate b. chocolate and weight c. the chocolate industry d. acne and pimples e. chocolate as a healthy food f. health benefits of chocolate
Scanning for Details 4.2 When you scan a text you look quickly through it for small pieces of information, such as a date or number, rather than trying to understand the whole text. Try to answer these questions as quickly as possible. 1 Chocolate is a industry in the UAE. 2 Where did doctors give chocolate to their patients? 3 Chocolate is less likely than other snacks to contribute to? 4 Chocolate can help people with to metabolize sugar. 5 Which type of chocolate is the healthiest? Vocabulary: Meaning From Context 4.3 Look in the text. Find a word that means the same as the phrases below. Definition Word in text Something that is not true 1 healthy chemicals that can lower blood pressure 2 A hormone which makes people relaxed and happy 3 Unit Vocabulary: Meaning From Context 4.4 From your understanding of the text, match each of the Unit Vocabulary words below to their meaning. Then read the text again. Do you understand more this time? 1 ability a. a measure of energy in food 2 calorie b. carefulness 3 cause c. skill 4 caution d. process food through your body 5 digest e. make something happen 6 consumption a. good for you 7 decay b. something that is not usual 8 exception c. have as a part 9 healthy 10 include d. when something dies and falls apart e. eating or using something 11 improve a. scientific study 12 increase b. needed 13 maximum c. make better 14 necessary d. the most or greatest 15 research e. make larger or add to Finding Collocations 4.5 Here are some more collocations. Find these words in the text and write the preposition that goes with them. The preposition will usually, but not always, come right after the word. Sometimes there are other words between the word and its preposition. Sometimes more than one preposition is possible. 1 consumption 2 benefits (noun) 3 think 4 benefit (verb) 5 contribute 6 ability 7 include 8 made Say it out loud! One way to add variety to your study plan is to use your voice. Read your vocabulary words and definitions - out loud. You can even use a tape recorder or mp3 recorder to record your voice and then play the recording. This way you can learn by listening. Study Tip!
Unit Vocabulary: Word Families Chart 4.6 Complete the Word Families Chart. You may use a dictionary. Remember, some word families have more than one noun or more than one adjective. Noun Verb Adjective Adverb ability 1 2 cause 3 caution 4 5 6 chemical 7 consumption 9 10 decay 11 12 13 digest 14 chemical 8 15 healthy 16 17 improve 18 19 20 maximum 21 22 necessary 23 researcher 24 25 except 26 exceptionally The word exception also has a conjuction in its word family. Do you know what it is? It is used in question 9 below. Unit Vocabulary: Word Families 4.7 Choose the correct form of the word to go in each sentence. 1 It is not true that it will rain. It might be sunny. a. necessity b. necessary c. necessarily 2 There are several of obesity. a. causes b. causal c. caused 3 I noticed a big in her grades. a. improvement b. improve c. improved 4 I wonder if the problem has a cause. a. chemistry b. chemical c. chemically 5 My grandmother is an extremely driver. a. cautiously b. caution c. cautious 6 His to sing is really amazing! a. ability b. able c. ably 7 I don t think this article was thoroughly. a. researcher b. research c. researched 8 You have to clean your teeth to prevent tooth. a. decay b. decaying c. decayed 9 Sheikh Zayed was an man. a. exception b. except c. exceptional 10 If you make choices, you can improve the way you eat. a. health b. healthy c. healthily
Vocabulary Review: Crossword Puzzle 4.8 Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. The answers are all words in this book. 1 i 2 3 c 5 6 7 8 h 14 a f 9 n 10 11 12 o 16 o e e f f w 15 17 18 19 20 g 13 4 21 m h 22 23 24 n 25 26 s e 27 y 28 29 30 m i 31 y 32 33 o 34 y Across 1 Look or feel real 3 Find out the size of something 5 is your favourite actor? 6 You and I 8 To think that something is true 9 Make bigger or more 11 Be careful! =! 12 Results, or the opposite of causes 14 My brothers ages from 12 to 18 15 A type of picture 16 Something that he owns is. 17 The type of work you do through your working life 19 Different kinds of things 21 Him and her 22 Something that belongs to them 24 The oil is very big in the UAE 26 Something that belongs to us is. 27 is he coming? Tomorrow? 29 You and me 30 Gets better 31 For sure 32 Your teeth will if you don t clean them 33 A small copy of something 34 Good for you or not sick Down 1 The subject form of her 2 Something you do 4 You should your notes before a test 5 are you going this evening? The cinema? 6 is your favourite colour? 7 Said no 8 It helped him = It him 10 People make to charity during Ramadan 11 Worried 13 Make something happen 18 Every day, every week, or every hour 20 Question word for reason 22 Subject form of 21 across 23 Unique, important 25 The work that scientists do 28 Area of study or work
Grammar Focus: Quantifiers 4.9 Use the words in the box to complete the table. Some can be used more than once. Check your answers before you go to the next exercise. many much a little a few a lot of Large numbers/ amounts 1 2 Before count nouns (e.g. girls, boxes) Small numbers/ amounts 5 6 Before non-count nouns (e.g. water, information) 3 4 (only for negatives and questions) Complete each sentence below with the correct quantifier from the table. You can only use each quantifier ONCE. 7 I only have information about this topic. I need more. 8 Hurry! We don t have time! 9 There is competition for jobs in computer animation. 10 We only have days before the test. I m glad we ve been studying! 11 There are ways to review for a test. In fact, you should try to do a variety of activities. Possessive Pronouns 4.10 We use possessive pronouns to describe things that belong to people. Complete each sentence with the correct possessive pronoun. 1 Mine belongs to me. 2 belongs to you. 3 belongs to him. 4 belongs to her. 5 belongs to us. 6 belongs to them. 7 Fatima thinks that this book is hers, not Ahmed s. Which of the following could best replace the word hers? a. Fatima b. Ahmed c. Fatima s book d. Ahmed s book Preposition Review 4.11 Choose the best preposition to complete each sentence. 1 Put your bag your chair while you do the exam. a. at b. under c. on 2 They left their books the table. a. on b. in c. at 3 Fatima s still home. a. in b. at c. to 4 Dana is going the market later. a. to b. at c. in 5 I found my ticket! It was my book so I couldn t see it. a. at b. to c. under 6 What is television tonight? a. to b. at c.on 7 Ali left his clothes the floor. a. in b. at on Take Notes in Your Classes! It is very important to take good notes in your classes. Every time your teacher writes on the board you should copy what he writes in your notebook. You should also take notes when he explains grammar. You don t need to write every word he says. Just note all the important ideas. Sometimes students can understand everything in class, but then they get home and forget everything. If you take good notes in class, you can easily review the day s work while you are doing your homework. Don t forget to add new words to your flashcards! Study Tip!
The Industry: How Chocolate is Made 4.12 The text below includes several passive sentences. Underline them.the first one has been done for you. We all love chocolate, but have you ever wondered where it comes from? Fifty million people are supported by the chocolate industry. This means that 50 million people make money from chocolate. That s a pretty big industry! Chocolate is made from cocoa. Most cocoa is produced in western Africa. Forty-three percent of the world s cocoa is from the Ivory Coast. 3.14 billion tons of cocoa is produced each year. About two thirds of that is used to make chocolate. The cocoa bean itself is very bitter. Many things have to happen for it to become the sweet treat we enjoy. First, the cocoa beans are harvested (taken from the plants). Then, the flavor of the cocoa is developed by a process called fermentation. The different flavors of chocolate are created by changing the time and temperature during the roasting process. Cocoa is then made into cocoa solids and cocoa fat. Sometimes, to save money, different fats are added to the chocolate. Wax is sometimes added to prevent the chocolate from melting too fast. Finally, different flavors, like orange, mint, or nuts are added. About 80% of chocolate in the UAE is imported from other countries. Most of it is made in Europe or the United States. Although people in the UAE are eating more and more chocolate, most chocolate is consumed by people in Western countries. People in Europe, for example, consume 40% of the world s chocolate. Noticing the Grammar: Passives 4.13 Look at the text for the answers to the following questions. If the answer is not in the text, write we don t know. 1 Who does the chocolate industry support? 2 Who makes chocolate? 3 Where is most cocoa produced? 4 Who produces the cocoa? 5 Who harvests the cocoa? 6 What develops the flavor of the cocoa? 7 Who makes the cocoa into cocoa solids and cocoa fat? 8 Who adds the wax to the chocolate? 9 Who imports the chocolate to the UAE? 10 Who consumes most of the world s chocolate? 11 The passive is used we do not know is doing the action. We also use it when the action, or the object of the sentence is more important. Past 4.14 Participles To write in the passive voice, we use past participles. For each of these verbs, write the past participle. When you are finished, write some passive sentences of. 1 love loved 2 amaze 3 support 4 make 5 produce 6 use 7 develop 8 create 9 take 10 speak 11 build 12 give 13 steal 14 eat
Active to Passive 4.15 Change these sentences from active to passive voice. You don t need to include the word someone or people in your passive sentences, but remember to use by if the person doing the action is named. Make sure you use the same tense, also. 1 Someone gave me a bicycle for my birthday. 2 People usually eat turkey in America at Thanksgiving. 3 Someone imports Renault cars from France 4 People have held a national day party in my school every year since 2003. 5 Someone built the hotel last year. 6 The principal will give out the prizes on the last day of the competition 7 Someone is repairing my car right now. 8 Your teacher will mark your exam papers this week 9 My mother made this cake 10 Someone is showing the films in the Al Muroor Cinema Mixed Grammar 4.16 These questions are very similar to real grammar questions on the CEPA exam. They will not be on the actual exam. 1 students must take the test in order to pass the course. a. All b. Each c. Every d. The whole 2 There are type of food I like better than Italian food. a. both b. few c. less d. little 3 Ali worked his essay for three hours and did a very good job. a. in b. of c. on d. to 4 We were shocked the terrible accident on the television news. a. saw b. see c. seeing d. to see 5 Asma didn t like the dress because she thought color was too bright. a. It b. Its c. Their d. Theirs 6 When I was a child I to play. a. have loved b. loved c. loves d. was loving 7 He got into when he took a computer course. a. programmer b. program c. programmed d. programming 8 Mohammed was upset what the other boys said about his friend Khalid. a. by b. for c. in d. on 9 You can have your car at some malls. a. wash b. washed c. washes d. washing 10 This is the book which will help you improve your English. a. which b. who c. whom d. what 11 carefully is very important on busy roads. a. Drive b. Drives c. Driving d. Will drive 12 Plastic bottles in factories. a. are made b. are making c. was made d. were making Real CEPA Questions!
Writing About Advantages and Disadvantages There are several types of essay that could be on the CEPA exam. So far, we ve practiced opinion essays. In this chapter we will look at a different type of essay one which asks about advantages and disadvantages. This essay needs four paragraphs. CEPA prompts for this type of essay usually include two advantages and two disadvantages. Try think of other ones as well. Always put the advantages and disadvantages in different paragraphs. CEPA Tip! Writing Task: Essay Read the writing prompt below. Write your essay on the next page. You may use some of the information below, but do not copy. ESSAY PROMPT In some countries foods like chocolate and chips are banned in school cafeterias. The UAE may do the same. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this plan? Some of the things you could write about are: what students like benefits of chocolate problem of obesity importance of good nutrition Plan your essay here. Introduction: Advantages: Disadvantages: Conclusion:
Writing Task: Essay Time: minutes Number of Words:
Writing Task: Reflection 4.17 Look at the sample essay and answer the questions below. Many schools around the world have banned sweets and other junk food from their cafeterias. This has both advantages and disadvantages. First, I will discuss the disadvantages. Children love junk food because it is tasty. If junk food is banned from school cafeterias, students will not be able to eat what they like. Perhaps they will not eat at all. In addition, people have different ideas about what is junk food and what is okay to eat. It would be difficult to decide what foods to ban and what to allow in the schools. There are some advantages to this plan, however. The number of overweight and obese students is increasing every year. There are also high rates of diseases like diabetes in the UAE. Many of these problems can be avoided if people learn about good nutrition at a young age. The best place to learn this is in school. In addition, the government can help keep children healthy by providiing fruit, vegetables, and other healthy food instead of chips and chocolate in school. In conclusion, while banning junk food from school cafeterias has both advantages and disadvantages, the advantages clearly outweigh the disadvantages. The UAE government should try to do this as soon as possible. 1 How many paragraphs does this essay have? 2 How many paragraphs does your essay have? 3 Which come first in this essay advantages or disadvantages? 4 Which comes first in your essay? 5 This student wrote: the advantages clearly the disadvantages. (This is the same as saying that the advantages are more powerful than, or better than, the disadvantages.) 6 Does this student think that junk food should be banned in schools? Look at the sentences below. Could they go in this essay? If so, where? Label each sentence: Introduction, Conclusion, Advantage, Disadvantage, or Not In This Essay. 7 More healthy food could be available if school cafeterias stopped having junk food. 8 The UAE could save money if students were healthier because of healthier food. 9 I believe that students choice is more important than making them eat healthy food. 10 Children will dislike school because they will not be able to eat what they like. Memorizing Essays: Don t waste your time! Don t waste your time memorizing an essay. Each CEPA exam has a different writing question and a different question type. If you use a memorized essay, you will not be able to answer the question correctly. Instead, prepare for the CEPA writing section by practicing often. You can show your teacher your essays. The people who mark the CEPA test always know when an essay has been memorized. Memorized essays always get a low mark. CEPA Tip!