References Axia, G. (1996). How to persuade mum to buy a toy. First Language, 16, 301-317. Axia, G., & Baroni, M. R. (1985). Linguistic politeness at different age levels. Child Development, 56, 918-927. Bate, E. (1976). Language and contexts: The acquisition of pragmatics. New York: Academic Press. Bernicot, J., & Mahrokhain, A. (1989). Asking and insisting after a refusal: How do 6 立 政 治 to 7-year-olds proceed? International Journal of Psychology, 24, 409-428. Bearison, D. J., & Cassel, T. Z. (1975). Cognitive decentration and social codes: 大 Communicative effectiveness in young children from differing family contexts. 國 Developmental Psychology, 11, 29 36. 學 Bearison, D., & Gass, S. T. (1979). Hypothetical and practical reasoning: Children's National Chengch persuasive appeals in different social contexts. Child Development, 50, 901-903. Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1984). Request and apologies: Cross-cultural study i University of speech act realization patterns. Applied Linguistic, 15(3), 196-213. Blum-Kulka, S. (1987). Indirectness and politeness in requests: Same or Different? Journal of Pragmatics, 11, 131-146. Blum-Kulka, S. (1989). Playing it safe: The role of conventionality in indirectness. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House, & G. Kasper (Eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics: Request and apologies (pp. 37-70). Norwood, NJ. : Ablex. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bruner, J. (1983). Child s talk: Learning to use language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 89
90 Chen, Y. P. (2003). A functional analysis of children's requests in mother-child conversation. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. National Chengchi University. Clark, E. (2005). First language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chandler, M. J. (1977). A selective review of current research. In W. F. Overton & J. M. Gallagher (Eds.), Knowledge and development, vol. 1. New York and London: Plenum Press. Clark, R. A., & Delia, J. G. (1976). The development of functional persuasive skills in childhood and early adolescence. Child Development, 47, 1008-1014. De Villiers, J. C., & de Villier, P. A. (1979). Language acquisition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Dimitracopoulou, I. (1990). Conversational competence and social development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dunn, J. (1996). Arguing with siblings, friends, and mothers: developments in relationships and understanding. In D. I. Slobin, J. Gerhardt, A. Kyratzis, & J, Guo (Eds.), Socail interaction, social context, and language: Essays in honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp (pp. 191-204). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ervin-Tripp, S., Guo, J., & Lampert, M. (1990). Politeness and persuasion in children's control acts. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 307-331. Flavell, J. H., Botkin, P. I., Fry, C. L., Wright, J. W., & Jarvis, P. E. (1968). The development of role-taking and communication skills in children. New York: Wiley. Forrester, M. A. (1992). The development of young children's social-cognitive. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. Garvey, C. (1974). Requests and responses in children's speech. Journal of Child Language, 2, 41-63. Garvey, C. (1984). Children s talk. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
91 Gordon, D., & Ervin-Tripp, S. (1984). The structure of children s requests. In R. L. Schiefelbus & J. Pickar (Eds.), The acquisition of communicative competence. Maryland: University Park Press. Haslett, B. B., & Samter, W. (1997). Children communicating: The first 5 years. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. Higgins, E. T. (1979). Role taking and social judgment: Alternative developmental perspective and process. In J. H. Flavell, & L. Ross (Eds.), Social cognitive development (pp. 119-153). London: Cambridge University Press. House, J., & Kasper, G. (1988). Politeness markers in English ad German. In F. Coulmas (Eds.), Conversational routine (pp. 157-185). New York: Mouton. Hsiao, H. C. (1999). A development study of polite register in school-age children s request. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Fu-Jen Catholic University. Hsu, J. H. (1996). A study of the stages of development and acquisition of Mandarin Chinese by children in Taiwan. Taipei: the Crane Publishing. Hymes, D. H. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293) Baltimore: Penguin. Jones, D. C. (1985). Persuasive appeals and responses to appeals among friends and acquaintances. Child Development, 56, 757-763. Kasper, G. (1990). Linguistic politeness: Current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 193-218. Ke, P. H. (2006). Communicative repair of young children. Unpublished M. A. Thesis. National ChengKung University. Labov, W., & Fanshel, D. (1977). The therapeutic discourse. London: Academic Press. Lakoff, R. (1973). The logic of politeness: Or, minding your p s and q s. Chicago Linguistic Society, 9, 292-305.
92 Langford, D., (1978). The clarification request sequence in conversation between mothers and the children, In P. French & M. Mac lure (Eds.), Adult-child conversation (pp. 159-174). London: Croom Helm. Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. New York: Longman. Levin, E. A., & Rubin, K. H. (1984). Getting others to do what you want them to do: the development of children s requesitve strategies. In K. E. Nelson (Eds.), Children s language volume 4. Hillsdale, R. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Li, J. Y. (1989). Major social variables and their realization patterns of request in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished M. A. Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University. Lubin, D., & Whiting, B. (1977). Learning technique of persuasion: An analysis of sequences of interaction. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the society for research in Child Development. New Orleans, March. Marcos, H. (1991). Reformulation request at 18 months: Gestures, vocalizations and words. First Language, 11, 361-375. Marcos, H., & Bernicot, J. (1994). Addressee co-operation and request reformulation in young children. Journal of Child Language, 21, 677-692. Marcos, H., & Chanu, M. K. (1992). Learning how to insist and clarify in the second year: Reformulation of request in different contexts. Interactional Journal of Behavioral Development, 15(3), 359-376. McTear, M. (1985). Children s conversation. New York: Blackwell. Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B. (1984). Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implication. In R. A. Schweder & R. Le Vine (Eds.), Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self and Emotion (pp. 276-322). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Piaget, J. (1959). The language and thought of the child. New York: The Humanities
93 Press. Piche, G., Rubin, D. L., & Michelin, M. L. (1978). Age and social class in children's use of persuasive communicative appeals. Child Development, 49, 773-780. Robinson, E. J. (1981). The child's understanding of inadequate messages and communication failure: A problem of ignorance or egocentrism. In W. P. Dickson (Eds.), Children s oral communication skills (pp. 167-188). New York: Academic Press. Schiefelbusch, R. L., & Pickar, J. (1984). The acquisition of communicative competence. Baltimor: University Park Press. Shatz, M., & Gelman, R. (1973). The development of communicative skills: Modification in the speech of young children as a function of listener. Monographs of the society of research in child development, 38, 5, Chicago: University of Chicago press. Shatz, M., Wellman, H. M., & Silber, S. (1983). The acquisition of mental verbs: A systematic investigation of the first reference to mental state. Cognition, 14, 301-322. Selman, R. L. (1971). Taking another s perspective: role-taking development in early childhood. Child Development, 42, 1721-34. Selman, R. L. (1976). Social-cognitive understanding: A guide to educational and clinical practice. In T. Lickona (Eds.), Moral development and behavior. New York: Reinhart and Winston. Selman, R. L., & Byrne, D. F. (1974). A structural-developmental analysis of levels of role taking in middle childhood. Child Development, 45, 803-806. Spilton, D., & Lee, L. C. (1977). Some determinants of effective communication in for-year-olds. Child Development, 48, 968-977. Tsai, I. N. (2002). Repetition in spoken Chinese. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, National
94 Taiwan University. Weiss, D., & Sachs, J. (1991). Persuasive strategies used by preschool children. Discourse Process, 14, 55-72. Wilkinson, L. C., Wilkinson, A. C., Spinelli, F., & Chiang, C. P. (1984). Metalinguistic knowledge of pragmatic rules in school-age children. Child Development, 55, 2130-2140.