3D Crystalline di!raction

Nanomaterials and Nanoarchitectures Programme of Advanced Study Institute Lecture 2.5 Soft colloidal photonic crystals and prospective applications Hiroshi Fudouzi National Institute for Materials Science 14.00-15.00 Lecture 2.5 July 2, 2013, ASI NATO 1 2 National Institute for Materials Science NIMS Research Fields Outline Short history 1956 National Research Institute for Metals (NRIM) 1966 National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials (NIRIM) 2001 Merger of NRIM and NIRIM in April, becoming National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS). 1. Overview of soft colloidal photonic crystals 2. Opal photonic crystals with tunable color 3. Tuning structural color by swelling 4. Tuning structural color by strain 5. Prospective applications 3 4! " ".+((53) #'6.+78$% Tuning photonic band gap of opal composite! "!"µ#! # %"$# 9$/47.43,+//'%-):;</8)&$*+'%= Opal composite (3D close packed) %"!# 012-.-3) ccp (111) +..+4 )!"$# d 111 Elastomer "$%&'%() *+,-.'+/!"!# 2 Silica opal bulk infilled with polymer #$%&&&$'()$*+,+-$./01)23$/4$!,,51)6$7(38108$ 5 6

3D Crystalline di!raction Tunable structural color Gel frame Void Non close packed (Cross section) Sphere (i) Colloidal crystal (ii) Opal type (iii) Inverse Opal type Self-assembly bottom up process to form periodic 3D microstructure made of colloids Opal composite (3D close packed) Embedded particle Inverse Opal (Cross section) ccp (111) plane Elastomer d 111 Frame structure Foulger, S. H. et al., Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 685. Mechanical Stress Fudouzi, H.; Xia, Y. N. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 892. Photonic Paper/Ink Takeoka, Y.; Watanabe,M. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 199. Chemical Sensing 7 8 Colloidal crystals Polymerized Colloidal Crystal Hydro-gel as Intelligent Chemical Sensing Materials Metal ion sensing Thermo sensing Molecular sensing S. H. Foulger, Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 2463, (2005) S.A. Asher et al., Nature 389, 829(1997). S.A. Asher et al., Science 274, 959(1996). 9 10 Colloidal Photonic Crystal Gels (T. Sawada) M-Ink:Tunable strctural color by magnetic field Silica colloidal crystal embedded in hydrogel Y. Iwayama, J. Yamanaka, Y. Takiguchi, M. Takasaka, K. Ito, T. Shinohara, T. Sawada and M. Yonese : Optically Tunable Gelled Photonic Crystal Covering Almost the Entire Visible Light Wavelength Region Langmuir (2003) A. Toyotama, T. Kanai, T. Sawada, J. Yamanaka, K. Ito and K. Kitamura : Gelation of Colloidal Crystals without Degradation in Their Transmission Quality and Chemical Tuning Langmuir(2005) S. Furumi, T. Kanai and T. Sawada : Widely Tunable Lasing in a Colloidal Crystal Gel Film Permanently Stabilized by an Ionic Liquid Advanced Materials (2011) 11 12

Inverse opal 13 14 Inverse opal sensors Y. Takeoka, Langmuir, 2003. 15 16 Opalux & Prof. Geoffrey A. Ozin @ Univ. Toronto P-Ink and Elast-Ink New display device 2. Opal photonic crystals with tunable color Materials Today, Vol. 11, # 7-8, 2008, pp.44-51 New finger print technology for biometric security systems 17 18

Colloidal crystal film &',,'.$%)=+(#( Substrate &#7/8",,.9":'1 &'#(-)+(,,%&',,'.$/!"#$%&'#( )'*%)+(,, Prepolymer <'1'5(# 215 314,,.12 &'-"//(56,7 &;#.12 0#$(#.12 Curing Elastomer sheet PS-PDMS composite D istance of CCP(111) planes 210 205 200 195 190 185 180 D: 18 nm 2.8 [nm] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of Curing PDMS elastomer Increasing lattice distance of ccp(111) planes 19 20 Polymer opal (Core-shell colloid) Elastic Photonic crystals (Polymer Opal) JJ Baumberg (University of Cambridge), Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut and Merck. 6!"#$ (&)*+!"%&' 1!"#$%&''(") 9 ( 540"*&431 647#&.)/0&1 2"+3)40& *, 8&9')0:;&1 154*&< *"+,-.//0-1#&%(23)-!4&#(235-6"2(&78- Photonic rubber sheet Fudouzi & Sawada, NIMS * - 21 22 :6"2*;5.) 36"705.89 ""< = Structural color fashion (April 23, 2012) (http://www.talk2myshirt.com/blog/archives/5770)!"#$%%"&'()*+",-)./01"-2"34/5.)* A collaboration between Amy Winters and researchers at the NanoPhotonics Centre at the Cavendish laboratories (University of Cambridge) resulted in a new type of fabric, the Polymer Opal Lycra. 23 24

Tuning structural color by swelling 3. Tuning structural color by swelling PS Colloid PDMS elastomer 25 26 : < ; = >!"#$$%"&'(")*+,(-."*/"0*12(3"&(+'4*5*6."78984 27 28 Change color by swelling isopropanol H. Fudouzi & YN Xia, Langmuir 2003, 19, (23), 9653-9660. 29 30

ADVMEW ISSN 0935-9648 Vol. 17, No. 2 January 31, 2005 Multicolor Patterns in Photonic Bandgap Composites D10488 Printing structural color: Photonic paper & ink system 4. Tuning structural color by strain Colloidal Crystals with Tunable Colors and Their Use as Photonic Papers Fudouzi & Xia Langmuir 2003 Fixing structural color image Foulger, Adv. Mater. 2005. High Resolution Reversible Color Images on Photonic Crystal Substrates Erickson, Langmuir 2011 31 32 Tunable structural color on soft opal films Tuning structural color by elastic deformation Y-direction Initial Stretched H. Fudouzi and T. Sawada, Langmuir 22,1365-1368(2006) 33 Wavelength (nm) 640 630 620 610 600 590 580 570 560 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40!L/L (%) 0 34 Elastic deformation by compressing and vending Elastic deformation by inflation 0 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.5 590 588 586 584 582 580 540 560 580 600 620 640 Wavelength (nm) 578 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 L (%) 35 36

0.0 Strain sensor Pressure sensor Change color due to plastic deformation 4.5 4.0 3.5 Stretching force(n) 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1st 2nd 1.0 0.5 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 (nm) Peak shifting as a function of stretching force 37 38 Optical microscope image of local deformation 5. Prospective Applications I. Liquid sensor II. Solubility parameter III. Strain imaging 39 40 41 42

Sensitivity for a small quantity of water in isopropanol Swelling PDMS elastomer in isopropanol(ipa) containing less than 1 Vol% pure water Defect in photonic band gap! Dip tuning Detectable concentration! 0.1 Vol% order 43 G.A.Ozin, 2005 44 Silica opal film for xylene sensing Theory of swelling phenomena Silica sphere Acrylate elastomer "G Swelling range Gibbs free energy change of mixing -"G reach maximum! Kevin Kulbaba, Mark J. MacLachlan, Christopher E. B. Evans, Ian Manners Macromolecular Chem Phys, 202, 1768-1775, 2001 Determination of the solubility parameter for unknown polymer or elastomer The degree of swelling! a maximum at To plot the swelling ratio as a function of " Collaborating with Kyoritsu Chemical Indusrial Co., Ltd. 45 46 A B L L Peak Shift (nm) Volume expansion by swelling with cyclohexane for a day Swelling ratio as a function of solubility parameter ([Cal/cm] 1/2 ) Solubility Parameters Peak shift by swelling as a function of solubility parameter ([Cal/cm] 1/2 ) 47 48

Concept A new method enables coating colloidal photonic crystal film on surface of metal plate. Structural color strain indicator consists of soft opal coloring film and black colored PET supporting sheet. This sheet adhered to the target area. A polyethylene terephthalate film (PET, Lumirror X30, Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) of 50 µm thicknesses was used as a black-pigmented sheet. Cyanoacrylate monomer liquid (Aron alpha EXTRA2000, Toagosei, Tokyo, Japan) was used as an adhesive between PET sheet and pure aluminum specimens. Y-direction Initial Stretched!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"" Universal testing machine Setup of fiber optical probe 49 50! 0123 Structural color imaging on optical microscope *+,#-.&&/ " 0&1&2*$(2&,-$3/ 0&1&2*$(2&,-$3/ #$%&'&()*+,-(./ ##(&)! #$%&&' " 4#5675#89:1&/;#9<#*.9/9#=>?:@2#A'-/%B3&'/@?9'#+'C1'&&%-## 51 52 Comparison of techniques Setup concept using two type of strain sensors, optical probe spectroscope for structural color strain indicator of electric strain gauge and electric strain $ gauge backside the plate. For further information!,-./%0(1$23+( "-+/#$27/2-+( "#$%&'()%*)+( 4+%5( 6&$+( The relationship between micro-strain and Bragg s diffraction peak showing a linear inverse proportion. Inserted photo shows the deformed aluminum plate after tensile test. # 8 9-277:0";+<-2,=.3">52?"@3AB " Strain gauge system (KYOWA Electronic Instruments) "($'""""""(%!""""(%'""""(&!""""(&'""""('!"""""(''"""((! " 1600 µst/nm!""""""""#"""""""""$"""""""""%"""""""""&""""""""'"""""""""("")#! &" " """""*+,-./01-2+3".4"565,1-+,"72875" RSC Smart Materials Responsive Photonic Nanostructures Yadong Yin (Ed.), RSC publisher (2013) Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials, Geoffrey A Ozin, André Arsenault, RSC publisher(2008) Foundation and applications on photonic crystals (only Japanese), Katsumi Yoshino, Corona publishing (2004) 1997 2000 Project report Tuning photonic band gap on opals and inverse opals (with Prof. Sajeev John) * Theory on tunable PhC * Synthesis opal and Inv Opal * Tuning by (Temp., LQs, Stress, Electric field,...) 53 54