Handbook of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Handbook of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Handbook of Metastatic Breast Cancer Second Edition Charles Swanton PhD, FRCP University College London Hospital and UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research U.K. London Research Institute, Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, London, U.K. Stephen R. D. Johnston, MA, PhD, FRCP The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, U.K.

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130212 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-84184-812-9 (ebook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient s medical history, relevant manufacturer s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies printed instructions, and their websites, before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 9781841848112 Orders may be sent to: Informa Healthcare, Sheepen Place, Colchester, Essex CO3 3LP, UK Telephone: +44 (0)20 7017 5540 Email: CSDhealthcarebooks@informa.com Website: http://informahealthcarebooks.com/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of metastatic breast cancer / edited by Charles Swanton, Stephen R.D. Johnston. -- 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: There used to be limited therapeutic options for women who developed metastatic breast cancer. However, recent development with novel systemic drugs and palliative surgical techniques, together with advances in diagnostic imaging, have given new hope for these patients and made the treatment of these patients considerably more challenging. One convenient source bringing together the various relevant aspects is long overdue. This handbook covers treatment for both the cancer and the complications that can arise from treatment itself --Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-84184-811-2 (hardback : alk. paper) I. Swanton, Charles. II. Johnston, Stephen R. D. [DNLM: 1. Breast Neoplasms--pathology. 2. Breast Neoplasms--therapy. 3. Neoplasm Metastasis. WP 870] LC-classification not assigned 616.99 449--dc23 For corporate sales please contact: CorporateBooksIHC@informa.com For foreign rights please contact: RightsIHC@informa.com For reprint permissions please contact: PermissionsIHC@informa.com Typeset by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India Printed and bound in the United Kingdom 2011029662

Contents Contributors viii 1. Introduction 1 Stephen R. D. Johnston and Charles Swanton 2. The prognostic and predictive value of gene expression signatures in breast cancer 4 Hatem A. Azim, Jr., Debora Fumagalli, and Christos Sotiriou SECTION I SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS 3. Endocrine therapy for advanced disease 13 Stephen R. D. Johnston 4. Targeting HER2 + and trastuzumab-resistant metastatic breast cancer 35 Javier Cortés and Maurizio Scaltriti 5. Targeting triple-negative sporadic and hereditary BRCA-related metastatic breast cancer 50 Sarah Barton and Nicholas C. Turner 6. Chemotherapy and metastatic breast cancer 67 Charles Swanton 7. Bisphosphonates and their role in metastatic breast cancer 93 David A. Cameron 8. Targeting angiogenesis in metastatic breast cancer 101 David Miles SECTION II IMAGING AND RESPONSE ASSESSMENT 9. Imaging in the management of metastatic breast cancer 120 David MacVicar 10. PET/CT in breast cancer 142 Asim Afaq and Bhupinder Sharma 11. Novel biomarker approaches for improving therapeutic strategies in metastatic breast cancer 165 Roberta Ferraldeschi and Gerhardt Attard SECTION III LOCAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 12. Palliative radiotherapy in the management of metastatic breast cancer 182 Anthony Chalmers and Richard Simcock 13. Management of neurological complications in metastatic breast cancer 208 Syed M. R. Kabir and Adrian T. H. Casey vi

CONTENTS vii 14. Thoracic complications 221 George Ladas 15. Orthopaedic complications 235 Kuldeep K. Stöhr and Stuart C. Evans 16. Thermal ablation of hepatic metastases 253 Andy Adam 17. Palliative care and metastatic breast cancer 262 Jayne Wood and Anna-Marie Stevens 18. Specialist support services and information needs for patients 282 Diane Mackie and Melissa Warren Index 295

Contributors Andy Adam Department of Radiology, Guy s, King s and St. Thomas School of Medicine, London, U.K. Asim Afaq Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, U.K. Gerhardt Attard Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, U.K. Hatem A. Azim, Jr. Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory JC Heuson (BCTL), Institut Jules Bordet Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Sarah Barton Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, U.K. David A. Cameron University of Edinburgh, Cancer Services, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland Adrian T. H. Casey Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, U.K. Anthony Chalmers Beatson Institute for Cancer Research and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, Scotland Javier Cortés Breast Cancer Unit, Oncology Department, Vall d Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain Stuart C. Evans The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, U.K. Roberta Ferraldeschi Signal Transduction and Molecular Pharmacology Team, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, U.K. Debora Fumagalli Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory JC Heuson (BCTL), Institut Jules Bordet Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Syed M. R. Kabir Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, U.K. Stephen R. D. Johnston The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, U.K. George Ladas Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton Hospital, and Imperial College School of Medicine, London, U.K. Diane Mackie Secondary Breast Cancer, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K. David MacVicar Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, U.K. viii

CONTRIBUTORS ix David Miles Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, London, U.K. Maurizio Scaltriti Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Bhupinder Sharma Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, U.K. Richard Simcock Sussex Cancer Centre, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, U.K. Christos Sotiriou Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory JC Heuson (BCTL), Institut Jules Bordet Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Anna-Marie Stevens Department of Palliative Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K. Kuldeep K. Stöhr Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand Charles Swanton University College London Hospital and UCL Cancer Institute; and Cancer Research U.K. London Research Institute, Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, London, U.K. Nicholas C. Turner The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, U.K. Melissa Warren Secondary Breast Cancer, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, U.K. Jayne Wood Department of Palliative Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K.