Chapter 1 Accounting in action What is Accounting Accounting is the financial information system that consists of three basic activities-it identifies, records, and communicates the economic events of an organization to interested users. Identification Recording Communication s Identify economic event s Record,classify,and summarize Prepare accounting reports (transactions) Analyze and interpret for users Who uses accounting data? Internal users Internal users of accounting information are managers who plan,organize,and run the business.these include marketing managers,production supervisors,finance directors, and company officers. Managerial accounting provides internal reports to help users make decisions about their companies. Questions Asked by Internal Users Finance Marketing Human Resources Management Is cash sufficient to pay dividends to SAP shareholders? What price for product will maximize the company s net income? Can we afford to give employees pay raises this year? Which product line is the most profitable?should any product lines be eliminated? External users External users are individuals and organizations outside a company who want financial information about the company.the two most common types are investors and creditors.investors(owners) use accounting information to make decisions to buy,hold,sell ownership shares of a company.creditors(such as suppliers and bankers)use accounting information to evaluate the risks of granting credit or lending money. Financial accounting provides economic and financial information for investors,creditors,and other external users. Questions Asked by External Users Investors Investors Creditors Is that Company earning satisfactory income? How does A Company compare in size and profitability with B company? Will A company be able to pay its debts as they come due?
The Basic Accounting Equation Assets = Liabilities + Equity Assets-something that belongs to you or something you own. Current Assets(used within a year) -Cash -Accounts receivables(a/r)means you will receive the money from the customer in the future,it is an oral promise.a promise in spoken word only. -Notes receivables(n/r) is a written promise from customer that you will receive the money in the future. -Prepaid expenses are expense that are paid in advance.it means the money is paid before the expense actually happens. -Office Supplies Non-Current Assets(used for more than a year) -Building -Furniture -Vehicles -Land -Equipment Liabilities- something that does not belong to you or something that you owe. Current Liabilities(for less than a year) -Accounts Payables(A/P)are the opposite of Accounts Receivable.It means you will pay the money to the supplier in the future.it is also a promise made in spoken words only. -Notes Payables(N/P)are the opposite of Note Receivable.It is written promise to pay the money to the supplier in the future. -Interest Payables -Wages Payables -Tax Payables -Unearned Revenue mean to collect the money first and do the service later in the future. Non-Current Liabilities(for more than a year) -Mortgage Payable -Bank Loans Stockholder s Equity(the share holder s portion of the assets of company) Is the capital investment with which a company starts doing business. -Share capital(ordinary)is the amounts paid in by share holders for the ordinary shares they purchase.
-Retained Earning:revenues increase equity,expense decrease equity and Dividends decrease equity. Transaction Analysis :Transactions-business activities that involve the circulation of money,e.g. buying,selling,etc. Tran- Assets = Liabilities + Equity saction Accounts Accounts Share Retained Earnings Cash + Receivable + Supplies + Equipment = Payable + Capital + Rev. -Exp. -Div. 1 +15000 + 15000 2-7000 +7000 3 +1600 +1600 4 +1200 +1200 5 +250-250 6 +1500 +2000 +3500 7-1700 -600-900 -200 8-250 -250 9 +600-600 10-1300 -1300 Bal. 8050 + 1400 + 1600 + 7000 = 1600 + 15000 + 4700-1950 -1300 Transaction 18050 18050 1: Mr.A open a computer programming company as Softbyte Inc.On September 1,2014,he invests 1500$ cash in the business. 2:Softbyte Inc. purchases computer equipment for $7000 cash. 3:Softbyte Inc. purchases for $1600 from B Supply Company computer paper and agree that allow Softbyte to pay this bill in October. 4:Softbyte Inc. receives $1200 cash from customer for services it have provided. 5:Softbyte receives a bill for $250 for advertising but postpones payment until a later date. 6:Softbyte Inc. provides $3500 of services for customers.the company receives cash for $1500 and it bills the balance of $2000 on account. 7:Softbyte Inc. pays the following expenses in cash for September:rent $600,salaries $900,and utilities $200. 8:Softbyte Inc. pay its $250 advertising bill in cash.(in Transaction5). 9:Softbyte receives $600 in cash from customer who had been billed(in Transaction6) 10:the corporation pays a dividend $1300 in cash to Mr.A.
Financial Statements Softbyte Inc. Income statement For the month ended September 30,2014 Revenue Service revenue $4700 Expenses Salaries and wages expense $900 Rent expense 600 Advertising expense 250 Utilities expenses 200 Total expenses 1950 Net income $2750 Softbyte Inc. Retained Earnings Statement For the month ended September 30,2014 Retained earnings, September 1 $0 Add:Net income 2750 2750 Less:Dividends 1300 Retained earnings, September 30 $1450 Softbyte Inc. Statement of Financial Position September 30,2014 Assets Equipment $7000 Supplies 1600 Accounts Receivable 1400 Cash 8050 Total assets $18050 Equity and Liabilities Equity Share capital-ordinary $15000 Retained earnings 1450 $16450 Liabilities Accounts payable 1600 Total equity and liabilities $18050
Steps in Accounting: 1.Record the transaction 2.Classify into:-assets Liabilities Revenue Expense Common Stock Dividend,etc. 3.Prepare Financial Statement: -Income statement :to know profit or loss -Retained Earnings Statement:to know the capital situation of the company -Balance Sheet:A=L+SE 4.Interpret:to understand if the company is doing well or not and what can be done to improve the present situation to help make future decision. Chapter 2 The Recording Process The Account An accounting is an individual accounting record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liabilities, or equity item.in tis simplest from,an account consists of three parts : (1) a title, (2) a left or debit side, and (3) a right or credit side as a T-account. Left or debit side Assets Debit increase Credit decrease Title of Account Right or credit side Liabilities Debit decrease Credit increase Debit increase Expenses Credit decrease Share Capital-Ordinary Debit decrease Credit increase Retained Earnings Debit decrease Credit increase Debit increase Dividends Credit decrease Revenues Debit decrease Credit increase
Steps in the Recording Process Three basic steps in the recording process: 1.Analyze each transaction for its effects on the accounts. 2.Enter the transaction information in a journal. 3.transfer the journal in formation to appropriate accounts in the ledger. The Journal -is referred to as the book of original entry. Entering transaction data in the journal is known as journalizing. A complete entry consists of(1) the date of the transaction,(2) the accounts and amounts to be debited and credited,and (3) a brief explanation of the transaction. The Ledger the entire group of accounts maintained by a company The Trial balance is a list of accounts and their balance at a given time.the steps for preparing are (1)List the account titles and their balances,(2)total the debit and credit columns,and(3)prove the equality of the two columns. Example: A group of investors opened Laundromat Inc. on September 1,2014.During the first month of operations, the following transactions occurred. Sept. 1 Shareholders invested $200000 cash in the business. 2 Paid $10000 cash for store rent for the month September. 3 Purchased washers and dryers for $250000,paying $100000 in cash and signing a $150000,6 month,12% note payable. 4 Paid $ 12000 for a one year accident insurance policy. 10 Received a bill for advertising $2000. 20 Declared and paid a cash dividend to shareholders $7000. 30 Determined that cash receipts for laundry fees for the month were $62000. The chart of accounts are cash(101),accounts receivable(112),supplies(126),prepaid Insurance(130),Equipment(157),Accumulatede Depreciation-Equipment(158),Notes Payable(200),Accounts Payable(201),Unearned service revenue(209),salaries and wages payable(212),interest Payable(230),Share Capital-Ordinary(311),Retained Earnings(320),Dividends(332),Income Summary(350),Service Revenue(400),Advertising Expense(610),Supplies Expense(631),Depreciation Expense(711),Insurance Expense(722),Salaries and wages Expense(726),Rent Expense(729),Utilities Expense(732),and Interest Expense(905).
General Journal Date Account Titles and Explanation Ref. Debit Credit 2014 Sept.1 Cash 101 200000 Share Capital-Ordinary 311 200000 (Shareholders investment of cash in the business) 2 Rent Expense 729 10000 Cash 101 10000 (Paid September rent) 3 Equipment 157 250000 Cash 101 100000 Note Payable 200 150000 (Purchased laundry equipment for cash and 6 month,12% note payable) 4 Prepaid Insurance 130 12000 Cash 101 12000 (Paid one year insurance policy) 10 Advertising Expense 610 2000 Accounts Payable 201 2000 (Received bill for advertising) 20 Dividends 332 7000 Cash 101 7000 (Declared and paid a cash dividend) 30 Cash 101 62000 Service Revunue 400 62000 (Received cash for services provided) J1 General Ledger Cash No.101 Notes Payable No.200 Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance 2014 2014 Sep.1 J1 200000 200000 Sep.3 J1 150000 150000 2 J1 10000 190000 Accounts Payable No.201 3 J1 100000 90000 Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance 4 J1 12000 78000 2014 20 J1 7000 71000 Sep.10 J1 2000 2000 30 J1 62000 133000 Prepaid Insurance No.130 Share Capital-Ordinary No.311 Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance 2014 2014 Sep.4 J1 12000 12000 Sep.1 J1 200000 200000 Equipment No.157 Service Revenue No.400 Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance 2014 2014 Sep.3 J1 250000 250000 Sep.30 J1 62000 62000
Dividends No.332 Advertising Expense No.610 Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance 2014 2014 Sep.20 J1 7000 7000 Sep.10 J1 2000 2000 Rent Expense No.729 Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance 2014 Sep.2 J1 10000 10000 Laundromat Inc. Trial Balance September 30,2014 Debit Credit Cash $133000 Prepaid Insurance 12000 Equipment 250000 Notes Payable 150000 Accounts Payable 2000 Share Capital-Ordinary 200000 Dividends 7000 Service Revenue 62000 Advertising Expense 2000 Rent Expense 10000 $414000 $414000 Chapter 3 Adjusting the Accounts The Basics of Adjusting Entries Ensure that the revenue recognition and expense recognition principles are followed. An accounting year (Fiscal year)can start on other dates as well. 1)Adjusting entries are always prepared at the end of the present accounting period. 2) Adjusting entries are always prepared when a transaction affects 2 accounting periods,that is the present and future accounting periods. 3)Adjusting entries are prepared in order to know how much Revenue and Expenses belong to the present period and how belong to the future accounting period.
Types of Adjusting Entries Classified as either deferrals or accruals. Deferrals: 1.Prepaid expenses:expenses paid in cash before they are used or consumed. 2.Unearned revenues:cash received before service are performed. Accruals: 1.Accrued revenues:revenues for for services performed but not yet received in cash or recorded. 2.Accrued expenses:expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded. Adjusting Entries for Deferrals Deferrals are costs or revenues that are recognized at a date later than point when cash was originally exchanged. Prepaid Expenses Unadjusted Balance Asset Credit Adjusting Entry(-) Unearned Revenues Debit Adjusting Entry(+) Expense Debit Adjusting Entry(-) Liabilities Unadjusted Balance Adjusting Entries for Accruals Revenue Credit Adjusting Entry(+) This will increase both a statement of financial position and an income statement account. Accrued Revenues means Revenues for service performed but not yet recorded at the statement date are accrued revenues. Accrued Expenses means Expense incurred but not yet paid or recorded at the statement date. Accrued Revenues Debit Adjusting Entry(+) Asset Revenue Credit Adjusting Entry(+)
Accrued Expenses Debit Adjusting Entry(+) Expense Liabilities Credit Adjusting Entry(+) Chapter 4 Completing the Accounting cycle Using Worksheet Worksheet is a multiple-column form used in the adjustment process and in preparing financial statements. Steps in preparing worksheet 1)Prepare a trial balance on the worksheet 2)Enter the adjustments in the Adjustments columns 3)Enter adjusted balances in the adjusted trial balance columns 4)Extend adjusted trial balance amounts to appropriate financial statement columns to appropriate financial statement columns 5)Total the statement columns,compute the net income (or net loss),and complete the worksheet Preparing Financial Statements from a worksheet The income statement is prepared from the income statement columns. The statement of financial position and retained earnings statement are prepared from the statement of financial position columns. Preparing Adjusting Entries from a Worksheet The adjusting entries are prepared from the adjustments columns of the worksheet. Closing the Books At the end of the accounting period,the company makes the accounts ready for the next period. Temporary accounts relate only to a given accounting period and be closed at the end of the period. Permanent accounts relate to one or more future accounting periods and be not closed from period to period.
Preparing Closing Entries Directly from the adjusted balances in the ledger by following four entries accomplish the desired result more efficiently: 1)Debit each revenue account for its balance, and credit income summary for total revenues. 2)Debit income summary for total expenses,and credit each expense account for its balance. 3)Debit income summary and credit retained earnings for the amount of net income. 4)Debit retained earnings for the balance in the dividends account,and credit dividends for the same amount. Posting Closing Entries The post closing trial balance is to prove the equality of the permanent account balances carried forward into the next accounting period. Example Watson Answering Service Inc. Trial Balance August 31,2014 Debit Credit Cash $5400 Accounts Receivable 2800 Supplies 1300 Prepaid Insurance 2400 Equipment 60000 Notes Payable $40000 Accounts Payable 2400 Share Capital-Ordinary 30000 Dividends 1000 Service Revenue 4900 Salaries and wages Expense 3200 Utilities Expense 800 Advertising Expense 400 $77300 $77300 Other data: a).insurance expires at the rate of $200 per month. b).$1000 of supplies are on hand at August 31. c).monthly depreciation on the equipment is $900. d).interest of $500 in the notes payable has accrued during August.
Watson Answering Service Inc. Worksheet for the Month Ended August 31,2014 Trial Balance Adjustments Adjusted Trial Balance Income Statement Statement of Financial Position Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Cash 5400 5400 5400 AccountsReceivable 2800 2800 2800 Supplies 1300 (b)300 1000 1000 Prepaid Insurance 2400 (a)200 2200 2200 Equipment 60000 60000 60000 Notes Payable 40000 40000 40000 Accounts Payable 2400 2400 2400 ShareCapitalOrdinary 30000 30000 30000 Dividends 1000 1000 1000 Service Revenue 4900 4900 4900 Salaries and Wages Expense 3200 3200 3200 Utilities Expense 800 800 800 Advertising Expense 400 400 400 Totals 77300 77300 Insurance Expense (a)200 200 200 Supplies Expense (b)300 300 300 DepreciationExpense (c)900 900 900 Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment (c)900 900 900 Interest Expense (d)500 500 500 Interest Payable (d)500 500 500 Totals 1900 1900 78700 78700 6300 4900 72400 73800 Net loss 1400 1400 Totals 6300 6300 73800 73800
Watson Answering Service Inc. Statement of Financial Position August 31,2014 Assets Property,plant, and equipment Equipment $60000 Less:Accumulated depreciation-equipment 900 $59100 Current assets Prepaid insurance 2200 Supplies 1000 Accounts receivable 2800 Cash 5400 11400 Total assets $70500 Equity and Liabilities Equity Share capital-ordinary $30000 Retained earnings 2400 $27600 Non-Current Liabilities Notes payable 35000 Current liabilities Notes payable 5000 Accounts payable 2400 Interest payable 500 7900 Total equity and liabilities $70500 Aug.31 Service Revenue 4900 Income Summary 4900 (To Close revenue account) 31 Income Summary 6300 Salaries and Wages Expense 3200 Depreciation Expense 900 Utilities Expense 800 Interest Expense 500 Advertising Expense 400 Supplies Expense 300 Insurance Expense 200 (To Close net loss to retained earnings) 31 Retained Earnings 1400 Income Summary 1400 (To Close net loss to retained earnings) 31 Retained Earnings 1000 Dividends 1000 (To Close dividends to retained earnings)
Chapter 5 Accounting for purchase and sale of merchandise Merchandise business is engaged in the buying and selling of articles or goods. The articles they buy and sell are called merchandise. Anything we buy to use in the business is asset. Computation of discount (purchase discount or sales discount) (Purchase or sell - return) x FOB Shipping point means buyer must pay transportation or freight on merchandise purchased (freight in) FOB destination means seller is responsible for freight charges on sale of merchandise (delivery expense or freight out) TRANSACTIONS JOURNAL ENTRIES PERPETUAL SYSTEM PERIODIC SYSTEM Purchase Merchandise Merchandise Inventory Purchase Cash / Acc payable Cash / Acc Payable Return the merchandise Cash / Acc payable Merchandise Inventory Transportation charges On merchandise purchased Merchandise Inventory Cash / Acc payable Pay for merchandise within discount Acc Payable period Cash Merchandise Inventory Sell merchandise to customer 1.Cash / Acc receivable Sale 2. Cost of Goods Sold Merchandise Inventory (cost) Customer return the merchandise sold 2.Jornal entries Cash / Acc Payable Purchase Return And allowances Freight in or Transportation in Cash / Acc payable Acc payable Cash Purchase Discount 1. Journal entry only Cash / Acc Receivable Sale (Selling price) 1.Journal entry only 1.Sales Return and Allowance Cash / Acc payable (selling price) 1.Slaes return and Allowance Cash / Acc receivable Transportation charge on merchandise sold Collect account Receivable within discount period 2.Merchandise Inventory Cost of Goods Sold (cost) Delivery expense Cash / Account Payable Cash Sales Discount Acc Receivable (Freight out) Delivery Expense Cash /Account Payable Cash Sales Discount Acc Receivable
Chapter 6 Inventory is the stock of goods which a business keeps for sales. Ending inventory is the unsold stock of merchandise on the last day of an accounting period (usually December 31). The ending inventory of one year (December 31) is the beginning inventory (January 1) of the next year. Usually ending inventory comes from different purchase. So it is rather difficult to decide the cost of it. The business should include cost of ending inventory in the Income statement and balance sheet. If ending inventory is overstated. Then net income will be overstated under value ending inventory cost will understate net income. There are two main systems to compute cost of ending inventory. 1. Periodic system 2. Perceptual system Periodic system (a) First In first out (FIFO) (b) Weighted average method (c) Lower of cost or market price (LCM) method We must decide the cost of ending inventory. First we must find out the ending inventory in units. The following format we can to get the ending inventory in units. Date Details Units Unit Cost Total Cost Beginning Inventory 1 st purchase 2 nd purchase Less purchase return 3 rd purchase 4 th purchase Total Unit Unit Sold Ending Inventory (units) () () X Computation of units sold Units sold Units sold Less sales return (units) Total units sold ()
(a) First in first out Under this method merchandise purchased first will be sold first. So ending inventory comes from the last purchase (newest purchase) Cost of ending inventory Cost of goods sold = Total cost cost od ending inventory (b) Weighted average method Cost of ending inventory = x ending inventory (units) (c) Lower of cost or market price (LCM) method Under this method compute cost price of ending inventory and total market price. Compute both and take the lower one as the cost of ending inventory. Chapter 7 Bank Reconciliation Now a day almost all business units open bank account and deposit all the cash in the bank and make payments by check. But usually the bank account of cash balance may be differed from its own cash record in the business. Bank reconciliation statement is prepared by business to make the cash balance as per business records equal to its bank balance The common items causing the difference in cash balance as per business record and bank statement are; 1.Deposit in transit = Cash received by the business and given to bank for deposit, but the bank not yet recorded the deposit 2.Outstanding checks = These are check issued by the business but not yet paid by bank
3.Credit memo items =These are usually revenue items on which cash was collected by bank for the business and recorded in the deposit column of bank statement but these item are not yet recorded in the business records. 4.Debit memo items = These are expenses paid by bank on behalf of the business but not recorded in the business cash payment journal. 5.NSF cheque = This is a check received by the business from a customer, which is the given to the bank to collect cash from the bank of the customer. But the customers bank refuses to pay money on the check saying that there is not sufficient fund in the customer account 6.Stop order check = this is a check issued by the business, then later told the bank not to pat cash on that check but the bank paid cash by mistake Format of bank reconciliation statement Name of Business Bank Reconciliation As on.. 1)balance as per book X Add deposit in transit X X X X Less Outstanding Check No. X X (X) Adjusted Balance X 2)Balance as per book X Add credit memo items. X X X X Less debit memo items X X (X) X