Accrual Accounting Process
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1 Accrual Accounting Process Accounting Spring 2004 Professor S. Roychowdhury Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology Feb 17/18,
2 An accountant s functions include Classifying and summarizing, made easier by the repetitive nature of business transactions All repetitive transactions of the same nature are recorded and summarized in one account An account is a storage unit used to classify and summarize money measurements of business activity of a similar nature Each account has a title 2
3 T-Account Has two sides Debit means Left Credit means Right Created for each type of Asset Liability Stockholders equity 3
4 Recording changes in Assets and Liabilities Increases in assets are recorded on the left side of the T- account Decreases are recorded on the right side of the T-account Reverse for liabilities and stockholders equity Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders equity Assets are on the left side of the Balance Sheet Equation Liabilities and owners equity are on the right side 4
5 How does a T-account look like? Like a Capital T 5
6 Summary of T-account Rules Assets (cash, receivables, equipment) Increases Decreases Liabilities (loans payable) Decreases Increases Owners equity (contributed capital, retained earnings) Decreases Increases 6
7 About T-Accounts What is one major objective of financial statements? To provide information to users regarding the financial performance of a business Which T-account(s) includes the accountant s estimate of financial performance over a given accounting period? Retained earnings (includes current period income) Which financial statement provides the details of the financial performance over a given accounting period? Income statement How do we construct an income statement from the T-account for retained earnings? Not very easily! But we will try. 7
8 Components of stockholders equity Common Stock Retained Earnings Additional Expenses Revenue Capital Dividends 8
9 Why record expenses and revenues separately in various T-accounts? Retained Earnings Rent exp. 800 Salaries 650 Interest exp. 450 Salaries 1,000 Rent exp. 400 Dividends 2,000 Interest exp ,000 Sales revenue 1,100 Interest Income 3,000 Sales Revenue 200 Interest Income 4,500 Sales Revenue Sales Revenue (1, , ,500) 8,500 Interest Income (1, ) 1,300 Rent expense ( ) (1,200) Salaries expense ( ,000) (1,650) Interest expense ( ) (800) Net Income 6,150 9
10 Why record expenses and revenues separately in various T-accounts? Rent exp. 800 Salaries 650 Interest exp. 450 Salaries 1,000 Rent exp. 400 Dividends 2,000 Interest exp. 350 Retained Earnings Interest Expense Dividends 2,000 1,000 Sales revenue 1,100 Interest Income 3,000 Sales Revenue 200 Interest Income 4,500 Sales Revenue Sales Revenue 1,000 3,000 4,500 Interest Revenue Rent Expense , Salaries Expense 650 1,000 10
11 Why record expenses and revenues separately in various T-accounts? Interest Revenue 1, ,300 Sales Revenue 1,000 3,000 4,500 8,500 Interest Expense Rent Expense ,200 Dividends 2,000 Salaries Expense 650 1,000 1,650 11
12 Why record expenses and revenues separately in various T-accounts? Rent Exp. 1,200 Salaries Exp. 1,650 Interest Exp. 800 Dividends 2, ,000 Retained Earnings Interest Expense 800 Dividends 2,000 8,500 Sales Revenue 1,300 Interest Revenue 4,150 Salaries Expense Sales Revenue 1,000 8,500 3,000 4,500 8,500 Interest Revenue 1,100 1, ,300 Rent Expense 800 1, , ,000 1,650 1,650 12
13 Why record expenses and revenues separately? A Summary Revenues, expenses and dividends are temporary T- accounts Information on changes in retained earnings pertaining to a single accounting period is collected in these temporary accounts At the end of the accounting period, balances in these T- accounts are transferred to Retained Earnings The temporary accounts are set to zero at the end of an accounting period in order to start collecting information for the next period Revenues, expenses and dividend accounts are flow accounts Retained earnings is a stock account In fact, all balance sheet accounts are stock accounts 13
14 Recording expenses: A Summary Expenses decrease retained earnings. Decreases in retained earnings are recorded on the left side Expenses are recorded on the left side 14
15 Recording Revenues: A Summary Revenues increase retained earnings. Increases in retained earnings are recorded on the right side (Increase in) revenues are recorded on the right side Decrease in revenues are recorded on the left side 15
16 Recording Dividends: A Summary Dividends decrease retained earnings Therefore, treated similarly to expenses, but dividends is not an expense Dividends are recorded on the left side 16
17 Expenses and Revenues: Debits and Credits Retained earnings (in general) has a credit balance. Revenues have credit balance (before they are closed out) because they increase retained earnings Expenses and dividends have debit balance (before they are closed out) because they decrease retained earnings Can retained earnings have a debit balance? Yes, when cumulative earnings are less than cumulative dividends 17
18 The Ledger Accounts are collectively referred to as the ledger Types of accounts Balance Sheet accounts or real accounts or permanent accounts Income statement accounts or nominal accounts or temporary accounts, i.e., revenue, expenses, and dividends - all these are subdivisions of retained earnings 18
19 The Recording Process Journal entries Adjusting entries Posting to T-accounts Trial Balance Financial statement preparation 19
20 The Journal Journal contains a chronological record of the transactions of a business 20
21 1. Joe s Landscaping Service Joe contributes $10,000 in cash Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Cash Contributed Capital +$10,000 +$10,000 Journal Entry Dr Cash 10,000 Cr Contributed capital 10,000 21
22 2. The company borrows $3,000 from the bank Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Cash Loans Payable +$3,000 +$3,000 Journal Entry Dr Cash 3,000 Cr Loans payable 3,000 22
23 3. Company purchases equipment for $5,000 cash Assets = L + OE Cash Equipment -$5,000 +$5,000 Journal Entry Dr Equipment 5,000 Cr Cash 5,000 23
24 4. Company performs service for $12,000. The customer pays $8,000 in cash and promises to pay the balance at a later date. Assets = L + Owners Equity Cash Receivables Retained Earnings +$8,000 +$4,000 +$12,000 Journal Entry Dr Cash 8,000 Dr Accounts receivable 4,000 Cr Retained earnings (Revenue) 12,000 24
25 5. Company pays $9,000 for expenses (wages, interest, and maintenance) Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Cash Retained Earnings -$9,000 -$9,000 Journal Entry Dr Retained Earnings (Expenses) 9,000 Cr Cash 9,000 25
26 6. Company pays a dividend of $1,000 Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Cash Retained Earnings -$1,000 -$1,000 Journal Entry Dr Retained Earnings (Dividends) 1,000 Cr Cash 1,000 26
27 Posting to T-accounts CASH Dr 10,000 (1) 03,000 (2) 08,000 (4) 06,000 5,000 (3) 9,000 (5) 1,000 (6) Cr 27
28 Summary T-accounts Debit is Left Credit is Right Increases in Assets Debits Increases in liabilities Credits Increases in shareholders equity Credits Expenses are Debits Revenues are Credits Use balances from T-accounts to prepare financial statements at the end of a fiscal period 28
29 Adjusting entries: Recall four ways that recognition and cash do not coincide s Pay Cash Recognize Expense Balance Sheet Date Time Recognize Expense Pay Cash Balance Sheet Date Time 29
30 Adjusting entries: Recall four ways that recognition and cash do not coincide s Receive Cash Recognize Revenue Balance Sheet Date Time Recognize Revenue Receive Cash Balance Sheet Date Time 30
31 Accruals (Accrue Today, Cash Tomorrow) Accrued Wages Employees of Taylor Motor are paid at the end of each week. Payroll per day: $2,000 Weekly payroll: $10,000 (five working days) Taylor s year ends on December 31. Assume December 31, 2003 falls on a Tuesday On December 31, 2003 Taylor Motor has incurred wage expense for two days But will not pay it in cash until Friday, January 3,
32 Accruals (Accrue Today, Cash Tomorrow) Periodic adjustment on December 31 Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Wages Payable Retained Earnings +4,000-4,000 Dr Wage Expense (-RE) 4,000 Cr Wages Payable (+L) 4,000 Effect of omitting this journal entry? Liabilities are understated by $4,000 Retained earnings & Net income overstated by $4,000 32
33 Accruals (Accrue Today, Cash Tomorrow) What would you see on the balance sheet as of 12/31? Wages Payable $4,000 under Liabilities What would you see on the income statement for the year ended 12/31? Wage Expense of $520, Weeks x $10,000 per week Without the adjusting entry Wage expense would have been $4,000 less. Expense would have been understated Net income overstated 33
34 Accruals (Accrue Today, Cash Tomorrow) $10,000 paid on Jan. 3 of Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Cash Wages Payable Retained Earnings -10,000-4,000-6,000 Dr Wage Expense (-RE) 6,000 Dr Wages Payable (-L) 4,000 Cr Cash (-A) 10,000 What would be the balance in the T-account for Wage Expense on January 3rd? $6,000 34
35 Accruals (Accrue Today, Cash Tomorrow) Consider the $10,000 paid to the employees. Where and How would it show up in the financial statements? Cash Flow Statement Period 1 Period 2 Operating cash flow -10,000 Income Statement Wage expense (-RE) -4,000-6,000 35
36 Cost Expirations (Cash Yesterday, Accrual Today) Supplies Inventory During 1994 Deere and Company purchases (for cash) supplies in the form of spare parts to support the manufacture of farm machinery at a total cost of $700. The company began the year with $500 in the supplies account. Assets Cash Supplies = Liabilities + OE 36
37 Cost Expirations (Cash Yesterday, Accrual Today) On December 31, a count reveals that supplies in the amount of $300 remain on hand. Supplies Used = Beg. Inv. + Purchases - Ending Inventory = $500 + $700 - $300 = $900 Assets Supplies = L + Owners Equity Retained Earnings Dr Supplies Expense (-RE) 900 Cr Supplies Inventory (-A)
38 Cost Expirations (Cash Yesterday, Accrual Today) Supplies Account Beg bal Supplies expense Purchases 700 Ending Inv 300 Supplies expense of $900 is the adjusting entry and the corresponding debit is to Retained Earnings (i.e., expense on the income statement that affects retained earnings). The Ending Inventory of $300 appears on the balance sheet (and it serves as the ending inventory for the current fiscal period and beginning inventory for the following fiscal period). 38
39 Cost Expirations (Cash Yesterday, Accrual Today) What shows up in the cash flow statement? The cash paid during the year for purchase of supplies Operating outflow = $700 What shows up in the income statement? The cost of supplies consumed during the year Supplies expense = $900 What shows up in the balance sheet? Ending balance in Supplies of $300 39
40 Cost Expirations (Cash Yesterday, Accrual Today) Pre-received revenues Unearned revenue Fees received in advance Customer advances Subscription received in advance, etc. Time Warner receives $5,000 during 1994 for magazine subscriptions to be fulfilled during 1994 and Assume that as of the end of 1994 Time had fulfilled 60% of the subscriptions. 40
41 Cost Expirations (Cash Yesterday, Accrual Today) $5,000 received during 1994 Assets = Liabilities + OE Cash Unearned Revenue +5,000 +5,000 Dr Cash (+A) 5,000 Cr Unearned Revenue (+L) 5,000 What happens to this liability at the end of 1994? Decreases by 60% because Time Warner delivers magazines in
42 Cost Expirations (Cash Yesterday, Accrual Today) Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Unearned Revenue Retained Earnings -3,000 +3,000 Dr Unearned Revenue (-L) 3,000 Cr Subscription Revenue (+RE) 3,000 Effect of omitting this entry? Liabilities are overstated by $3,000 Retained earnings (income) understated by $3,000 42
43 Cost Expirations (Cash Yesterday, Accrual Today) Effect on financial statements? Operating cash inflow (+) +5,000 Subscription revenue (+RE) +3,000 +2,000 What do you see in the balance sheet as of 12/31/94? Liabilities: Unearned Revenue = $2,000 Represents the obligation for unfulfilled journal subscriptions. 43
44 Summary Accrual accounting can be confusing! Understand the logic behind it and it will be clear. 44
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