ORNL-6989 (Edition 32 of ORNL-5198) Center for Transportation Analysis Energy and Transportation Science Division TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 32 Stacy C. Davis Susan W. Diegel Oak Ridge National Laoratory Roert G. Boundy Roltek, Inc. July 2013 Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 32 can e found online at: cta.ornl.gov/data Prepared for the Vehicle Technologies Office Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewale Energy U.S. Department of Energy Prepared y the Oak Ridge National Laoratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6073 Managed y UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725
DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally availale free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge: Wesite: http://www.osti.gov/ridge Reports produced efore January 1, 1996, may e purchased y memers of the pulic from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD: 703-487-4639 Fax: 703-605-6900 E-mail: info@ntis.fedworld.gov Wesite: http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowaout.htm Reports are availale to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone: 865-576-8401 Fax: 865-576-5728 E-mail: reports@adonis.osti.gov Wesite: http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored y an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liaility or responsiility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service y trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring y the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
Users of the Transportation Energy Data Book are encouraged to comment on errors, omissions, emphases, and organization of this report to one of the persons listed elow. Requests for additional complementary copies of this report, additional data, or information on an existing tale should e referred to Ms. Stacy Davis, Oak Ridge National Laoratory. Stacy C. Davis Oak Ridge National Laoratory National Transportation Research Center 2360 Cherahala Boulevard Knoxville, Tennessee 37932 Telephone: (865) 946-1256 FAX: (865) 946-1314 E-mail: DAVISSC@ornl.gov Wesite Location: cta.ornl.gov/data Jaco W. Ward Vehicle Technologies Office Energy Efficiency and Renewale Energy Department of Energy, EE-2G Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20585 Telephone: (202) 586-7606 FAX: (202) 586-1600 E-mail: JACOB.WARD@ee.doe.gov Wesite Location: vehicles.energy.gov Spreadsheets of the tales in the Transportation Energy Data Book can e found on the we at: cta.ornl.gov/data
Find useful data and information in other U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewale Energy Data Books. Vehicle Technologies Market Report: cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport Biomass Energy Data Book: cta.ornl.gov/ed Buildings Energy Data Book: www.tscoredataook.net Hydrogen Data Book: hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/hydrogen/article/103 Power Technologies Energy Data Book: www.nrel.gov/analysis/power_dataook
v TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD... xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... xxi ABSTRACT... xxiii INTRODUCTION...xxv CHAPTER 1 PETROLEUM...1 1 Tale 1.1 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas, 1980 2011...1 2 Tale 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, 1960 2012...1 3 Tale 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 1973 2012...1 4 Tale 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960 2012...1 5 Figure 1.1 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011...1 6 Tale 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011...1 6 Figure 1.2 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011...1 7 Tale 1.6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011...1 7 Tale 1.7 U.S. Petroleum Imports, 1960 2012...1 8 Tale 1.8 Imported Crude Oil y Country of Origin, 1973-2012...1 9 Tale 1.9 Crude Oil Supplies, 1973-2012...1 10 Figure 1.3 Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970 2012...1 11 Figure 1.4 Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, 1970 2010...1 12 Figure 1.5 Refinery Gross Output y World Region, 2002 and 2012...1 13 Tale 1.10 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987 2011...1 14 Tale 1.11 Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978 2012...1 15 Tale 1.12 United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950 2012...1 16
vi Tale 1.13 Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 Petroleum Production and Transportation Petroleum Consumption in Context, 1950 2012...1 17 United States Petroleum Production and Consumption All Sectors, 1973 2040...1 18 United States Petroleum Production, and Transportation Consumption, 1970 2040...1 19 Tale 1.14 Consumption of Petroleum y End-Use Sector, 1973 2012...1 20 Tale 1.15 Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption y Mode, 1970 2011...1 21 Tale 1.16 Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption y Mode, 1970 2011...1 22 Tale 1.17 Transportation Petroleum Use y Mode, 2009 2011...1 23 CHAPTER 2 ENERGY...2 1 Figure 2.1 World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2010...2 2 Tale 2.1 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy y End-Use Sector, 1973 2012...2 3 Tale 2.2 Distriution of Energy Consumption y Source, 1973 and 2012...2 4 Tale 2.3 Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 2005 2011...2 5 Tale 2.4 Ethanol Consumption, 1995 2011...2 6 Tale 2.5 Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy y Mode and Fuel Type, 2011...2 7 Tale 2.6 Transportation Energy Use y Mode, 2010 2011...2 8 Tale 2.7 Highway Transportation Energy Consumption y Mode, 1970 2011...2 9 Tale 2.8 Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption y Mode, 1970 2011...2 10 Tale 2.9 Off-Highway Transportation-Related Fuel Consumption from the Nonroad Model, 2011...2 11 Tale 2.10 Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2011...2 12 Tale 2.11 Highway Usage of Gasoline and Diesel, 1973 2011...2 13 Tale 2.12 Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2011...2 14
vii Tale 2.13 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970 2011...2 15 Tale 2.14 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970 2011...2 16 Figure 2.2 Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, 2011...2 17 Figure 2.3 Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, 2011...2 18 Figure 2.4 Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, 2011...2 18 Tale 2.15 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970 2011...2 19 CHAPTER 3 ALL HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS...3 1 Tale 3.1 World Production of Cars and Trucks, 2000-2011...3 2 Tale 3.2 Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1960 2011...3 3 Tale 3.3 Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1960 2011...3 4 Tale 3.4 U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970 2011...3 6 Figure 3.1 Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 2001 and 2011)...3 7 Tale 3.5 Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 2001 and 2011...3 9 Tale 3.6 Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, 1990 2011...3 10 Tale 3.7 Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled y Vehicle Type, 1970 2011...3 11 Tale 3.8 Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel y Age, 1970 and 2001...3 12 Tale 3.9 Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel y Age, 1970 and 2001...3 13 Tale 3.10 U.S. Average Vehicle Age, 1995 2011...3 14 Tale 3.11 New Retail Vehicle Sales, 1970 2012...3 15 Tale 3.12 Car Scrappage and Survival Rates, 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years...3 16 Tale 3.13 Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates...3 17 Tale 3.14 Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates...3 18
viii CHAPTER 4 LIGHT VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS...4 1 Tale 4.1 Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970 2011...4 2 Tale 4.2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970 2011...4 3 Tale 4.3 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2 Light Trucks...4 4 Tale 4.4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2 Light Trucks, 1989 1999...4 4 Tale 4.5 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970 2012...4 5 Tale 4.6 Tale 4.7 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970 2012...4 6 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975 2012...4 7 Tale 4.8 Definition of Wagons in Model Year 2012...4 8 Tale 4.9 Definition of Non-Truck Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Year 2012...4 9 Tale 4.10 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975 2012...4 10 Tale 4.11 Light Vehicle Market Shares y Size Class, Model Years 1975 2012...4 11 Figure 4.1 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975 2012...4 12 Tale 4.12 Tale 4.13 Tale 4.14 Tale 4.15 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars y Size Class, Model Years 1975 2012...4 13 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks y Size Class, Model Years 1975 2012...4 14 Sales-Weighted Cur Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars y Size Class, Model Years 1975 2012...4 15 Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars y Size Class, Model Years 1977 2012...4 16 Tale 4.16 Average Material Consumption for a Light Vehicle, Model Years 1995, 2000, and 2011...4 17 Tale 4.17 New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970 2011...4 18 Tale 4.18 Conventional Refueling Stations, 1993 2011...4 19
ix Tale 4.19 Fuel Economy and Caron Dioxide Emissions Standards, MY 2012 2025...4 20 Tale 4.20 Fuel Economy and Caron Dioxide Targets for Model Year 2025...4 21 Tale 4.21 Tale 4.22 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978 2012...4 22 Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978 2012...4 23 Tale 4.23 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983 2011...4 24 Tale 4.24 The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars...4 25 Tale 4.25 List of Model Year 2012 Cars with Gas Guzzler Taxes...4 26 Tale 4.26 Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980 2011...4 28 Tale 4.27 Fuel Economy y Speed, PSAT Model Results...4 29 Tale 4.28 Fuel Economy y Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, and 2012 Studies...4 30 Figure 4.2 Fuel Economy y Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, and 2012 Studies...4 31 Tale 4.29 Driving Cycle Attriutes...4 32 Figure 4.3 City Driving Cycle...4 33 Figure 4.4 Highway Driving Cycle...4 33 Figure 4.5 Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle...4 34 Figure 4.6 Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle...4 34 Figure 4.7 High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle...4 35 Figure 4.8 New York City Driving Cycle...4 36 Figure 4.9 Representative Numer Five Driving Cycle...4 36 Tale 4.30 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles...4 37 Tale 4.31 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles Attriutes...4 38 Tale 4.32 Example of Differing Results Using the U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles...4 38
x Tale 4.33 Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, 1994 2011...4 39 CHAPTER 5 HEAVY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS...5 1 Tale 5.1 Summary Statistics for Class 3-8 Single-Unit Trucks, 1970 2011...5 2 Tale 5.2 Summary Statistics for Class 7-8 Comination Trucks, 1970 2011...5 3 Tale 5.3 New Retail Truck Sales y Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970 2012...5 4 Tale 5.4 Truck Statistics y Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002...5 6 Tale 5.5 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy y Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002...5 6 Tale 5.6 Truck Statistics y Size, 2002...5 7 Tale 5.7 Percentage of Trucks y Size Ranked y Major Use, 2002...5 8 Tale 5.8 Percentage of Trucks y Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002...5 9 Tale 5.9 Share of Trucks y Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002...5 10 Figure 5.1 Distriution of Trucks over 26,000 ls. Less than Two Years Old y Vehicle-Miles Traveled...5 11 Figure 5.2 Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002...5 12 Tale 5.10 Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy...5 14 Tale 5.11 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Comination...5 15 Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Comination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed...5 16 Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Comination...5 17 Tale 5.12 Class 8 Truck Weight y Component...5 18 Tale 5.13 Gross Vehicle Weight vs. Empty Vehicle Weight...5 19 Figure 5.5 Distriution of Class 8 Trucks y On-Road Vehicle Weight, 2008...5 20
xi Tale 5.14 Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997, 2002 and 2007 Commodity Flow Surveys...5 22 Tale 5.15 Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997, 2002 and 2007 Commodity Flow Surveys...5 23 Tale 5.16 Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleyuses, 1994 2011...5 24 CHAPTER 6 ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS...6 1 Tale 6.1 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Highway Vehicles in Use, 1995 2011...6 3 Tale 6.2 Alternative Fuel Transit Vehicles, 2011...6 4 Tale 6.3 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Availale y Manufacturer, Model Year 2013...6 5 Tale 6.4 Hyrid and Plug-In Vehicle Sales, 1999-2012...6 7 Tale 6.5 Electric Drive Vehicles Availale y Manufacturer, Model Year 2013...6 8 Tale 6.6 Numer of Alternative Refuel Sites y State and Fuel Type, 2013...6 10 Figure 6.1 Clean Cities Coalitions...6 11 Tale 6.7 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels...6 12 CHAPTER 7 FLEET VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS...7 1 Figure 7.1 Fleet Vehicles in Service as of January 1, 2012...7 2 Tale 7.1 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations y Vehicle Type, Model Year 2011...7 3 Tale 7.2 Average Length of Time Commercial Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2011...7 3 Tale 7.3 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Commercial Fleet Vehicles, 2011...7 3 Figure 7.2 Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle y Vehicle Type, 2011...7 4 Tale 7.4 Federal Government Vehicles, 2001 2011...7 5 Tale 7.5 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions y Fuel Type, FY 2002 2011...7 6 Tale 7.6 Fuel Consumed y Federal Government Fleets, FY 2000 2011...7 6 Tale 7.7 Federal Government Vehicles y Agency, FY 2011...7 7
xii CHAPTER 8 HOUSEHOLD VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS...8 1 Tale 8.1 Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950 2011...8 2 Tale 8.2 Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950 2011...8 3 Tale 8.3 Average Annual Expenditures of Households y Income, 2011...8 4 Tale 8.4 Annual Household Expenditures for Transportation, 1985-2011...8 5 Tale 8.5 Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960 2011 Census...8 6 Tale 8.6 Tale 8.7 Tale 8.8 Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001, 2009 NHTS...8 7 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001, 2009 NHTS...8 8 Average Numer of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 and 2009 NHTS...8 9 Tale 8.9 Trip Statistics y Trip Purpose, 2001 and 2009 NHTS...8 10 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Average Vehicle Occupancy y Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2009 NHTS...8 11 Average Vehicle Occupancy y Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2009 NHTS...8 12 Tale 8.10 Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle y Vehicle Age...8 13 Tale 8.11 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS...8 14 Figure 8.3 Share of Vehicle Trips y Trip Distance, 2009 NHTS...8 15 Figure 8.4 Share of Vehicle Trips to Work y Trip Distance, 2009 NHTS...8 15 Tale 8.12 Share of Vehicles y Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS...8 16 Tale 8.13 Household Vehicle Trips, 2009 NHTS...8 17 Figure 8.5 Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS...8 17 Tale 8.14 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) y Numer of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS...8 18
xiii Tale 8.15 Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2009 NHTS...8 18 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2009 NHTS...8 19 Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2009 NHTS...8 19 Tale 8.16 Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2011...8 20 Tale 8.17 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density...8 21 Tale 8.18 Housing Unit Characteristics, 2010...8 21 Tale 8.19 Workers y Commute Time, 1990, 2000, and 2011...8 22 Tale 8.20 Bicycle Sales, 1981-2011...8 23 Figure 8.8 Walk and Bike Trips y Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS...8 24 Tale 8.21 Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS...8 26 CHAPTER 9 NONHIGHWAY MODES...9 1 Tale 9.1 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970 2011...9 2 Tale 9.2 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Comined Totals), 1970 2012...9 3 Tale 9.3 Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970 2011...9 4 Tale 9.4 Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterorne Commerce, 1970 2011...9 5 Tale 9.5 Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterorne Commerce, 1970 2011...9 6 Tale 9.6 Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970 2011...9 7 Tale 9.7 Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked y Revenue Ton Miles, 2011...9 8 Tale 9.8 Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970 2011...9 9 Tale 9.9 Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965 2011...9 10
xiv Tale 9.10 Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971 2011...9 11 Tale 9.11 Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984 2011...9 12 Tale 9.12 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970 2011...9 13 CHAPTER 10 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY...10 1 Figure 10.1 Transportation Services Index, January 1990 January 2013...10 2 Tale 10.1 Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 2012...10 3 Tale 10.2 Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1998 2012...10 4 Figure 10.2 Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2012...10 5 Figure 10.3 Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2012...10 6 Tale 10.3 Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978 2012...10 7 Tale 10.4 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978 2012...10 8 Tale 10.5 Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978 2012...10 9 Tale 10.6 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978 2012...10 10 Tale 10.7 Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2011...10 11 Tale 10.8 Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2013...10 12 Tale 10.9 Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2013...10 13 Tale 10.10 Average Price of a New Car, 1913 2011...10 14 Tale 10.11 Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970 2011...10 15 Tale 10.12 Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985 2012...10 16 Tale 10.13 Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975 2012...10 17 Tale 10.14 Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970 2012...10 18 Tale 10.15 Consumer Price Indices, 1970 2012...10 18 Tale 10.16 Transportation-Related Employment, 2000 and 2012...10 19
xv Tale 10.17 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990 2012...10 20 CHAPTER 11 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS...11 1 Tale 11.1 World Caron Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2012...11 2 Tale 11.2 Tale 11.3 Numerical Estimates of Gloal Warming Potentials Compared with Caron Dioxide...11 3 U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, ased on Gloal Warming Potential, 1990 2011...11 4 Tale 11.4 Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions y End-Use Sector, 2011...11 5 Tale 11.5 Tale 11.6 U.S. Caron Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption y End-Use Sector, 1990 2011...11 6 U.S. Caron Emissions from Fossil Fuel Comustion in the Transportation End-Use Sector...11 7 Tale 11.7 Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions y Mode, 1990 and 2011...11 8 Figure 11.1 GREET Model...11 9 Figure 11.2 GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels...11 10 Figure 11.3 Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Various Fuels and Vehicle Technologies...11 11 Tale 11.8 Tale 11.9 Sales-Weighted Annual Caron Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars y Size Class, Model Years 1975-2012...11 13 Sales-Weighted Annual Caron Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks y Size Class, Model Years 1975-2012...11 14 Tale 11.10 Average Annual Caron Footprint y Vehicle Classification, 1975 and 2012...11 15 Tale 11.11 Caron Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel...11 16 CHAPTER 12 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS...12 1 Tale 12.1 Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants y Sector, 2012...12 2 Tale 12.2 Total National Emissions of Caron Monoxide, 1970 2012...12 3 Tale 12.3 Emissions of Caron Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970 2005...12 4
xvi Tale 12.4 Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970 2012...12 5 Tale 12.5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970 2005...12 6 Tale 12.6 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970 2012...12 7 Tale 12.7 Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970 2005...12 8 Tale 12.8 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1970 2012...12 9 Tale 12.9 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970 2005...12 10 Tale 12.10 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990 2012...12 11 Tale 12.11 Tale 12.12 Tale 12.13 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990 2005...12 12 Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards...12 14 Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evaporative Emission Standards...12 15 Tale 12.14 Heavy-Duty Highway Compression-Ignition Engines and Uran Buses Exhaust Emission Standards...12 16 Tale 12.15 Heavy-Duty Highway Spark-Ignition Engines Exhaust Emission Standards...12 18 Tale 12.16 Heavy-Duty Highway Compression Ignition and Spark-Ignition Engines Evaporative Emission Standards...12 20 Tale 12.17 California Car, Light Truck and Medium Truck Emission Certification Standards...12 21 Tale 12.18 Aircraft Exhaust Emission Standards...12 22 Tale 12.19 Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines Exhaust Emission Standards...12 23 Tale 12.20 Nonroad Large Spark-Ignition Engines Exhaust and Evaporative Emission Standards...12 25 Tale 12.21 Locomotives Exhaust Emission Standards...12 26
xvii Tale 12.22 Tale 12.23 Tale 12.24 Tale 12.25 Tale 12.26 Marine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhaust Emission Standards...12 28 Marine Spark-Ignition Engines and Vessels Exhaust Emission Standards...12 32 Nonroad Recreational Engines and Vehicles Exhaust Emission Standards...12 34 Gasoline Sulfur Standards...12 36 Highway, Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Standards...12 37 APPENDIX A. SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES... A 1 APPENDIX B. CONVERSIONS... B 1 APPENDIX C. MAPS... C 1 GLOSSARY... G 1 INDEX... I 1
xviii
xix FOREWORD Welcome to this 32nd edition of the Transportation Energy Data Book. Twenty-three editions of this Data Book have een produced y Stacy Davis; DOE is grateful for the dedication, consistency, and skill she has rought to this effort. I would like to ring to your attention some of the data that are new in this edition: Tale 1.1. Proved Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas, 1980 2011 a new tale from the Energy Information Administration data, replacing the Fossil Fuel Potential from the year 2000. Tale 4.1 Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970-2011 and Tale 4.2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970-2011 these tales have a new methodology used to separate light vehicles into car and truck categories for 2009 through 2011. See Appendix A for Car/Light Truck Shares for details on the methodology. Tale 4.28. Fuel Economy y Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, and 2012 Studies a new column was added to this tale as a result of a new study y Oak Ridge National Laoratory on the effect of speed on fuel economy. Results from that study can e found at: http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/01/thomas-20130117.html#more Tale 4.31. Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles Attriutes an updated tale on the differences among the different driving cycles. Tale 4.32. Example of Differing Results Using the U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles a new tale illustrating the different fuel economies otained using an identical car on the each of the cycles. I hope you find value in this data ook. Stacy and I welcome suggestions on how to improve it. Jaco W. Ward Analysis Manager, Vehicle Technologies Office U.S. Department of Energy
xx
xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their gratitude to the many individuals who assisted in the preparation of this document. First, we would like to thank Jaco Ward and the Vehicle Technologies Office staff for their continued support of the Transportation Energy Data Book project. We would also like to thank Mark Roins for the cover. This ook would not have een possile without the dedication of Deie Bain, who has masterfully prepared the manuscript since 1998. This ook would not e possile without the leadership, guidance, and vision of Phil Patterson, who egan this ook in the 1970 s. We hope to continue this report into the future with the same level of excellence. The authors and the transportation research community will e forever grateful for his efforts.
xxii
xxiii ABSTRACT The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 32 is a statistical compendium prepared and pulished y Oak Ridge National Laoratory (ORNL) under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewale Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. Designed for use as a desk-top reference, the Data Book represents an assemly and display of statistics and information that characterize transportation activity, and presents data on other factors that influence transportation energy use. The purpose of this document is to present relevant statistical data in the form of tales and graphs. The latest edition of the Data Book is availale to a larger audience via the Internet (cta.ornl.gov/data). This edition of the Data Book has 12 chapters which focus on various aspects of the transportation industry. Chapter 1 focuses on petroleum; Chapter 2 energy; Chapter 3 highway vehicles; Chapter 4 light vehicles; Chapter 5 heavy vehicles; Chapter 6 alternative fuel vehicles; Chapter 7 fleet vehicles; Chapter 8 household vehicles; Chapter 9 nonhighway modes; Chapter 10 transportation and the economy; Chapter 11 greenhouse gas emissions; and Chapter 12 criteria pollutant emissions. The sources used represent the latest availale data. There are also three appendices which include detailed source information for some tales, measures of conversion, and the definition of Census divisions and regions. A glossary of terms and a title index are also included for the reader s convenience.
xxiv
xxv INTRODUCTION In January 1976, the Transportation Energy Conservation (TEC) Division of the Energy Research and Development Administration contracted with Oak Ridge National Laoratory (ORNL) to prepare a Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book to e used y TEC staff in their evaluation of current and proposed conservation strategies. The major purposes of the Data Book were to draw together, under one cover, transportation data from diverse sources, to resolve data conflicts and inconsistencies, and to produce a comprehensive document. The first edition of the TEC Data Book was pulished in Octoer 1976. With the passage of the Department of Energy (DOE) Organization Act, the work eing conducted y the former Transportation Energy Conservation Division fell under the purview of the DOE's Office of Transportation Programs. This work continues today in the Vehicle Technologies Office. Policymakers and analysts need to e well-informed aout activity in the transportation sector. The organization and scope of the data ook reflect the need for different kinds of information. For this reason, Edition 32 updates much of the same type of data that is found in previous editions. In any attempt to compile a comprehensive set of statistics on transportation activity, numerous instances of inadequacies and inaccuracies in the asic data are encountered. Where such prolems occur, estimates are developed y ORNL. To minimize the misuse of these statistics, an appendix (Appendix A) is included to document the estimation procedures. The attempt is to provide sufficient information for the conscientious user to evaluate the estimates and to form their own opinions as to their utility. Clearly, the accuracy of the estimates cannot exceed the accuracy of the primary data, an accuracy which in most instances is unknown. In cases where data accuracy is known or sustantial errors are strongly suspected in the data, the reader is alerted. In all cases it should e recognized that the estimates are not precise. The majority of the statistics contained in the data ook are taken directly from pulished sources, although these data may e reformatted for presentation y ORNL. Consequently, neither ORNL nor DOE endorses the validity of these data.
xxvi
1 1 Chapter 1 Petroleum Summary Statistics from Tales/Figures in this Chapter Source Tale 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 2012 (million arrels per day) a 84.42 U.S. Production (million arrels per day) 8.87 U.S. Share 10.5% Tale 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 2012 (million arrels per day) 88.31 U.S. Consumption (million arrels per day) 18.55 U.S. Share 21.0% Figure 1.5 Average Refinery Yield, 2012 OECD Europe North America Gasoline 18.7% 42.1% Diesel oil 41.0% 27.0% Residual fuel 12.3% 4.9% Kerosene 7.3% 7.3% Other 12.7% 15.2% Tale 1.13 U.S. transportation petroleum use as a percent of U.S. petroleum 140.9% production, 2012 Tale 1.13 Net imports as a percentage of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2012 39.9% Tale 1.14 Transportation share of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2012 69.3% Tale 1.17 Highway share of transportation petroleum consumption, 2011 85.3% Tale 1.17 Light vehicle share of transportation petroleum consumption, 2011 63.6% In this document, petroleum is defined as crude oil (including lease condensate) and natural gas plant liquids. a Because other liquids and processing gain are not included, the world production is smaller than world petroleum consumption.
1 2 As new technologies appear and new areas are explored, the amount of proved reserves of crude oil and natural gas has grown. Although the reserves of natural gas in the United States were 52% higher in 2011 than it was in 1980, the U.S. share of World natural gas reserves is lower. The U.S. share of crude oil reserves has een under 2% since 2003. Tale 1.1 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas, 1980 2011 Crude Oil Reserves (illion arrels) U.S. Share of Crude Oil Natural Gas Reserves (trillion cuic feet) U.S. Share of Natural Gas Year World United States Reserves World United States Reserves 1980 641.9 29.8 4.6% 2,570.2 201.0 7.8% 1981 649.1 29.8 4.6% 2,626.3 199.0 7.6% 1982 667.4 29.4 4.4% 2,904.8 201.7 6.9% 1983 665.6 27.9 4.2% 3,017.0 201.5 6.7% 1984 666.5 27.7 4.2% 3,185.7 200.2 6.3% 1985 697.8 28.4 4.1% 3,385.0 197.5 5.8% 1986 698.6 28.4 4.1% 3,464.4 193.4 5.6% 1987 697.9 26.9 3.9% 3,616.4 191.6 5.3% 1988 887.5 27.3 3.1% 3,768.2 187.2 5.0% 1989 906.0 26.8 3.0% 3,907.2 168.0 4.3% 1990 1,000.5 26.5 2.6% 3,963.2 167.1 4.2% 1991 998.7 26.3 2.6% 4,205.5 169.3 4.0% 1992 989.4 24.7 2.5% 4,375.8 167.1 3.8% 1993 996.1 23.7 2.4% 4,883.3 165.0 3.4% 1994 998.3 23.0 2.3% 5,013.6 162.4 3.2% 1995 999.3 22.5 2.2% 4,981.7 163.8 3.3% 1996 1,007.4 22.4 2.2% 4,935.1 165.1 3.3% 1997 1,018.5 22.0 2.2% 4,946.7 166.5 3.4% 1998 1,020.1 22.5 2.2% 5,087.2 167.2 3.3% 1999 1,032.8 21.0 2.0% 5,141.6 164.0 3.2% 2000 1,016.8 21.8 2.1% 5,149.6 167.4 3.3% 2001 1,028.1 22.0 2.1% 5,288.5 177.4 3.4% 2002 1,032.0 22.4 2.2% 5,457.1 183.5 3.4% 2003 1,213.1 22.7 1.9% 5,504.9 186.9 3.4% 2004 1,265.0 21.9 1.7% 6,078.6 189.0 3.1% 2005 1,277.2 21.4 1.7% 6,046.1 192.5 3.2% 2006 1,292.9 21.8 1.7% 6,124.0 204.4 3.3% 2007 1,316.7 21.0 1.6% 6,189.4 211.1 3.4% 2008 1,332.0 21.3 1.6% 6,212.3 237.7 3.8% 2009 1,340.0 19.1 1.4% 6,261.3 244.7 3.9% 2010 1,355.7 20.7 1.5% 6,637.2 272.5 4.1% 2011 1,473.8 23.3 1.6% 6,707.3 304.6 4.5% Average Annual Percentage Change 1970-2011 2.7% -0.8% 3.1% 1.3% 2001-2011 3.7% 0.6% 2.4% 5.6% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, May 2013.
1 3 In 2012, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) accounted for more than 43.5% of world oil production, which is the highest OPEC share since the 1980 s. The U.S. production of crude oil increased to 6.47 million arrels per day, which is 8.6% of World production. Tale 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, 1960 2012 a (million arrels per day) Year United States U.S. share Total OPEC OPEC share Total non- OPEC World 1960 7.04 33.5% 8.70 41.4% 12.29 20.99 1965 7.80 25.7% 14.35 47.3% 15.98 30.33 1970 9.64 21.0% 23.30 50.8% 22.59 45.89 1975 8.38 15.9% 26.79 50.3% 27.04 52.83 1980 8.60 14.4% 26.38 44.3% 34.18 59.56 1985 8.97 16.6% 15.37 28.5% 38.60 53.97 1986 8.68 15.4% 18.28 32.5% 37.95 56.23 1987 8.35 14.7% 18.52 32.7% 38.15 56.67 1988 8.14 13.9% 20.32 34.6% 38.42 58.74 1989 7.61 12.7% 22.07 36.9% 37.79 59.86 1990 7.36 12.2% 22.49 37.2% 38.00 60.50 1991 7.42 12.3% 23.27 38.7% 36.86 60.13 1992 7.17 11.9% 24.40 40.6% 35.70 60.10 1993 6.85 11.4% 25.12 41.7% 35.05 60.17 1994 6.66 10.9% 25.51 41.7% 35.66 61.17 1995 6.56 10.5% 25.54 40.9% 36.89 62.43 1996 6.47 10.1% 26.02 40.8% 37.80 63.82 1997 6.45 9.8% 27.29 41.5% 38.51 65.81 1998 6.25 9.3% 28.37 42.3% 38.67 67.03 1999 5.88 8.9% 27.22 41.3% 38.74 65.97 2000 5.82 8.5% 28.94 42.2% 39.58 68.52 2001 5.80 8.5% 28.11 41.3% 40.00 68.12 2002 5.75 8.5% 26.44 39.3% 40.83 67.26 2003 5.68 8.2% 27.89 40.2% 41.48 69.36 2004 5.42 7.5% 30.31 41.8% 42.15 72.46 2005 5.18 7.0% 31.77 43.1% 41.88 73.64 2006 5.10 7.0% 31.48 43.0% 41.79 73.27 2007 5.06 6.9% 31.14 42.7% 41.73 72.87 2008 4.95 6.7% 32.43 44.0% 41.27 73.70 2009 5.36 7.4% 30.52 42.2% 41.79 72.31 2010 5.48 7.4% 31.51 42.5% 42.59 74.09 2011 5.65 7.6% 31.78 42.9% 42.35 74.14 2012 6.47 8.6% 32.88 43.5% 42.68 75.56 Average annual percentage change 1960 2012-0.2% 2.6% 2.4% 2.5% 1970 2012-0.9% 0.8% 1.5% 1.2% 2002 2012-1.2% 2.2% 0.5% 1.2% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics Wesite, May 2013. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov) a Includes lease condensate. Excludes natural gas plant liquids. See Glossary for memership.
1 4 This tale shows petroleum production, which includes oth crude oil and natural gas plant liquids. Because other liquids and processing gain are not included, the world total is smaller than world petroleum consumption (Tale 1.4). The United States was responsile for 10.5% of the world s petroleum production in 2012 and 8.6% of the world s crude oil production (Tale 1.2). Tale 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 1973 2012 a (million arrels per day) Total Non- United U.S. Total OPEC non- OPEC Year States share OPEC share OPEC share World 1973 10.95 18.7% 29.99 51.3% 28.48 48.7% 58.47 1974 10.44 17.8% 29.67 50.7% 28.84 49.3% 58.51 1975 10.01 18.0% 26.16 47.0% 28.48 51.2% 55.62 1976 9.74 16.2% 29.55 49.1% 30.66 50.9% 60.21 1977 9.86 15.7% 30.06 47.9% 32.64 52.1% 62.69 1978 10.27 16.2% 28.70 45.4% 34.54 54.6% 63.24 1979 10.14 15.4% 29.95 45.4% 36.01 54.6% 65.96 1980 10.17 16.1% 26.05 41.3% 35.77 56.8% 63.00 1981 10.18 17.1% 21.95 36.8% 37.73 63.2% 59.68 1982 10.20 17.9% 18.54 32.5% 38.55 67.5% 57.09 1983 10.25 18.0% 17.26 30.3% 39.64 69.7% 56.89 1984 10.51 18.0% 17.29 29.6% 41.08 70.4% 58.37 1985 10.58 18.3% 16.22 28.0% 40.88 70.6% 57.90 1986 10.23 16.9% 18.40 30.4% 41.17 68.1% 60.49 1987 9.94 16.3% 18.69 30.7% 41.46 68.0% 60.93 1988 9.77 15.5% 20.79 32.9% 41.87 66.3% 63.20 1989 9.16 14.2% 22.51 35.0% 41.18 64.0% 64.31 1990 8.91 13.7% 23.70 36.4% 40.81 62.6% 65.14 1991 9.08 14.0% 23.71 36.5% 40.53 62.4% 64.95 1992 8.87 13.7% 25.03 38.5% 39.37 60.6% 64.95 1993 8.58 13.2% 25.82 39.6% 38.82 59.5% 65.23 1994 8.39 12.6% 26.54 39.9% 39.21 58.9% 66.55 1995 8.32 12.2% 27.23 40.0% 40.21 59.1% 68.01 1996 8.30 11.9% 27.71 39.9% 41.26 59.3% 69.52 1997 8.27 11.5% 29.07 40.6% 42.05 58.7% 71.65 1998 8.01 11.0% 30.21 41.4% 42.35 58.0% 73.04 1999 7.73 10.7% 29.13 40.4% 43.01 59.6% 72.15 2000 7.73 10.3% 30.94 41.3% 43.95 58.7% 74.90 2001 7.67 10.3% 30.34 40.5% 44.47 59.5% 74.81 2002 7.63 10.3% 28.77 38.8% 45.30 61.2% 74.07 2003 7.40 9.7% 30.35 39.7% 46.11 60.3% 76.46 2004 7.23 9.1% 32.92 41.3% 46.81 58.7% 79.73 2005 6.90 8.5% 34.61 42.6% 46.58 57.4% 81.20 2006 6.83 8.4% 34.34 42.4% 46.65 57.6% 80.99 2007 6.86 8.5% 34.05 42.2% 46.67 57.8% 80.72 2008 6.78 8.3% 35.36 43.4% 46.17 56.6% 81.54 2009 7.26 9.0% 33.56 41.8% 46.80 58.2% 80.36 2010 7.55 9.2% 34.75 42.1% 47.74 57.9% 82.49 2011 7.87 9.5% 35.04 42.4% 47.61 57.6% 82.64 2012 8.87 10.5% 36.27 43.0% 48.16 57.0% 84.42 Average annual percentage change 1973 2012-0.5% 0.5% 1.4% 0.9% 2002 2012 1.5% 2.3% 0.6% 1.3% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics Wesite, May 2013. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov) a Includes natural gas plant liquids, crude oil and lease condensate. Does not account for all inputs or refinery processing gain. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for memership.
1 5 During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States accounted for aout one-quarter of the world s petroleum consumption, ut since 2000 that share has een decreasing. In 2011 the United States accounted for only 21.6%. World petroleum consumption decreased in 2009 ut rose in 2010. Non-OECD consumption has continued to increase. Tale 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960 2012 (million arrels per day) Year United States U.S. share Total OECD a Total non-oecd World 1960 9.80 45.9% 15.78 5.56 21.34 1965 11.51 37.0% 22.81 8.33 31.14 1970 14.70 31.4% 34.69 12.12 46.81 1975 16.32 29.0% 39.14 17.06 56.20 1980 17.06 27.0% 41.87 21.25 63.12 1981 16.06 26.3% 39.60 21.36 60.95 1982 15.30 25.7% 37.87 21.68 59.55 1983 15.23 25.9% 37.00 21.78 58.78 1984 15.73 26.3% 37.90 21.89 59.80 1985 15.73 26.2% 37.70 22.39 60.08 1986 16.28 26.3% 38.83 22.99 61.82 1987 16.67 26.4% 39.59 23.51 63.11 1988 17.28 26.6% 40.92 24.05 64.98 1989 17.33 26.2% 41.62 24.47 66.09 1990 16.99 25.5% 41.78 24.77 66.55 1991 16.71 24.9% 42.25 24.96 67.21 1992 17.03 25.3% 43.28 24.10 67.38 1993 17.24 25.5% 43.72 23.87 67.59 1994 17.72 25.7% 44.95 23.98 68.93 1995 17.72 25.3% 45.44 24.69 70.13 1996 18.31 25.5% 46.57 25.15 71.71 1997 18.62 25.3% 47.34 26.12 73.46 1998 18.92 25.5% 47.53 26.59 74.12 1999 19.52 25.7% 48.56 27.32 75.88 2000 19.70 25.7% 48.54 28.24 76.78 2001 19.65 25.4% 48.57 28.91 77.48 2002 19.76 25.3% 48.55 29.62 78.17 2003 20.03 25.1% 49.23 30.48 79.71 2004 20.73 25.1% 50.09 32.48 82.57 2005 20.80 24.7% 50.43 33.64 84.08 2006 20.69 24.3% 50.13 35.01 85.14 2007 20.68 24.1% 50.00 35.91 85.91 2008 19.50 23.1% 48.34 36.16 84.50 2009 18.77 22.1% 46.31 38.45 84.76 2010 19.18 22.0% 46.94 40.43 87.36 2011 18.95 21.5% 46.49 41.76 88.25 2012 18.55 21.0% 45.90 42.41 88.31 Average annual percentage change 1960 2012 1.2% 2.1% 4.0% 2.8% 1970 2012 0.6% 0.7% 3.0% 1.5% 2002 2012-0.6% -0.6% 3.7% 1.2% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics Wesite, May 2013. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov) a Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for memership.
1 6 Figure 1.1. World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011 Tale 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011 Crude oil reserves (illion arrels) Petroleum production (million arrels per day) Petroleum consumption (million arrels per day) Consumption share Reserve share Production share United States 23.3 2% 9.1 11% 18.9 22% OPEC 1,064.8 72% 35.1 44% 10.2 12% Rest of world 385.7 26% 36.2 45% 57.9 66% Sources: Reserves Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, May 2013. Production Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, May 2013. Consumption Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, May 2013. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov) Note: Total consumption is higher than total production due to refinery gains including alcohol and liquid products produced from coal and other sources. OPEC countries include Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Araia, Angola, United Ara Emirates, Algeria, Liya, Nigeria, Indonesia, Gaon, and Ecuador.
1 7 Figure 1.2. World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011 Tale 1.6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011 (trillion cuic feet) Natural gas Reserve Natural gas Production Natural gas Consumption reserves share production share consumption share U.S. 304.6 4% 22.9 19% 24.4 20% OPEC 3,211.2 48% 20.9 18% 15.2 13% Rest of world 3,191.5 48% 73.7 63% 79.3 67% Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, 2013. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov) Note: Production data are dry gas production.
1 8 The share of petroleum imported to the United States can e calculated using total imports or net imports. Net imports, which are the preferred data, rose to over 50% of U.S. petroleum consumption for the first time in 1998, while total imports reached 50% for the first time in 1993. OPEC share of net imports has een elow 50% since 1993. Net imports as a share of consumption were under 40% in 2012 for the first time since 1991. Tale 1.7 U.S. Petroleum Imports, 1960 2012 (million arrels per day) Year Net OPEC a imports Net OPEC a share Net imports Net imports as a share of U.S. consumption Total imports 1960 1.31 81.3% 1.61 1.82 1965 1.48 64.7% 2.28 2.47 1970 1.34 42.5% 3.16 3.42 1975 3.60 59.5% 5.89 35.8% 6.06 1980 4.30 62.2% 6.36 37.3% 6.91 1981 3.32 55.4% 5.40 33.6% 6.00 1982 2.15 42.0% 4.30 28.1% 5.11 1983 1.86 36.9% 4.31 28.2% 5.05 1984 2.05 37.7% 4.72 29.9% 5.44 1985 1.83 36.1% 4.29 27.3% 5.07 1986 2.84 45.6% 5.44 33.4% 6.22 1987 3.06 45.8% 5.91 35.4% 6.68 1988 3.52 47.6% 6.59 38.0% 7.40 1989 4.14 51.4% 7.20 41.3% 8.06 1990 4.30 53.6% 7.16 42.2% 8.02 1991 4.09 53.7% 6.63 38.9% 7.63 1992 4.09 51.9% 6.94 40.9% 7.89 1993 4.27 49.6% 7.62 44.9% 8.62 1994 4.25 47.2% 8.05 45.7% 9.00 1995 4.00 45.3% 7.89 44.5% 8.84 1996 4.21 44.4% 8.50 46.4% 9.48 1997 4.57 45.0% 9.16 49.2% 10.16 1998 4.91 45.8% 9.76 51.6% 10.71 1999 4.95 45.6% 9.91 50.8% 10.85 2000 5.20 45.4% 10.42 52.9% 11.46 2001 5.53 46.6% 10.90 55.5% 11.87 2002 4.61 39.9% 10.55 53.4% 11.53 2003 5.16 42.1% 11.24 56.1% 12.26 2004 5.70 43.4% 12.10 58.4% 13.15 2005 5.59 40.7% 12.55 60.3% 13.71 2006 5.52 40.2% 12.39 59.9% 13.71 2007 5.98 44.4% 12.04 58.2% 13.47 2008 5.94 46.1% 11.11 57.0% 12.92 2009 4.78 40.9% 9.67 51.5% 11.69 2010 4.91 41.6% 9.44 49.2% 11.79 2011 4.56 39.6% 8.52 44.9% 11.50 2012 4.24 40.2% 7.41 39.9% 10.60 Average annual percentage change 1960 2012 2.3% 3.0% 3.4% 1970 2012 2.8% 2.0% 2.7% 2002 2012-0.8% -3.5% -0.8% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC, May 2013, Tale 3.3a. (Additional resources: www.eia.gov) a Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for memership. Data are not availale.
1 9 Just over half of the oil imported to the United States in 2012 was from the western hemisphere. Canada, Mexico, and Venezuela provided most of the oil from the western hemisphere, along with small amounts from Brazil, Columia, Ecuador, and the U.S. Virgin Islands (these countries are not listed separately). Tale 1.8 Imported Crude Oil y Country of Origin, 1973 2012 (million arrels per day) Other OPEC a countries Canada Mexico Russia Other non- OPEC countries Year Saudi Araia Venezuela Nigeria Total imports 1973 0.49 1.13 0.46 0.91 1.32 0.02 0.03 1.90 6.26 1975 0.71 0.70 0.76 1.42 0.85 0.07 0.01 1.52 6.06 1980 1.26 0.48 0.86 1.70 0.45 0.53 0.00 1.62 6.91 1981 1.13 0.41 0.62 1.17 0.45 0.52 0.00 1.70 6.00 1982 0.55 0.41 0.51 0.67 0.48 0.68 0.00 1.80 5.11 1983 0.34 0.42 0.30 0.80 0.55 0.83 0.00 1.81 5.05 1984 0.32 0.55 0.22 0.96 0.63 0.75 0.01 2.00 5.44 1985 0.17 0.60 0.29 0.76 0.77 0.82 0.01 1.64 5.07 1986 0.68 0.79 0.44 0.92 0.81 0.70 0.02 1.86 6.22 1987 0.75 0.80 0.53 0.97 0.85 0.65 0.01 2.10 6.68 1988 1.07 0.79 0.62 1.03 1.00 0.75 0.03 2.11 7.40 1989 1.22 0.87 0.82 1.23 0.93 0.77 0.05 2.17 8.06 1990 1.34 1.02 0.80 1.13 0.93 0.76 0.04 1.99 8.02 1991 1.80 1.03 0.70 0.55 1.03 0.81 0.03 1.67 7.63 1992 1.72 1.17 0.68 0.52 1.07 0.83 0.02 1.88 7.89 1993 1.41 1.30 0.74 0.82 1.18 0.92 0.05 2.19 8.62 1994 1.40 1.33 0.64 0.87 1.27 0.98 0.03 2.46 9.00 1995 1.34 1.48 0.63 0.55 1.33 1.07 0.02 2.41 8.83 1996 1.36 1.68 0.62 0.56 1.42 1.24 0.03 2.57 9.48 1997 1.41 1.77 0.70 0.69 1.56 1.39 0.01 2.63 10.16 1998 1.49 1.72 0.70 1.00 1.60 1.35 0.02 2.83 10.71 1999 1.48 1.49 0.66 1.33 1.54 1.32 0.09 2.95 10.85 2000 1.57 1.55 0.90 1.19 1.81 1.37 0.07 3.00 11.46 2001 1.66 1.55 0.89 1.43 1.83 1.44 0.09 2.98 11.87 2002 1.55 1.40 0.62 1.03 1.97 1.55 0.21 3.20 11.53 2003 1.77 1.38 0.87 1.14 2.07 1.62 0.25 3.15 12.26 2004 1.56 1.55 1.14 1.45 2.14 1.66 0.30 3.34 13.15 2005 1.54 1.53 1.17 1.36 2.18 1.66 0.41 3.87 13.71 2006 1.46 1.42 1.11 1.52 2.35 1.71 0.37 3.76 13.71 2007 1.48 1.36 1.13 2.00 2.45 1.53 0.41 3.09 13.47 2008 1.53 1.19 0.99 2.25 2.49 1.30 0.47 2.70 12.92 2009 1.00 1.06 0.81 1.90 2.48 1.21 0.56 2.66 11.69 2010 1.10 0.99 1.02 1.80 2.54 1.28 0.61 2.46 11.79 2011 1.19 0.95 0.82 1.59 2.80 1.21 0.62 2.32 11.50 2012 1.36 0.95 0.44 1.50 2.95 1.03 0.48 1.88 10.60 Sources: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC, May 2013, Tales 3.3c and 3.3d. (Additional resources: www.eia.gov) a Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for memership.
1 10 The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) egan in Octoer 1977 as a result of the 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act. Its purpose is to provide protection against oil supply disruptions. The U.S. consumed nearly 19 million arrels per day in 2012. At that rate of consumption, the SPR supply would last 37 days if used exclusively and continuously. Tale 1.9 Crude Oil Supplies, 1973-2012 Strategic Petroleum Reserve Other crude oil stocks a Total crude oil stocks U.S. petroleum consumption Numer of days the SPR would Year (Million Barrels) (million arrels per day) supply the U.S. 1973 0.0 242.5 242.5 17.3 0 1977 7.5 340.2 347.7 18.4 0 1978 66.9 309.4 376.3 18.8 4 1979 91.2 339.1 430.3 18.5 5 1980 107.8 358.2 466.0 17.1 6 1981 230.3 363.5 593.8 16.1 14 1982 293.8 349.7 643.6 15.3 19 1983 379.1 343.9 722.9 15.2 25 1984 450.5 345.4 795.9 15.7 29 1985 493.3 320.9 814.2 15.7 31 1986 511.6 331.2 842.8 16.3 31 1987 540.6 349.0 889.6 16.7 32 1988 559.5 330.4 889.9 17.3 32 1989 579.9 341.3 921.1 17.3 33 1990 585.7 322.7 908.4 17.0 34 1991 568.5 324.6 893.1 16.7 34 1992 574.7 318.1 892.9 17.0 34 1993 587.1 335.4 922.5 17.2 34 1994 591.7 337.2 928.9 17.7 33 1995 591.6 303.3 895.0 17.7 33 1996 565.8 283.9 849.7 18.3 31 1997 563.4 304.7 868.1 18.6 30 1998 571.4 323.5 894.9 18.9 30 1999 567.2 284.5 851.7 19.5 29 2000 540.7 285.5 826.2 19.7 27 2001 550.2 312.0 862.2 19.6 28 2002 599.1 277.6 876.7 19.8 30 2003 638.4 268.9 907.3 20.0 32 2004 675.6 285.7 961.3 20.7 33 2005 684.5 323.7 1,008.2 20.8 33 2006 688.6 312.3 1,000.9 20.7 33 2007 696.9 286.1 983.0 20.7 34 2008 701.8 325.8 1,027.7 19.5 36 2009 726.6 325.2 1,051.8 18.8 39 2010 726.5 333.4 1,060.0 19.2 38 2011 696.0 330.7 1,026.6 18.9 37 2012 695.3 365.0 1,060.3 18.6 37 Sources: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC, May 2013, Tales 3.1 and 3.4. (Additional resources: www.eia.gov) a Other crude oil stocks include stocks held y petroleum companies, as well as stocks of Alaskan crude oil in transit. Strategic Petroleum Reserves divided y U.S. consumption per day. This would only hold true if the SPR were the only oil used for that many days.
1 11 Major oil price shocks have disrupted world energy markets five times in the past 30 years (1973-74, 1979-80, 1990-91, 1999-2000, 2008). Most of the oil price shocks were followed y an economic recession in the United States. Figure 1.3. Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970 2012 Source: Greene, D.L. and N. I. Tishchishyna, Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Update, Oak Ridge National Laoratory, ORNL/TM-2000/152, Oak Ridge, TN, 2000, and data updates, 2012. (Additional resources: cta.ornl.gov/cta/pulications.shtml)
1 12 The United States has long recognized the prolem of oil dependence and the economic prolems that arise from it. According to Oak Ridge National Laoratory (ORNL) researchers Greene and Hopson, oil dependence is a comination of four factors: (1) a noncompetitive world oil market strongly influenced y the OPEC cartel, (2) high levels of U.S. imports, (3) the importance of oil to the U.S. economy, and (4) the lack of economical and readily availale sustitutes for oil. ORNL developed a model to estimate the historical cost of oil dependence and analyze the potential effectiveness of policies on likely future costs. The most recent study using this model shows that the U.S. economy suffered the greatest losses in 2008 when wealth transfer and GDP losses (comined) amounted to approximately half a trillion dollars. However, when comparing oil dependence to the size of the economy, the year 1980 is the highest. Oil dependence costs were almost 4.5% of GDP in 1980, ut were under 3.5% in 2008. In 2009, the average oil price fell to aout $60 per arrel and oil dependence costs fell to aout $300 illion for 2009 and 2010. Figure 1.4. Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, 1970 2010 Source: Greene, David L., Roderick Lee, and Janet L. Hopson, OPEC and the Costs to the U.S. Economy of Oil Dependence: 1970-2010, Oak Ridge National Laoratory Memorandum, 2011. Notes: Wealth Transfer is the product of total U.S. oil imports and the difference etween the actual market price of oil (influenced y market power) and what the price would have een in a competitive market. Dislocation Losses are temporary reductions in GDP as a result of oil price shocks. Loss of Potential Gross Domestic Product (GDP) results ecause a asic resource used y the economy to produce output has ecome more expensive. As a consequence, with the same endowment of laor, capital, and other resources, our economy cannot produce quite as much as it could have at a lower oil price.