Hawaii Smart Technology Demonstration for a 100% RE Future Leon R. Roose, Esq. Principal & Chief Technologist Hawaii Natural Energy Institute School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology University of Hawaii at Manoa 1680 East-West Road, POST 109 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Presented at Smart Community Summit 2016 Organized by NEDO and JSCA Reception Hall A, Conference Tower 1F, Tokyo Big Sight Tokyo, Japan June 16, 2016
Hawaii as a Model for Energy Change Hawaii is isolated and highly dependent on fossil fuel, primarily oil Current Hawaii energy mix contributes to local and global environmental issues Petroleum Use by Sector, 2014 Electricity Production by Source, 2014 Source: Hawaii DBEDT Oil drives cost, volatility and energy insecurity across all sectors of Hawaii s economy Hawaii has the most aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standard for electricity in the United States 100% renewables by 2045 Success will require broad portfolio of advanced technologies including generation, transportation and smart grid systems 2
High Energy Cost Drains the Island Economy High Cost of Service Hawaii ranks #1 in electric energy costs: 45.85 cents/kwh Lanai 47.06 cents/kwh Molokai 41.89 cents/kwh Hawaii 37.83 cents/kwh Maui 35.48 cents/kwh Oahu (Avg. Residential rates in 2014) 11-12 cents/kwh U.S. avg. High Electricity Price and Volatility Linked to Cost of Oil Source: Hawaiian Electric Company and Hawaii DBEDT Renewable Energy Aimed to Break the Link and Lower Cost 3
Opportunity for Sustainability in Hawaii is Abundant Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Scenario Analysis, 2012; and DBEDT 4
2008 Hawaii s Progressive Leadership in Clean Energy Policy Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI) The State of Hawaii, US DOE, and local utility launched HCEI in January 2008 to transform Hawaii to a 70% clean energy economy by 2030: Increasing Hawaii s economic and energy security Fostering and demonstrating Hawaii s innovation Developing Hawaii s workforce of the future Becoming a clean energy model for the U.S. and the world 2009 2011 Strong Hawaii Policies Highest RPS Target in the United States 40% by 2030 (2015-15%; 2020-25%) Other key policies: Tax incentives Net metering Feed in tariffs Policy Evolution Reflecting Market Realities Amended the definition of "renewable electrical energy" to include starting in 2015, customer-sited, grid-connected renewable energy generation 2015+ Continued Policy Evolution New RPS targets: 30% by 2020; 100% by 2045 Net metering change wholesale rate sale 5
Exceeding Hawaii RPS Goals Hawaii RPS Goals 2015-15% 2020-30% 2030-40% 2040-70% 2045-100% State-wide 2015 RPS Goal = 15% RPS year-end 2015 @ 23.42% (9.5% RPS at year-end 2009) 48.7% 35.4% 27.3% 9.5% 9.5% 11.9% 13.7% 18.0% 21.1% 17.2% Source: State of Hawaii, "Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures," Hawaii State Energy Office, Honolulu, May 2016 6
Renewable Energy Production by Resource At year-end 2015 RE Production by: Distributed PV - 31% Wind - 27.9% Biomass - 19.2% Geothermal - 10.5% Hydro - 4.8% Commercial Solar - 4.2% Biofuels - 2.4% Source: State of Hawaii, "Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures," Hawaii State Energy Office, Honolulu, May 2016 7
Installed PV Capacity - HECO Companies (12/2012 to 12/2015) 8
Hawaii s Electric Systems 4 electric utilities; 6 separate grids Small systems No interties Growing intermittent resources Novel grid integration issues Kauaʻi Kauai Island Utility Cooperative 27 MW PV (24 MW in development) System Peak: 78 MW Customers: 32,700 Oʻahu Maui Electric Maui: 71 MW PV / 72 MW Wind System Peak: Maui 190 MW Lana i: 1.5 MW PV System Peak: Lana i: 5 MW Moloka i: 1.7 MW PV System Peak: Moloka i: 5.5 MW Customers: 68,000 Hawaiian Electric 343 MW PV / 100 MW Wind / 69 MW WTE System Peak: 1,100 MW Customers: 300,000 Molokaʻi Lanaʻi Maui Hawaiʻi Hawaii Electric Light 70 MW PV / 30 MW Wind / 38 MW Geothermal / 16 MW Hydro System Peak: 190 MW Customers: 81,000 9
Wind and Solar Resource Intermittency and Variability Wind Energy Solar Energy 10 mins 100 90 P 80 V 70 O 60 u t 50 p 40 u t 30 20 % 10 0 10
NEDO and State of Hawai i sign MOU, Nov. 2011 In order to establish a sustainable way of life for future generations, it is necessary to integrate high levels of renewable energy into existing electric systems while maintaining safe and reliable power US and Japan are collaborating to develop and demonstrate advanced technology for the control of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging and managing Distributed Energy Resources (DER) 11
JUMPSmart Maui Project A Japan United States Smart Grid Demonstration Project 12
Schedule, Issues and Solutions 2011 2012 2013 2014-2017(Feb.) Feasibility Study M-to-N EV charging management system System Design Construction Information Demonstration and control platform Six cutting-edge initiatives as solutions In Maui, large scale renewable energy (72MW of wind and 70+ MW of distributed PV) have been introduced. In addition, EV high penetrations are expected soon. Issues Excess Energy Impact on frequency management Impact on distribution line voltage 1. Energy Efficiency Maximum Utilization of Renewable Energy 2. Stabilization/Balancing 3. EV infrastructure & QC stations 4. Cyber Security 5. Autonomous System 6. ICT Technology Direct Load Control (DLC) and Advanced Load Shift as DR EV charger control and Batteries Ensure information security Energy control via Autonomous Decentralized System ICT technologies to improve Quality of Life 13
Project Overview EV batteries are utilized as distributed energy resources for storing excess RE and controlling frequency fluctuations EMS Wind Power PV Transmission ICT Thermal Power Power Line Demonstration will be implemented by 200 EVs and 30 Residences in whole island of Maui. (Final target is to establish EV-Virtual Power Plant) EVECC 配 電 idms 網 制 御 システム Substation 配 電 変 電 所 Billing, EVECC Billing, Membership Membership Incentive Incentive DMS Distribution ICT DC Fast Charger Wind power Battery Battery Power Line PV with Smart PCS Photovoltaic L3 Chargers DCFast Chargers LV Transformer μdms EV with Normal Charger PV with Smart PCS Storage battery Island of Maui Household as volunteer EVECC: EV Energy Control Center, idms: Integrated Distribution Management System, LV: Low Voltage, DOE: Department of Energy 14
System Architecture Total Optimization Individual Optimization EVECC SVC Battery 1 set 3 sets idms Smart City Platform (Information Control Hub) Switch 12 sets M2M Network μ-dms Sub Station 15 sets Transformer Transformer DLC (DR) PV μ-dms Home Gateway DP 15 sets AMI DMCD EVECC: EV Energy Control Center idms: Integrated Distributed Management System DLC: Direct Load Control DR: Demand Response DC Fast Charger EV Level2 Charger DC Fast Charger Station 15 sites AMI: Advanced Metering Infrastructure M2M: Machine to Machine SVC: Static Var Compensator DMCD: Data Measuring & Communication Device Home Battery SmartPCS Water EV Level2 10 sets 10 sets Heater Charger Residents as volunteers 30 homes DP: Distribution Panel PV: Photovoltaic PCS: Power Conditioning System 15
Equipment Deployment in Maui Kapalua Lahaina Kaanapali Wailuku Kahului Bulk Battery #1 & #2 (Li-Ion) Pukalani Paia Haiku Makawao 9 DC Fast Charger Stations are in operation DC Fast Chargers(Installed) DC Fast Chargers(On going) Wailua Maui Island-wide: level 2 chargers 200 sets Maalaea Kula SVC 200 volunteers and 180 DCFC member (other EV owners) have joined Kihei Wailea Bulk Battery (Lead Acid) Hana DCFC: Direct Current Fast Charger 16
Examples of DCFC Installations DCFC: Direct Current Fast Charger 17
Percentage Effect of Load Shift on Grid Operation 50 40 30 20 10 0 40 30 20 Before starting load shift EV charging hour shift at home Before November 2014 Charges during load peak hours Connect Status(%) Charge Status(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 After starting load shift January 2015 (80 EVs) EV charging load shifts by 3 hours 1 10 Tariff (TOU-R) Off peak On peak Priority peak Off peak 12 10 Wind output 8 curtailed 6 [MW] 4 2 0 [Hour] System load and wind output curtailed in Maui Wind output curtailed 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Expected effects of Advanced Load Shift 18 1 2 System Load 1 Lower system priority peak load Reduce wind energy curtailment Load[MW] 180 160 140 120 100 80 18
Effect of Hierarchical Autonomous Control Hypothesis MicroDMS and SmartPCS contribute to mitigate voltage performance issues in distribution grid that may arise from concentrations of customer-sited rooftop PV and batteries (incl. EV) SmartPCS may also contribute to system level reliability improvements by collective effect. Current status and finding After SmartPCS have been installed at volunteer home, it autonomously controls voltage by producing reactive power. udms A Home appliances Switchboard B SmartPCS A : on secondary of the transformer : at SmartPCS grid connection point B [V] + 6.5 + 6.0 + 5.5 + 5.0 + 4.5 + 4.0 + 3.5 + 3.0 + 2.5 2.0 240+ This circuit voltage is above nominal. Voltage at SmartPCS is higher in average than transformer which could result in reverse current flow. A B Avg. of B Threshold of SmartPCS is set to produce reactive power in this operation mode. It resulted in overall voltage reduction during this period. Down Reactive power produced 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 5 10 15 20 25 30 July August No voltage control Voltage control with reactive power (Volt-VAR) [kvarh] 15.00 14.00 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 19
Phase 2 - Issues and potential DR Rapid and substantial penetration of solar PV increases (a) over-generation risk during mid-day hours and (b) ramp need in hours towards system peak as solar PV generation drops off Load increase during mid-day hours and load reduction during system peak hours will help Solar PV in Maui County PV Impacts on Net System Demand Need for peak load reduction Need for load increase (a) Over-generation risk Source : Maui Electric 20
Phase 2 - Solutions Rooftop photovoltaic power generation has increased from 6 MW (as of 2011) to 70+ MW (as of 2015) Significant increase in rooftop PV has resulted in Duck Curve Addressing further issues: (1) V2X - compliant EV charger using EV batteries as distributed energy resources (2) Multiple distributed energy resources are controlled as Virtual Power Plant (VPP) Interruption of charging Distributed Energy Resources (EV) Achievement of VPP 21
System configuration of Phase 2 Total Optimization Individual Optimization SVC Battery 1 set 3 sets EVECC DLC (DR) Switch 12 sets Integrated DMS GCS Smart City Platform (Information Control Hub) μ-dms M2M Network μ-dms EMS-Plus Sub Station Home Battery μ-dms AMI SEP2.0 xaggregator JUMPSmartMaui Phase2 Discharge Switchboard AMI Charge EV PCS 6kW/6kVA DC Fast Charger EV Level2 Charger [Phase1] DC Fast Charger Station 15 sites Smart PCS Water Heater EV Level2 Charger [Phase1] Residents as volunteers 30 homes [Phase2] Volunteers 300 EV-PCSs 22
Summary of Phase 2 Phase 2 will demonstrate the following capabilities: Vehicle to Grid: The project will perform technical verification and benefit assessment of controlled EV battery charging and discharging as a Distributed Energy Resource (DER) to the distribution grid. EV Expansion: The project will promote acquisition of more than 300 EVs to be used as aggregated DER by managing charging and discharging. The scale of EV adoption that in aggregate materially mitigates high penetration levels and intermittency of renewable energy generation will be evaluated. Virtual Power Plant (VPP): The project will evaluate the performance of VPP to balance power supply and demand, to provide real-time system operational awareness and visualization, and rapid dispatched energy response for system reliability and efficiency improvements. 23
Integrate Renewables and Transform the Maui Grid Wind Farms EMS EVECC Rapid EV chargers to be provided by Hitachi via NEDO funded project Kihei area KWP (30MW) KWP II (21MW) 70+ MW of Distributed PV Substation (Distribute) Wind Farm AWE (21MW) μdms EV Energy Control Center Wailea area 24
Mahalo! (Thank you) For more information, contact: Leon R. Roose, Esq. Principal & Chief Technologist GridSTART Hawaii Natural Energy Institute School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology University of Hawaii at Manoa 1680 East-West Road, POST 109 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Office: (808) 956-2331 Mobile: (808) 554-9891 E-mail: lroose@hawaii.edu Website: www.hnei.hawaii.edu 25
Staff: One thousand 220 tenure track faculty Departments: Five with primary emphasis on graduate education 1 B.A., 3 B.S., 5 M.S. & Ph.D Organized Research Units: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI), Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB), Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP,) SeaGrant Funding: Over $100 million USD per year 26
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) Program Objectives Research and development of new energy technologies Testing and evaluation of emerging technologies Research to support renewable energy deployment Energy assessments and policy development Develop and manage research partnerships to leverage investment in Hawaii Contribute to STEM and workforce development HNEI programs are multidisciplinary efforts with strong collaboration and cost share from industry 27
HNEI Technology Areas Alternative Fuels Biomass and biofuels; hydrogen; methane hydrates Renewable Power Generation Ocean energy (OTEC, Wave) Photovoltaics (thin film solar cells, testing, and analysis) Electrochemical Power Systems Fuel cells Battery technology Energy Efficiency Building technology; sea water air conditioning (SWAC) Systems Integration/Energy Security: Grid modeling and analysis Transportation systems Smart grid development Grid-scale storage 28
Established to develop and test advanced grid architectures, new technologies and methods for effective integration of renewable energy resources, power system optimization and enabling policies. Interdisciplinary team of faculty, professionals, post-doctoral fellows and students (team members combine for 100+ years of utility and regulatory experience) Serves to integrate other HNEI technology areas: biomass and biofuels, fuel cells and hydrogen, energy efficiency, renewable power generation Expertise includes grid modeling and analysis; smart grid and microgrid R&D; application of grid storage; power system planning and operations; energy policy Strong and growing partnerships with Hawaii, national and international organizations including Asia-Pacific nations. 29
Core Team Members: Richard Rocheleau Leon Roose* Marc Matsuura* Ed Noma Nathan Liang* Matthew Goo* Kanoa Jou* Staci Sadoyama* Thai Tran Brian Chee John Cole* James Maskrey* Dax Mathews Sharon Chan Kevin Davies Saeed Sepasi Abdul Howlader Ehsan Reihani Mithila Bhuiyan Director, HNEI Principal & Chief Technologist Senior Smart Grid Program Manager Senior RESG Program Manager Senior Power Systems Engineer Power Systems Engineer II Power Systems Engineer Power Systems Engineer Junior Power System Engineer Communications System Analyst Senior Policy Strategist Energy Efficiency Program Manager Renewable Energy Resources Forecasting GIS Specialist Assistant Researcher Post-Doctoral Fellow Post-Doctoral Fellow Post-Doctoral Fellow Visiting Researcher * 100+ years of combined utility & regulatory experience Sampling of Sponsors & Partners: Lead for many public-private demonstration projects 30
Expertise & Focus: Renewable Energy Grid Integration Smart Grid Planning & Technologies Power Systems Planning Power Systems Operation Power Systems Engineering and Standards Energy Efficiency Project Management and Execution Energy Policy Communications Design and Testing Data Center and Cloud infrastructure Design and Testing 31