CHAPTER 3 Moving Goods

CHAPTER 3 Moving Goods Highlights Th U.S. fright transportation systm movd 55. million tons of goods valud at mor than $49.3 billion ach day in 213 about 63.4 tons of fright pr capita pr yar. This was an incras of 2. prcnt from 212. In 213 fright tonnag and valu ros by 6.3 and 8. prcnt, rspctivly, ovr 27 lvls, fully rbounding from dclins during th 28 29 rcssion. This trnd continud with trucks carrying th largst shars by valu, tons, and ton-mils for shipmnts movd 75 or fwr mils. Rail is th dominant mod by tons and ton-mils of shipmnts ranging from 75 to 2, mils, whil air, multipl, and othr/unknown mods accountd for a majority of th valu of shipmnts movd mor than 2, mils, according to th latst availabl FAF data. and Mico incrasd by 32.8 prcnt ovr th sam priod. Trad growth has cratd additional traffic btwn intrnational gatways and domstic dstinations. Mor than 4 fright transportation gatways, including airports, bordr crossings, and saports, handld intrnational cargo in 213, but th top 25 gatways handld narly $2,46 billion (62.3 prcnt of total U.S.-intrnational trad. Shifts in oil production hav affctd transportation pattrns of nrgy commodity movmnts in rcnt yars. Class I railroads carrid almost 5 thousand carloads of crud oil in 214, a 5-fold incras from 9,5 carloads in 28. Th valu of U.S.-intrnational trad incrasd from $2.6 trillion in 2 to narly $4. trillion in 214 (adjustd for inflation using th Consumr Pric Ind, a 44.5 prcnt incras. Trad with Canada 55

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods Th U.S. fright transportation systm movd narly 2.1 billion tons of goods valud at $18. trillion in 213, according to stimats drivd from th Fright Analysis Framwork (FAF (tabl 3-1. This total mans th fright transportation systm carrid, on avrag, about 55. million tons of goods worth mor than $49.3 billion ach day, or about 63 tons of fright pr capita pr yar in th Unitd Stats in 213, an 11 prcnt incras from 57 tons in 211. S bo 3-A for information about th FAF and th Commodity Flow Survy (CFS. In 213 fright tonnag ros to 6.3 prcnt ovr 27 lvls, fully rbounding from dclins during th rcssion of 28 and 29. FAF paints a similar pictur for th valu of fright shipmnts. Tabl 3-1 shows that th total wight and valu of fright in 213 surpassd prrcssion lvls in all catgoris (cpt import tonnag. FAF forcasts ovr th long trm that fright wight will grow 1.3 prcnt annually btwn 213 and 24. Th valu of goods movd, in ral dollars, is pctd to incras fastr than tonnag TABLE 3-1 Wight and Valu of Shipmnts by Transportation Mod: 27, 213, and 24 Wight 27 213 24 Millions of tons Total Domstic Eports 2 Imports 2 Total Domstic Eports 2 Imports 2 Total Domstic Eports 2 Imports 2 Truck 12,778 12,587 95 97 13,955 13,732 12 13 18,786 18,83 368 335 Rail 1,9 1,745 61 93 1,858 1,681 82 94 2,77 2,182 388 21 Watr 95 54 65 381 88 41 89 39 1,7 559 164 347 Air, air & truck 13 3 4 6 15 3 5 7 53 6 2 27 Multipl mods & mail 1 1,429 433 389 66 1,554 459 559 536 3,575 645 1,546 1,383 Piplin 1 1,493 1,314 4 175 1,539 1,391 11 137 1,74 1,257 17 467 Othr & unknown 316 266 36 14 333 274 47 13 526 362 13 34 Total 18,879 16,851 655 1,372 2,63 17,95 914 1,199 28,52 23,95 2,632 2,794 Valu 27 213 24 Billions of 27 dollars Total Domstic Eports 2 Imports 2 Total Domstic Eports 2 Imports 2 Total Domstic Eports 2 Imports 2 Truck 1,78 1,225 267 287 11,444 1,841 312 291 21,465 19,315 985 1,166 Rail 512 374 45 93 577 424 54 99 898 555 148 195 Watr 34 158 15 167 284 131 2 133 337 138 46 153 Air, air & truck 1,77 151 422 55 1,167 134 425 69 5,43 834 1,997 2,212 Multipl mods & mail 1 2,884 1,646 394 844 3,65 1,695 5 87 9,925 5,23 1,911 2,811 Piplin 1 716 651 4 61 1,83 1,3 15 65 776 65 17 154 Othr & unknown 341 252 48 41 363 27 53 4 821 482 199 139 Total 16,651 13,457 1,196 1,997 17,983 14,496 1,38 2,17 39,265 27,131 5,33 6,831 1 27 total and domstic numbrs for multipl mods and mail and th piplin catgoris wr rvisd as a rsult of Fright Analysis Framwork databas improvmnts. 2 Data do not includ imports and ports that pass through th Unitd Stats from a forign origin to a forign dstination by any mod. NOTES: Numbrs may not add to totals du to rounding. Th 213 data ar provisional stimats that ar basd on slctd modal and conomic trnd data. All truck, rail, watr, and piplin movmnts that involv mor than on mod, including ports and imports that chang mod at intrnational gatways, ar includd in multipl mods & mail to avoid doubl counting. As a consqunc, rail and watr totals in this tabl ar lss than othr publishd sourcs. SOURCE: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation (USDOT, Burau of Transportation Statistics, and USDOT, Fdral Highway Administration, Offic of Fright Managmnt and Oprations, Fright Analysis Framwork, vrsion 3.5, 215. 56

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport BOX 3-A Th Commodity Flow Survy and th Fright Analysis Framwork Th Commodity Flow Survy (CFS is conductd vry 5 yars (spcifically in th yars nding in 2 and 7 by th Burau of Transportation Statistics (BTS in partnrship with th U.S. Cnsus Burau as part of th Economic Cnsus. Th CFS provids data for most of th U.S. conomy on commoditis shippd, thir valu and wight, mod of transport, and origin and dstination within and btwn all U.S. rgions. Th survy covrs about 75 prcnt of th tonnag shippd from a domstic origin to a domstic dstination. Th CFS is th foundation for th Fright Analysis Framwork (FAF. Th FAF supplmnts CFS rsults with data from a varity of othr sourcs to includ imports and shipmnts from domstic stablishmnts not in scop of th CFS. FAF provids tonnag and valu information by commodity typ, mod, origin, and dstination for yars th CFS is conductd, provids annual stimats for yars in btwn th CFS, and long rang (3 yar forcasts in 5 yar incrmnts. It also includs an assignmnt of truck flows to th highway ntwork for th CFS yar and 3 yar forcast to provid a pictur of currnt and projctd fright truck volums. Whil th FAF is mor complt, th CFS provids gratr commodity dtail and additional shipmnt charactristics, such as hazardous matrials class. BTS rlasd final 212 CFS stimats in Dcmbr 214, which ar availabl at https://www.cnsus.gov/con/ cfs/. FAF forcasts ar basd on long-trm U.S. conomic projctions, including ral gross domstic product growth, nonfarm businss productivity, ral oil prics, and th Fdral budgt dficit. Dtaild information on CFS data and mthodologis ar availabl at www. bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survy. Information on FAF data and mthodologis ar availabl at www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/fright/ fright_analysis/faf/ind.htm. and narly doubl during this tim span as highr valu goods ar movd [USDOT BTS and FHWA 215]. U.S. ports and imports accountd for 4.5 and 6. prcnt of th wight and 7.6 and 11.8 prcnt of th valu of fright transportd in 213, rspctivly. FAF forcasts that U.S. ports and imports will account for an vn gratr shar of fright movmnts in 24, raching 19. prcnt of th wight and 3.9 prcnt of th valu of goods shippd throughout th country [USDOT BTS and FHWA 215]. Population growth and conomic activity ar th primary factors that dtrmin fright dmand. As population incrass or conomic activity pands, mor goods ar producd and usd, rsulting in additional fright movmnt. Btwn 29 and 214, th U.S. population incrasd by 3.9 prcnt [USDOC CENSUS], and U.S. gross domstic product grw by 2.8 prcnt in trms of currnt dollars ovr th dprssd post-rcssion lvl [USDOC BEA 215]. In addition, changs in th composition of goods dmandd and shifts of conomic cntrs of gravity to Asia had an ffct on what goods wr movd, what mods wr usd to transport thm, and whr thy wr shippd. Fright carrid by th for-hir transportation industry ros as th conomy rboundd from 57

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods FIGURE 3-1 Valu, Tons, and Ton-Mils of Fright by Distanc: 27 Othr / unknown Piplin Multipl mods & mail Air Watr Rail Truck Total Valu by Distanc, 27 7, Mod Shar of Valu by Distanc, 27 1% Total valu (billion $ 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, Prcnt of mod shar 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 1, Blow 1 1-249 25-499 5-749 75-999 1, - 1,499 1,5-2, Ovr 2, 2% 1% % Blow 1 1-249 25-499 5-749 75-999 1, - 1,499 1,5-2, Ovr 2, Avrag distanc band (mils Avrag distanc band (mils Total Tonnag by Distanc, 27 12, Mod Shar of Tonnag by Distanc, 27 1% Total ton-mils (billion ton-mils Total tonnag (million tons 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, Blow 1 1-249 25-499 5-749 75-999 1, - 1,499 Avrag distanc band (mils Total Ton-Mils by Distanc, 27 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 1,5-2, Ovr 2, Prcnt of mod shar Prcnt of mod shar 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Blow 1 1-249 25-499 5-749 75-999 1, - 1,499 Avrag distanc band (mils Mod Shar of Ton-Mils by Distanc, 27 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 1,5-2, Ovr 2, Blow 1 1-249 25-499 5-749 75-999 1, - 1,499 1,5-2, Ovr 2, % Blow 1 1-249 25-499 5-749 75-999 1, - 1,499 1,5-2, Ovr 2, Avrag distanc band (mils Avrag distanc band (mils SOURCES: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation (USDOT, Burau of Transportation Statistics, and USDOT, Fdral Highway Administration, Offic of Fright Managmnt and Oprations, Fright Analysis Framwork, vrsion 3.5, 215. 58

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport th past rcssion. According to th Burau of Transportation Statistics (BTS s fright Transportation Srvics Ind, th lvl of fright shipmnts in April 215 was 27.2 prcnt abov th April 29 low rcordd during th most rcnt rcssion [USDOT BTS 215c]. How Domstic Fright Movs Th fright transportation industry movd goods ovr a ntwork of truck routs, railroads, watrways, airports, and piplins. Th distanc a shipmnt must travl, ithr by singl mod or during any particular lg of a multimodal journy, plays a major part in dtrmining what mod or mods ar usd (s figur 3-1. Most goods ar movd short distancs (lss than 25 mils, and accountd for 55.7 prcnt of th valu, 7.7 prcnt of th wight, and 16.7 prcnt of th ton-mils for all shipmnts within th Unitd Stats in 27. Although accounting for lss than 3 prcnt of th total wight of all shipmnts in 27, shipmnts of mor than 25 mils constitutd th bulk of ton-mils loggd 83.3 prcnt. Modal shars of fright vary considrably by distanc. Whil trucks carry th largst shars by valu, tons, and ton-mils for shipmnts moving 75 mils or lss; rail is th dominant mod by tons and ton-mils of shipmnts ranging from 75 to 2, mils; and air, multipl, and othr/unknown mods account for 51.8 prcnt of th valu of shipmnts moving mor than 2, mils [USDOT BTS and FHWA 215]. Ovrall, trucks carry th highst prcntag of th wight and valu of goods in th Unitd Stats. Howvr, figur 3-2 shows that railroads and inland watrways carry larg volums and tonnags of commoditis, lik coal and ptrolum products, ovr long distancs. Rail and watr combind accountd for 13.2 prcnt of th total tonnag and 4.8 prcnt of th total valu of fright movd in th Unitd Stats in 213. Air carrirs movd high-valu, low-wight products. This is undrscord by th rlativly trm valuto-wight ratio of air cargo, which is about $77,8 pr ton. In comparison, th ovrall valu-to-wight ratio of cargo carrid by all mods combind is lss than $9 pr ton. In 213 piplins movd 1.5 billion tons of goods valud at narly $1.1 trillion ($577 pr ton, whil rail movd mor tonnag of lssr valu 1.9 billion tons valud at $551 billion ($275 pr ton. Rail rprsntd 9.3 prcnt of th total tonnag and 3.2 prcnt of th total valu of shipmnts in 213. Rail shipmnts by tonnag ar projctd to incras by 49.1 prcnt btwn 213 and 24 [USDOT BTS and FHWA 215]. Th watr mod typically carris low-valu, bulk products similar to rail. 1 In 213 th watr transportation industry movd 88 million tons worth $284 billion ($285 pr ton, rprsnting 4. prcnt of th tonnag and 1.6 prcnt of th valu of all fright shipmnts [USDOT BTS and FHWA 215]. In 213 approimatly 566.7 million short tons of cargo wr movd by vssl along th inland watrways, 1 Many shipmnts arriving in th Unitd Stats by rail and watr ar transfrrd to anothr mod for dlivry to thir final dstination. In FAF, ths shipmnts ar countd undr multipl mods and mail. Thus, th rail and watr numbrs discussd hr may diffr than thos in othr publishd sourcs. 59

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods FIGURE 3-2 Fright Flows by Highway, Railroad, and Watrway: 211 27 9 Duluth 31 62 34 Huntington 64 9 Baltimor 27 9 24 Nw York 6 Norfolk Long Bach 13 Los Angls 39 13 Philadlphia 14 17 6 55 2 21 21 Pittsburgh 35 St. Louis 18 15 2 Savannah 44 25 7 Baumont 33 8 89 42 71 68 11 9 11 32 74 35 41 Baton South Roug Louisiana Valdz 2 Mils 1 Plaqumins 1 23 6 5 Imports 5 Eports 25 Tampa Domstic Volum of fright by mod (Millions of tons pr yar 14 7 Houston Corpus Christi 37 18 (Millions of short tons 26 121 Port Arthur 15 14 7 11 Mobil Pascagoula Nw Orlans 6 17 38 2 16 18 22 Lak Tas City Charls 13 19 35 27 Major airport Port land Major bordr crossing Volum of fright by port 25 1 5 Intrstat highway Non-intrstat highway Railroad 1 Mils 1 Mils Inland watrway SOURCES: Highways: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Fdral Highway Administration, Fright Analysis Framwork, Vrsion 3.5, 215; Rail: Basd on Surfac Transportation Board, Annual Carload Waybill Sampl and rail fright flow assignmnts don by Oak Ridg National Laboratory; Inland Watrways: U.S. Army Corps of Enginrs, Institut or Watr Rsourcs, Annual Vssl Oprating Activity and Lock Prformanc Monitoring Systm data, Sptmbr 215. including th Mississippi Rivr th Nation s busist watrway [USACE NDC 213]. In comparison with th rail and watr mods, air transport carris high-valu products, such as lctronics, prcision instrumnts, and pharmacuticals that rquir quick dlivry. Of all mods, th valu of air-fright shipmnts is projctd to incras th fastst from 213 to 24, growing by 332.1 prcnt [USDOT BTS and FHWA 215]. In 213 U.S. airlins2 carrid a total of 34,84 million intrnational and domstic rvnu fright and mail cargo rvnu ton-mils, of which 12,428 million wr domstic [USDOT BTS 215b]. Ovr th last 2 yars, th U.S. transportation systm has bcom incrasingly intrconnctd. Although multimodal srvics accountd for a rlativly small shar (7.7 2 6 In all srvic classs (schduld and nonschduld

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport prcnt of fright tonnag, thy movd 17. prcnt of th valu of th goods in 213. FAF forcasts th valu of multimodal shipmnts will incras significantly btwn 213 and 24 [USDOT BTS and FHWA 215]. 3 Th growth in intrmodal fright movmnt is drivn, in part, by global supply chain rquirmnts. Btwn 199 and 213, th railroad industry rportd a 16.7 prcnt incras in trailr and containr traffic [AAR 214a]. Th Association of Amrican Railroads rports that rail intrmodal traffic accountd for 12.9 prcnt of U.S. Class I railroad rvnu in 212. Only coal along with chmicals and allid products accountd for a largr shar of rvnu [AAR 213]. With th growth in containr trad and improvmnts in information and logistics tchnologis, th stag is st for incrasd rlianc on intrmodal transportation to mov goods from manufacturrs to consumrs. 3 Th FAF catgory for multipl mods and mail includs all multimodal movmnts and is not limitd to traditional intrmodal srvics, such as trailr-on-flatcar and containr-on-flatcar rail. Commoditis Movd Domstically Tabl 3-2 shows that havy, low-valu bulk products, such as gravl, cral grains; coal, non-mtallic minral products; wast/scrap; and natural gas, cok, and asphalt comprisd a larg shar of th tonnag movd in 213, but accountd for a small shar of th Nation s fright valu. In fact, in 213 th top 1 commoditis by wight accountd for 64.6 prcnt of total tonnag but only 16 prcnt of th valu of goods. Rounding out th top 1 by wight wr coal, gasolin, crud ptrolum, ful oils, and natural sands [USDOT BTS and FHWA 215]. Th pictur changs considrably whn looking at th valu of goods shippd. Th highst valu goods wr thos that ar timsnsitiv, including machinry, lctronics, motorizd vhicls, mid fright, and pharmacuticals. Othr top commoditis by valu ar gasolin; miscllanous manufacturd products; ttils/lathr; natural gas, cok, asphalt; and plastics/rubbr. In 213 th top 1 commoditis by valu accountd TABLE 3-2 Top Commoditis by Wight and Valu: 213 Wight Millions of tons Valu Billions of 27 dollars Gravl 2,427 Machinry $1,877 Cral grains 1,665 Elctronics $1,485 Non-mtallic minral products 1,514 Motorizd vhicls $1,484 Wast/scrap 1,441 Mid fright $1,11 Natural gas, cok, asphalt 1 1,43 Pharmacuticals $914 Coal 1,263 Gasolin $796 Gasolin 1,29 Miscllanous manufacturd products $74 Crud ptrolum 839 Ttils/lathr $736 Ful oils 757 Natural gas, cok, asphalt1 $65 Natural sands 62 Plastics/rubbr $618 Total, all commoditis 2,63 Total, all commoditis $17,983 1 This group includs coal and ptrolum products not lswhr classifid such as liqufid natural gas, cok, asphalt, and othr products of coal and ptrolum rfining, cluding gasolin, aviation ful, and ful oil. SOURCE: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation (USDOT, Burau of Transportation Statistics, and USDOT, Fdral Highway Administration, Offic of Fright Managmnt and Oprations, Fright Analysis Framwork, vrsion 3.5, 215. 61

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods for 58. prcnt of total valu but only 18.8 prcnt of total tonnag [USDOT and FHWA 215]. Enrgy Commoditis Transportation Th transportation of four major nrgy commoditis/rsourcs is discussd hr: crud oil and rfind ptrolum products, natural gas, coal, and thanol. Th dlivry of ths nrgy commoditis involv various mods, dpnding on th charactristics of th commodity, th distanc from wllhad or min to procssing facilitis and thn to th final consumr. Incrasingly, nrgy commodity movmnts ar multimodal, utilizing a combination of piplin, rail, barg, and truck. Crud Oil and Ptrolum Rfind Products Piplins ar th prdominant mod for transporting crud oil and ptrolum products in th Unitd Stats. Historically, piplins dlivrd crud oil from th Gulf of Mico to rfinris locatd nar U.S. coastlins. Howvr, changs in whr oil is producd hav affctd transportation pattrns in rcnt yars. For ampl, pandd production in rgions distant from rfinris, such as th Bakkn formation in North Dakota, has incrasd th us of rail, barg, and truck to mov oil from th wllhad to rfinris. Morovr, piplins that prviously dlivrd crud oil from th Gulf of Mico to rfinris now also dlivr domstic and Canadian oil to th Gulf of Mico to b rfind and/ or portd [USDOE 215]. U.S. crud oil production incrasd by 72.9 prcnt from 167 billion barrls in anuary 21 to 289 billion barrls in August 215 (figur 3-3. Tas and North Dakota accountd for about half of U.S. crud oil production in August 215. FIGURE 3-3 Fild Production of Crud Oil (thousand barrls: anuary 21 uly 215 35. 3. N. Dakota Tas Rst of Country Million barrls 25. 2. 15. 1. 5.. an-1 Mar-1 May-1 ul-1 Spt-1 Nov-1 an-11 Mar-11 May-11 ul-11 Spt-11 Nov-11 an-12 Mar-12 May-12 ul-12 Spt-12 Nov-12 62 an-13 Mar-13 May-13 ul-13 Spt-13 Nov-13 an-14 Mar-14 May-14 ul-14 Spt-14 Nov-14 an-15 Mar-15 May-15 ul-15 SOURCES: U.S. Dpartmnt of Enrgy, Enrgy Information Administration, Fild Production of Crud Oil. Availabl at http://www.ia.gov as of Novmbr 215.

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport Th rcnt growth in oil shipmnts by rail is dmonstratd by th incras in th numbr of railcars carrying crud oil. According to th Amrican Association of Railroads (AAR, U.S. Class I railroads (including U.S. Class I subsidiaris of Canadian railroads carrid 493,146 carloads of crud oil in 214, a 5- fold incras from 9,5 carloads in 28 [AAR 215]. Th U.S. Dpartmnt of Enrgy, Enrgy Information Administration stimats that rail movd mor than 1 million barrls of crud oil pr day in 214 [USDOE EIA 215c]. Th Bakkn rgion has accountd for th majority of nw rail shipmnts. Th North Dakota Piplin Authority stimats that about 7, barrls of crud oil pr day wr moving out of th stat by rail as of arly 215, which is quivalnt to roughly 6 prcnt of th Stat s total crud oil production [NDPA 215]. Railroads own lss than on prcnt of th tank cars that transport crud oil. Narly all of thm ar ownd by companis srvd by th railroads and by lasing companis [AAR 215a]. Shifts in oil production also hav spurrd growth in th watrborn transport of oil. According to th U.S. Army Corps of Enginrs, U.S. ports and inland watrways handld narly 7 billion barrls of crud and ptrolum products in 213, th latst yar for which data ar availabl [USACE NDC 215]. This is about half of th total volum of oil transportd by transmission piplins in 213 [AOP]. Of th total movd by th watr mod, 2.5 billion barrls wr transportd by bargs on U.S. inland watrways from port to port along th coast or on th Grat Laks [USDOE 215]. Th us of bargs for oil transport has risn in rcnt yars, as shown by th incras in rfinry rcipts by barg from 61.6 million barrls of domstic crud in 29 to narly 244.3 million barrls in 214. Ovr th sam priod, barg dlivris of forign crud hav risn by littl mor than 2.2 prcnt, du in part to a dcras in oil imports [USDOE EIA 214c]. Prsntly, all oil transport is intrmodal, whr oil may b transportd by piplin or rail to a trminal and thn b transfrrd to a barg for dlivry to a rfinry. Trucks ar usd for short-haul drayag of crud oil from th wllhad to gathring piplins or rail loading trminals for longdistanc transport. Bcaus oil production has outstrippd th construction of piplin gathring systms in th Bakkn ara, trucks dlivr about 4 prcnt of Bakkn oil to piplin and rail trminals. Trucks also ar usd to mov crud oil ovr short distancs to rfinris. Th dmand for truck transport is illustratd by th doubling of rfinry rcipts of crud oil by truck, from 67.8 million barrls in 29 to 152.5 million barrls in 213 [USDOE EIA 214c]. Aftr th crud oil is rfind into gasolin, disl ful, jt ful, and hating oil, among othr products, ths commoditis ar shippd via piplin to a bulk storag trminal that srvs many companis. Gasolin, for ampl is loadd on tankr trucks for dlivry to various rtail gas stations. t ful is pumpd dirctly from th storag trminal to major airports that hav rciving facilitis on sit. Natural Gas A compl ntwork of piplins transports natural gas from th wllhad to th final customr. Piplin gathring systms, 63

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods which consist of low-prssur, smalldiamtr piplins, mov raw natural gas from th wllhad to th procssing plant whr impuritis and othr hydrocarbons ar rmovd. Gathring piplins also may transport th gas dirctly to th mainlin transmission grid, dpnding on th quality of th wllhad gas. Aftr procssing, th gas is thn transportd by intrstat and intrastat piplin to consumrs or is put into undrground storag for futur us to mt customr rquirmnts during pak-usag priods. In 214 U.S. natural gas production rachd 27.3 trillion cubic ft (tcf [USDOE EIA 215b]. Piplins dlivr about on-third of natural gas production to powr plants to produc lctricity, and about on-fifth is dlivrd to homs for hating [USDOE EIA 214a]. Coal Th way in which coal is transportd to whr it will b usd dpnds on th distanc that nds to b covrd. Trucks ar usd for short distancs, and trains and bargs ar usd for longr distancs. Altrnativly, coal can b crushd and mid with watr to form a slurry and transportd through a piplin. According to FAF, rail movd th gratst shar of domstic coal shipmnts in 212, accounting for 69. prcnt (619 million short tons of th total 1.3 billion short tons. Trucks ar th scond largst movr of domstic coal shipmnts, hauling 16.9 prcnt (narly 224 million tons (figurs 3-4 and 3-5. Th Association of Amrican Railroads rports that coal rprsnts 39.5 prcnt of total tonnag movd by rail and 19.9 prcnt of total industry rvnus and is viwd by many in th industry as its most important singl commodity [AAR 214b]. Mor than two-thirds of coal usd to gnrat lctricity is dlivrd to powr plants by rail. Approimatly, two-fifths of all U.S. coal is producd in Wyoming s Powdr Rivr Basin. Th vast majority of Wyoming s coal is snt to powr plants in 34 stats, almost all of which is movd by rail [USDOE EIA 214b]. Inland watrways ar an important transportation option for coal shipmnts. Bargs typically hav th lowst transportation prics pr-ton, but thy ar limitd by accss to navigabl watrways and cannot tak coal vrywhr that it is ndd. Coal usd at an lctric powr plant that is locatd nar a min can b movd by trucks. Slurry piplins also ar usd to dlivr coal to powr plants. Ethanol U.S. thanol production has grown stadily from 17.8 million barrls in 199 to 341.4 million barrls in 214 [USDOE EIA 215b]. Ethanol now displacs approimatly 1 prcnt of U.S. gasolin dmand by volum. Ethanol production is primarily locatd in th Midwst whr most of th corn fdstocks ar grown, whil th blnding of thanol with gasolin taks plac at ptrolum product distribution trminals across th country. Typically, rail movs thanol from production plants to distribution trminals, which accounts for around 7 prcnt of thanol shipmnts. Mor than 36, carloads of thanol wr transportd by railroads in 212 (latst yar for which data ar availabl. Most thanol carrid by railroads movs in 3,-gallon tank cars. 64

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport FIGURE 3-4 Domstic Coal Shipmnts by Mod: 1997, 22, 27, 212 1,6, 1,4, Othr and unknown Multipl mods & mail Air (includ truck-air Watr Rail Truck Short tons (thousands 1,2, 1,, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1997 22 27 212 SOURCES: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Burau of Transportation Statistics, Fright Analysis Framwork, Vrsion 3.4, Novmbr 215. FIGURE 3-5 Rail Coal Shipmnts: 1997, 22, 27, 212 1,2 1, Rail coal shipmnts (million short tons 67.6% 71.1% Rail as shar of total coal shipmnts 69.1% 8% 7% Short tons (millions 8 6 4 56.4% 642 815 974 916 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 2 1% 1997 22 27 212 % SOURCES: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Burau of Transportation Statistics, Fright Analysis Framwork, Vrsion 3.4, Novmbr 215. 65

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods Almost all of ths cars ar ownd by shipprs or lasing companis, not by railroads [AAR 214c]. Th final product is dlivrd by truck to rtail outlts. Hazardous Matrials According to th CFS, mor than 22.6 billion tons of hazardous matrials wr movd in 212, an incras of 15.6 prcnt ovr 27 tonnag. Th valu of hazardous matrials ros by 61.2 prcnt btwn 27 and 212, fuld by incrass in th pric of rfind ptrolum products [USDOT BTS and USDOC Cnsus 215]. Flammabl liquids accountd for th largst shar of hazardous matrials shippd by valu (8.8 prcnt and by tons (78.6 prcnt, followd by gass, a distant scond (tabl 3-3. Trucks movd mor than half of all hazardous matrials shipmnts, calculatd both by wight and valu. Piplins handld about 24.3 prcnt of th tonnag, followd by watrways (6.7 prcnt and rail (5.6 prcnt. Trucks accountd for approimatly 31.4 prcnt of all hazardous matrials ton-mils bcaus of th rlativly short distancs ths products ar transportd. Rail accountd for 27.6 prcnt of th hazardous matrials ton-mils (tabl 3-4. Th avrag distanc of hazardous matrial shipmnts is 114 mils across all mods [USDOT BTS and USDOC Cnsus 215]. TABLE 3-3 Hazardous Matrials Shipmnts by Transportation Mod: 212 Valu Tons Ton-mils 1 Transportation mod $ Billions Prcnt Millions Prcnt Billions Prcnt Avrag distanc pr shipmnt All mods, total 2,334.4 1. 2,58.2 1. 37.5 1. 114 Singl mods, total 2,34.7 98.7 2,552.9 98.9 275.6 89.6 68 Truck 2 1466. 62.8 1,531.4 59.4 96.6 31.4 56 For-hir 87.9 37.3 882.3 34.2 62. 2.2 15 Privat 595.1 25.5 649.1 25.2 34.5 11.2 33 Rail 79.2 3.4 111. 4.3 844.9 27.6 88 Watr 217.8 9.3 283.6 11. 54.9 17.9 212 Air 4.4.2.3 Z.3.1 1,12 Piplin 3 537.3 23. 626.7 24.3 S S S Multipl mods, total 29.7 1.3 27.3 1.1 31.9 1.4 654 Truck and rail 13.3.6 17..7 16.6 5.4 954 Truck and watr S S S S S S 1,181 Rail and watr 2.5.1 4.6.2 1.4.4 S Parcl, U.S. Postal Srvic, or Courir 1.3.4.3 Z.2.1 65 Othr multipl mods...... Othr mods...... KEY: S = data ar not publishd bcaus stimat did not mt publication standards. By far, th most common rason for supprssing a cll is a high cofficint of variation (gratr than 5 prcnt.; Z = rounds to zro. 1 Ton-mils stimats ar basd on stimatd distancs travld along a modld transportation ntwork. 2 Truck as a singl mod includs shipmnts that wnt by privat truck only or by for-hir truck only. 3 Ecluds crud ptrolum shipmnts. NOTE: Valu-of-shipmnt stimats hav not bn adjustd for pric changs. Numbrs and prcnts may not add to totals du to rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Burau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc, Cnsus Burau, 212 Commodity Flow Survy, Hazardous Matrials (Washington, DC: Fbruary 215, tabl 1a. Availabl at www.cnsus.gov/con/cfs/212/c12tcf-us-hm.pdf as of un 215. Mils 66

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport TABLE 3-4 Hazardous Matrials Shipmnts by Hazard Class: 212 Valu Tons Ton-mils 1 Hazard class Dscription $ Billions Prcnt Millions Prcnt Billions Prcnt Avrag distanc pr shipmnt Class 1 Eplosivs 18.4.8 4..2 1..3 84 Class 2 Gass 125.1 5.4 164.8 6.4 33.2 1.8 57 Class 3 Flammabl liquids 2,16.7 86.4 2,23.5 85.4 24.6 66.5 93 Class 4 Flammabl solids 5.4.2 11.3.4 5.8 1.9 565 Class 5 Oidizrs and organic proids 7.6.3 12..5 5.5 1.8 437 Class 6 Toic (poison 15.2.7 7.6.3 3.6 1.2 513 Class 7 Radioactiv matrials 12.3.5 S S.4 Z 34 Class 8 Corrosiv matrials 75.9 3.2 125.3 4.9 37.8 12.3 264 Class 9 Miscllanous dangrous goods 58. 2.5 51. 2. 16.1 5.2 53 Total 2,334.4 1. 2,58.2 1. 37.5 1. 114 1 Ton-mils stimats ar basd on stimatd distancs travld along a modld transportation ntwork. NOTE: Valu-of-shipmnts stimats hav not bn adjustd for pric changs. Numbrs and prcnts may not add to totals du to rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Burau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc, Cnsus Burau, 212 Commodity Flow Survy, Hazardous Matrials (Washington, DC: Fbruary 215, tabl 2a. Availabl at www.cnsus.gov/con/cfs/212/c12tcf-us-hm.pdf as of un 215. Mils Safty and nvironmntal issus associatd with th transportation of hazardous matrials ar discussd in chaptrs 6 and 7, rspctivly. Intrnational Trad Th valu of total U.S.-intrnational mrchandis trad incrasd from $2.6 trillion in 2 to narly $4. trillion in 214 a 44.5 prcnt inflation-adjustd incras 4 [USITC]. Si of th top 15 U.S. trading partnrs wr Asian countris in 214. Trad with China grw th fastst, from 5.8 prcnt of th total valu of U.S. mrchandis trad in 2 to 14.9 prcnt in 214. In 2 China rankd 1 th among U.S. trading partnrs. Today it is scond only to Canada, whil Mico, apan, and Grmany, rspctivly, round out th top fiv [USDOC ITA 215]. 4 Th 2 U.S. Intrnational Trad Commission trad data was adjustd to currnt dollars using th Burau of Labor Statistics Consumr Pric Ind (CPI Inflation Calculator. U.S. rtailrs ar incrasingly dpndnt on th U.S. transportation systm, spcially thos that build up thir invntoris in Octobr in anticipation of holiday sals in Novmbr and Dcmbr. In particular, businsss us linr 5 srvics to mov intrmodal shipping containrs through th global transportation systm. Containr ports provid a link btwn th global and domstic fright ntwork, utilizing intrmodal barg, truck, and rail connctions to transport containrs to thir final dstinations. Fright with Canada and Mico Th U.S. North Amrican Fr Trad Agrmnt partnrs Canada and Mico accountd for 3.1 prcnt ($1.19 trillion of th valu of U.S. mrchandis trad in 214. 5 A vssl advrtising sailings on a spcifid trad rout on a rgular basis. It is not ncssary that vry namd port b calld on vry voyag. 67

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods Ovr th 2 to 214 priod, combind trad adjustd for inflation with Canada and Mico incrasd 32.8 prcnt 6 [USITC]. Trucks carrid 26.8 prcnt of th tonnag and 59.9 prcnt of th valu of U.S. mrchandis trad with Canada and Mico, whil rail carrid 19.5 prcnt of th tonnag and 14.9 prcnt of th valu in 214 (tabl 3-5. U.S. fright with Canada and Mico rachd narly $1.2 trillion in 214, an incras of 4.5 prcnt from 213 and 67.6 prcnt sinc 24. Minral fuls and oils transportd by th piplin and watr mods accountd for 25.8 prcnt of th incras in fright valu btwn 24 and 214. In 214 U.S. imports from Canada and Mico cdd ports in trms of total mrchandis trad valu. In 214 minral 6 Th prcnt incras was calculatd by adjusting th 2 trad data using th CPI Inflation Calculator. fuls and oil wr th top commodity catgory transportd btwn th Unitd Stats and Canada. Vhicl and vhicl parts (othr than railway vhicls and parts was th nt highst commodity catgory transportd by th truck and rail mods [USDOT BTS 215d]. A sharp drop in oil prics that bgan in 214 has contributd to a dcras in th valu of fright movd btwn th Unitd Stats and Canada in 215. Th valu of trad totald $48. billion in August 215, down 13.6 prcnt from August 214. Minral fuls transportd by piplin and vssl dclind 35.1 and 4.2 prcnt, rspctivly, in August 215 from th prvious yar [USDOT BTS 215]. Th Canadian conomy was officially dclard to b in a rcssion, aftr contracting.8 prcnt in first quartr and.5 prcnt in th scond quartr 215, which has bn widly attributd to th drop in oil pric [COMTE 215]. TABLE 3-5 Valu and Tonnag of U.S. Mrchandis Trad with Canada and Mico: 2, 21, 213, and 214 Billions of currnt U.S. dollars and millions of short tons 2 21 213 214 Mod Valu Wight Valu Wight Valu Wight Valu Wight Truck 1 429 NA 56 176 684 196 715 26 Rail 1 94 NA 131 114 175 143 178 15 Air 45 <1 45 <1 43 <1 44 <1 Watr 33 194 81 21 13 198 14 212 Piplin 1 24 NA 65 17 84 14 94 16 Othr 1 29 NA 37 8 51 33 58 4 Total 1 653 NA 92 614 1,14 79 1,193 767 KEY: NA = not availabl. 1 Th U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Burau of Transportation Statistics stimatd th wight of ports for truck, rail, piplin, and othr mods using wight-to-valu ratios drivd from importd commoditis. NOTES: 1 short ton = 2, pounds. Othr includs shipmnts transportd by mail, othr and unknown mods, and shipmnts through Forign Trad Zons. Totals for th most rcnt yar diffr slightly from th Fright Analysis Framwork (FAF du to variations in covrag and FAF convrsion of valus to constant dollars. Numbrs may not add to totals du to rounding. Th wight of U.S. ports by land mods of transportation is not availabl bcaus this data is not rquird to b rportd on th papr Shippr s Eport Dclarations (SEDs documnts that ar rquird by th U.S. Cnsus Burau. BTS uss valu to wight ratio of U.S. imports at two-digit commodity cod to calculat th port wights whr availabl. SOURCES: Truck, Rail, Piplin, and Othr: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Burau of Transportation Statistics, North Amrican Transbordr Fright Data. Availabl at www.bts.gov/transbordr as of un 215; Air and Watr: U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc, Cnsus Burau, Forign Trad Division, FT92 - U.S. Mrchandis Trad: Slctd Highlights (Washington, DC: annual issus. 68

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport FIGURE 3-6 Top 25 U.S. Intrnational Trad Fright Gatways by Valu: 214 43 11 Port of Tacoma San Francisco Intrnational Airport 175 29 21 Port 26 27 of Oakland 47 46 Los Angls Intrnational Airport 141 91 43 Chicago Airports 44 42 39 45 Buffalo-Niagara Port Huron Falls Bridgs 52 Bridgs 6 73 21 25 ohn F. Knndy Port Intrnational Airport Clvland of Nw York 34 Dtroit Airports 19 Bridgs Port of Baltimor 45 27 155 41 35 97 95 Port of Norfolk 4 Port of Los Angls 36 Port of Long Bach 37 12 Anchorag Intrnational Airport 34 31 El Paso 2 Mils 1 Mils Dallas-Fort Worth Airports 34 19 11 91 Lardo 9 74 Port of Houston 1 Mils 41 3 Nw Orlans Airports 17 23 Port of Nw Orlans 52 28 Miami Intrnational Airport Port of Charlston Port of Savannah 38 24 Valu of shipmnts (in billions of currnt dollars 4 8 Imports Eports SOURCES: Air: U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc, U.S. Cnsus Burau, Forign Trad Division, USA Trad Onlin, Octobr 215; Watr: U.S. Army Corps of Enginrs, Navigation Data Cntr, spcial tabulation, Octobr 215; Land: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Burau of Transportation Statistics, North Amrican TransBordr Fright Data, availabl at www.bts.gov/programs/intrnational/transbordr/ as of Octobr 215. Michigan, which accounts for 13. prcnt of th U.S.-Canada bordr milag, was th lading stat for trad with Canada. Michigan has bordr crossing/ntry ports btwn Dtroit, Port Huron, and Sault St. Mari and southrn Ontario; both Michigan and Ontario hav a high concntration of automakrs [USDOT BTS 215d]. Elctrical machinry was th top commodity transportd btwn th Unitd Stats and Mico. Tas, which accounts for 64.2 prcnt of th U.S.-Mico bordr milag and is hom to 11 bordr crossing/ntry ports, ld all othr stats in surfac fright with Mico [USDOT BTS 215d]. In total, thr ar 87 ports-of-ntry along th U.S.-Canada bordr and 25 on th U.S.-Mico bordr. Fright Transportation Gatways A larg volum of U.S.-intrnational mrchandis trad passs through a rlativly small numbr of fright gatways th ntry and it points for trad btwn th Unitd Stats and othr countris (figur 3-6. Mor 69

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods than 4 gatways, including airports, bordr crossings, and saports handld intrnational cargo in 213 [USDHS CBP 214], but th top 25 gatways in trms of valu handld th gratst shar of trad $2,46 billion or 62.3 prcnt of th narly $3,863 billion total U.S.-intrnational trad in goods. Sitn of th top 25 gatways handld mor imports than ports. In 214 th Port of Los Angls was th top watr gatway, handling mor than $215. billion in cargo, mostly imports, whil on th Atlantic coast th port of Nw York and Nw rsy rankd scond, handling $26.5 billion. Lardo, th top land-bordr crossing, handld $192.1 billion in trad across th U.S.-Mico bordr. ohn F. Knndy Intrnational Airport was th lading air gatway, handling $191.8 billion in ports and imports. Watr is th lading transportation mod for U.S.-intrnational trad both in trms of wight and valu. Ships accountd for mor than 71.6 prcnt of trad wight and 44.2 prcnt of trad valu in 214. Air handls lss than 1 prcnt of trad wight but 24.8 prcnt of trad valu, du to its focus on high-valu, tim-snsitiv, and prishabl commoditis. In 213 th top U.S.-intrnational air gatways by valu wr ohn F. Knndy Intrnational, NY; Chicago ara airports; and Los Angls Intrnational, CA [USDOT BTS 215a]. Mmphis Intrnational, TN; Td Stvns Anchorag Intrnational, AK; and Louisvill Intrnational, KY wr th top U.S.- intrnational air gatways by wight in 213, th latst yar for which data ar availabl [USDOT FAA 214]. Trucks, which haul a larg shar of imports and ports btwn U.S. intrnational gatways and inland locations, carrid 18. prcnt of th valu of total U.S.-intrnational trad (figur 3-7a and 1.4 prcnt of th tonnag in 214 (figur 3-7b. Trad growth with Canada and Mico and th tapping of natural rsourcs, such as oil from th Bakkn formation, gnrats incrasd north-south traffic flows on a domstic transportation infrastructur that was initially dvlopd along ast-wst corridors during th wstward dvlopmnt of th Nation. Watr Trad As a rsult of th growth in intrnational trad, th numbr of containr vssls calling at U.S. ports has incrasd. Btwn 27 and 212, vssl calls at U.S. saports incrasd by 3.9 prcnt. Th avrag displacmnt of containr vssls incrasd 1.2 prcnt, from 47,732 dadwight tons (dwt in 27 to 52,589 dwt in 212 [USDOT MARAD 214]. In 213 tankrs accountd for 38.7 prcnt of th vssl calls, followd by containrships with 23.6 prcnt of th mor than 74, vssl calls [USDOT MARAD 215]. Th nw Post-Panama containrships also incrasd in avrag capacity by 12.7 prcnt, as masurd in twnty-foot quivalnt units (TEU, from 26 to 212, th latst yar for which data ar availabl [USDOT MARAD 214]. In 214 U.S. saports handld 31.7 million TEU of containrizd cargo, which is 6 prcnt mor than rportd in 27 and an incras of 23.9 prcnt from 25.6 million TEU in 29, following th last rcssion. Th ports of Los Angls and Long Bach on th Pacific coast and th port of Nw York and Nw rsy on 7

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport FIGURE 3-7a U.S. Intrnational Mrchandis Trad by Valu: 214 Billions of U.S. dollars 4,5 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 Othr/unknown Piplin Rail Truck Air Watr 1, 5 Total trad Eports Imports FIGURE 3-7b U.S. Intrnational Mrchandis Trad by Wight: 214 2,4 Othr/unknown 2, Piplin Millions of short tons 1,6 1,2 8 Rail Truck Air Watr 4 Total trad Eports Imports NOTES: 1 short ton = 2, pounds. Th U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation (USDOT, Burau of Transportation Statistics stimatd 212 wight data for truck, rail, piplin, and othr and unknown mods using valu-to-wight ratios drivd from importd commoditis. Totals for th most rcnt yar diffr slightly from th USDOT, Fdral Highway Administration, Offic of Fright Managmnt and Oprations, Fright Analysis Framwork (FAF du to variations in covrag and FAF convrsion of valus to constant dollars. Numbrs may not add to totals du to rounding. SOURCES: Total, watr and air data: U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc, U.S. Cnsus Burau, Forign Trad Division, FT92 - U.S. Mrchandis Trad: Slctd Highlights (Washington, DC: Fbruary 215. Truck, rail, piplin, and othr and unknown data: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Burau of Transporation Statistics, North Amrican Transbordr Fright Data. Availabl at www.bts.gov/transbordr as of un 215. 71

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods th Atlantic coast ar th lading containr ports [USDOT MARAD 215]. As shown in figur 3-8, th gographic distribution of containr ports is mor concntratd along th Pacific and Atlantic coasts, whil larg volums of bulk commoditis ar transportd through gulf coast ports (figur 3-2. In 212 th Atlantic coast, including Purto Rico, accountd for 37.8 prcnt of all typs of vssl calls, followd by th gulf coast with 37.5 prcnt, and thn th Pacific coast with 24.8 prcnt [USDOT MARAD 215]. Th major incras in trad with China has rsultd in a larg shar of trad moving through Pacific coast ports (figur 3-9. Th trnd toward largr containrships has ld to a concntration of linr srvic at ports with ampl ovrhad claranc and watr draft, intrmodal connctions such as doubl stack rail, and room to grow. This trnd is pctd to continu, spcially whn th pandd Panama Canal locks opn. Th Panama Canal s isting locks allow Panama vssls, carrying up to 5, TEU, to transit FIGURE 3-8 Top 25 Watr Ports by Containrizd Cargo: 214 818 519 425 357 Sattl Tacoma 74 57 Portland 2,923 1,354 15 74 Boston 4,189 824 785 Oakland 3,538 1,397 Nw York Chstr 58 35 19 11 Philadlphia 349 189 171 24 Wilmington Baltimor 9819595 Norfolk 1,75 Long Bach 743683 114 117 Wilmington Los Angls 753 879 Houston 93 238 87 62 Nw Orlans 7 13 Mobil Gulfport 1,346 1,252 Savannah 263 497 acksonvill 39 126 335422 Charlston 344 331 Total trad (thousands of TEUs 1, 5 Wst Palm Bach Port Evrglads Miami Import Eport 151 21 San uan 2 Mils 1 Mils 1 Mils 5 Mils SOURCES: U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation, Maritim Administration, U.S. Watrborn Containr Trad by U.S. Custom Ports, availabl at www. marad.dot.gov/rsourcs/data-statistics/ as of un 215. 72

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport FIGURE 3-9 Valu of U.S. Intrnational Mrchandis Trad by Coasts and Bordrs: 1951 214 1, Atlantic coast 8 Billions of 29 dollars 6 4 2 1951 1954 Pacific coast 1957 196 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 199 1993 1996 Canadian bordr Gulf coast Mican bordr 1999 22 25 28 211 NOTES: Th valu of coal shipmnts through Mobil, AL; Charlston, SC; and Norfolk, VA ar considrd propritary information and ar consolidatd. Th total valu of coal ports for th abov thr citis ar includd undr th Atlantic Coast Customs District. SOURCES: 1951-197: U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc, Cnsus Burau, Historical Statistics of th Unitd Stats, Colonial Tims to 197, Bicntnnial Edition (Washington, DC: 1975; 1971-1999: U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc, Cnsus Burau, Statistical Abstract of th Unitd Stats (Washington, DC: annual issus; 2-215: U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc, Cnsus Burau, Forign Trad Division, FT92 - U.S. Mrchandis Trad: Slctd Highlights (Washington, DC: annual issus. Implicit GDP Dflator: U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc, Burau of Economic Analysis, Currnt-Dollar and Ral Gross Domstic Product. Availabl at www.ba.gov as of un 215. 214 btwn th Atlantic and Pacific Ocans. A third st of locks is schduld to opn in 216, which will handl Post-Panama vssls up to 13, TEUs. Th Panama Canal pansion will incras th potntial for dirct all-watr accss to South Atlantic and gulf coast ports, spcially for U.S. imports from Asia [USDOT MARAD 213]. Rfrncs Association of Amrican Railroads (AAR: 215. Moving Crud Oil Safly by Rail. uly. Availabl at http://www.aar.org/ as of Novmbr 215. 214a. Railroad Facts 213 (Novmbr and Annual Issus, p. 29 and similar tabls in arlir issus. Availabl at http://www.aar.org/ as of un 215. 214b. Railroads and Coal. uly. Availabl at http://www.aar.org/ as of May 215. 214c. Railroads and Ethanol. May. Availabl at http://www.aar.org/ as of May 215. 213. Class I Railroad Statistics (April 213. Availabl at http://www.aar.org/ as of May 215. Association of Oil Piplins (AOP. Barrls Dlivrd by Transmission Piplin. Availabl at http://www.aopl.org as of Novmbr 215. 73

Chaptr 3: Moving Goods Comt, M. (COMTE. Canada Officially Entrs Rcssion (Sptmbr 1, 215. Agnc Franc Prss. Availabl at http://nws.yahoo. com/ as of Novmbr 215. North Dakota Piplin Authority (NDPA. 215. Monthly Updat, March 215 Production & Transportation. May 13. Availabl at www.northdakotapiplins.com as of May 215. U.S. Army Corps of Enginrs (USACE, Navigation Data Cntr (NDC: 215. Commodity Movmnts from th Public Domain Databas. Availabl at www. navigationdatacntr.us as of Novmbr 215. 213. Watrborn Commrc of th Unitd Stats, Calndar Yar 212. Nov. 2. Availabl at www.navigationdatacntr.us as of uly 215. U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc (USDOC, Burau of Economic Analysis (BEA, National Incom and Product Accounts Tabls (May 215. Availabl at http://www.ba.gov/ as of un 215. U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc (USDOC, Cnsus Burau (Cnsus: Statistics of U.S. Businsss (SUSB, Numbr of Firms, Numbr of Establishmnts, Employmnt, and Annual Payroll by Entrpris Employmnt Siz for th Unitd Stats and Stats, Totals, availabl at http://www.cnsus. gov/ as of un 215. Intrnational Trad Administration (ITA, TradStats Eprss. Availabl at http://ts. port.gov/ as of un 215. Population Estimats. Availabl at http:// www.cnsus.gov/ as of un 215. Cnsus of Govrnmnts (GOVS, 212 Cnsus of Govrnmnts. Availabl at http:// www.cnsus.gov/ as of un 215. U.S. Dpartmnt of Enrgy (USDOE. 215. Th Quadrnnial Enrgy Rport. April. Availabl at www.nrgy.gov as of May 215. U.S. Dpartmnt of Enrgy (USDOE, Enrgy Information Administration (EIA: 215a. Rfinry Rcipts of Crud Oil by Mthod of Transportation. un 3. Availabl at http://www.ia.gov/ as of August 215. 215b. Monthly Enrgy Rviw. May. Availabl at http://www.ia.gov/ as of May 215. 215c. Movmnts of Crud Oil by Rail. Apr. 29. Availabl at http://www.ia.gov/ as of May 215. 214a. Us of Natural Gas. Dc. 1. Availabl at http://www.ia.gov/ as of May 215. 214b. Wyoming, Stat Profil and Enrgy Estimats. Aug. 21. Ovrviw Quick Facts. August 21. Availabl at http://www.ia.gov/ as of May 215. 214c. Rfinry Rcipts of Crud Oil by Mthod of Transportation. un 25. Availabl at http://www.ia.gov/ as of May 215. U.S. Dpartmnt of Homland Scurity (USDHS, Customs and Bordr Patrol (CBP. Ports of Entry (214.Availabl at http://www. cbp.gov as of Novmbr 215. 74

Transportation Statistics Annual Rport U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation (USDOT, Burau of Transportation Statistics (BTS and U.S. Dpartmnt of Commrc (USDOC, Cnsus Burau. 215. 212 Commodity Flow Survy, Hazardous Matrials (Washington, DC: Fbruary 215. Availabl at http://www. cnsus.gov/ as of May 215. U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation (USDOT, Burau of Transportation Statistics (BTS, and USDOT, Fdral Highway Administration (FHWA, Offic of Fright Managmnt and Oprations. Fright Analysis Framwork, vrsion 3.5, 215. U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation (USDOT, Burau of Transportation Statistics (BTS: 215a. Pockt Guid to Transportation (anuary 215. Availabl at http://www.bts. gov/ as of May 215. 215b. TranStats, Air Cargo Summary Data (May 215. Availabl at http://www.transtats. bts.gov/ as of un 215. 215c. BTS Prss Rlas 27-15: April 215 Fright Transportation Srvics Ind (un 215. Availabl at http://www.bts.gov/ as of un 215. U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation (USDOT, Fdral Aviation Administration (FAA. CY 214 Passngr Boarding and All-Cargo Data. Availabl at http://www.faa.gov/ as of un 215. U.S. Dpartmnt of Transportation (USDOT, Maritim Administration (MARAD: 215. 213 Vssl Calls in U.S. Ports and Trminals (un 215.Availabl at http://www. marad.dot.gov/ as of Sptmbr 215. 214. 22-212 Vssl Calls in U.S. Ports, Trminals and Lightring Aras Rport (Octobr 214. Availabl at http://www. marad.dot.gov/ as of Sptmbr 215. 213. Panama Canal Epansion Study (Novmbr 213. Availabl at http://www. marad.dot.gov/ as of Sptmbr 215. U.S. Intrnational Trad Commission (USITC. Intractiv Tariff and Trad DataWb. Availabl at http://datawb.usitc.gov/ as of un 215. 215d. BTS Prss Rlas 13-15: 214 North Amrican Fright Numbrs (March 215. Availabl at http://www.bts.gov/ as of May 215. 215. BTS Prss Rlas 49-15: August 215 North Amrican Fright Numbrs (Octobr 215. Availabl at http://www.bts. gov/ as of Novmbr 215. 75