Forest management and silviculture in the north balancing future needs Stjørdal, Norway, August 6-8, 2011 Sustainable use of forests in Upper Lapland A case study Mikko Hyppönen Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla)
Responsible researchers Anssi Ahtikoski Ville Hallikainen Timo Helle Mikko Hyppönen Mikko Jokinen Arto Naskali Seija Tuulentie Martti Varmola Eero Vatanen
Partners of Metla University of Lapland University of Oulu University of Joensuu University of Jyväskylä University of Tampere University of Helsinki Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute (RKTL) Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) University of Applied Sciences in Rovaniemi (RAMK)
Background Conflicts between different sources of livelihood and land-use forms in northern Lapland forestry and forest industry reindeer husbandry nature-based tourism collection of forest berries and mushrooms nature conservation
Study area Utsjoki Enontekiö Inari Figure: K. Mikkola
Forest land use in the Inari pilot area Land use Forest land Pine dominated forest land ha % ha % In forestry use 252 002 49 224 416 55 Not in forestry use 262 376 51 182 486 45 Total 514 378 100 406 902 100 Source: Metsähallitus
The aim of the study To find out whether different sources of livelihood can be practiced in a sustainable way in the same area at the same time. To develop sustainable practices, methods and alternatives that promote the integration of different forms of forest use in northernmost Finnish Lapland.
Timetable and sub-projects 1 Economic importance of livelihoods M. Hyppönen 2 Cultural importance of livelihoods S. Tuulentie M. Jokinen V. Hallikainen 3 Relationships between forestry and reindeer herding T. Helle 4 Sustainability of livelihoods A. Naskali M. Hyppönen Pilotphase 5 Sustainable production strategies M. Varmola A. Ahtikoski Advisory group from stakeholders 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Multidiciplinary methods Great variety of methods were used in the analyses of ecological, economic, sociological, and cultural studies: - general and generalized linear modelling, - input-output analyses, - qualitative interviews, - inquiries, - simulations (Motti-simulator), and - multi-criteria decision support (HIPRE) methods.
Production model alternatives The alternate production models were based on different areal cutting levels: 300 000 m 3 year -1 150 000 m 3 year -1 115 000 m 3 year -1 80 000 and m 3 year -1 10 000 m 3 year -1.
Results - Importance of nature-based livelihoods for the local economy Branch Total output M Total gross effects M Employment man-yr Gross employment man-yr Reindeer husbandry 4.0 7.5 217 240 Metsähallitus, forestry 5.9 11.7 91 132 Private forestry 3.1 5.4 32 47 Wood industry 5.1 8.4 37 66 Metsähallitus, Natural Heritage Services 3.2 7.1 38 65 Tourism 56.5 107.4 703 1053
Results - Satisfaction toward present landuse distribution 100 % No opinion 80 % 100 % Too much 60 % 40 % 80 % 60 % 40 % Adequately 20 % 20 % 0 % 0 % Too little Erämaita Ls-alueita Porolaitumia Metsätalousmaita Liian vähän Sopivasti Liian paljon Ei osaa sanoa Wilderness Erämaita Nature conservation Ls-alueita area Porolaitumia Reindeer pasture Metsätalousmaita Land for forestry Liian vähän Sopivasti Liian paljon Ei osaa sanoa V. Hallikainen et al. 2006
Greenpeace EU Suomen Ls. liitto Metsät. sidosryhmät Eduskunta Paikall. ls.yhdistys Paliskunnat Saamelaiskäräjät Kunta Paikalliset ihmiset Results - Right to take part in land-use decision making in Inari % Cannot say 100 80 Very much Rather much Ei osaa sanoa 60 40 20 A little Not at all Hyvin paljon Jokseenkin paljon Hiukan Ei lainkaan 0 Local Local people people Municipality V. Hallikainen et al. 2006 Sámi Parliament Reindeer owners' associations Local nature conservation ass. Parliament Forestry stakeholders The Finnish Ass. for Nature Conservation EU Greenpeace
Results - Reindeer lichen models - Kainuu No pasturing Pasturing Lichen biomass kg ha -1 Development class Development class
Jäkäläbiomassa, kg/ha Results - Biomass models for reindeer lichens - examples of the affecting factors in Upper Lapland Site type Lichen biomass, kg ha -1 Development class Lichen biomass kg ha -1 400 600 350 500 300 400 250 300 200 150 200 100 100 50 0 Moist Dryish Dry 0 Sapling stand Thinning stand Mature stand Moist Dryish
milj. euro Results - Effect of forest treatment alternatives on the local economy gross effect of forest sector 600 555 500 476 400 410 Present level (vv. 2005-2007) 331 300 250 200 100 0 VE 1 VE 2 VE 3 VE 4 VE 5 Ahtikoski et al. 2009
milj. euro Results - Effect of forest treatment alternatives on the local economy gross effect of reindeer husbandry 600 500 400 300 200 100 110 113 114 115 118 Present level ( 2005-2007) 0 VE 1 VE 2 VE 3 VE 4 VE 5 Ahtikoski et al. 2009
Results: HIPRE - Three typical groups 0.8 Group Ryhmä 11 Typical - Tyypillinen result tulos 0.8 Group Ryhmä 2 Typical 2 - Tyypillinen result tulos 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 VE 1 VE 2 VE 3 VE 4 VE 5 0 VE 1 VE 2 VE 3 VE 4 VE 5 Understanding Biodiversity Use of nature Sámi reindeer culture Employment Local economy 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Group Ryhmä 3 Typical 3 - Tyypillinen result tulos VE 1 VE 2 VE 3 VE 4 VE 5
Results The project produced new information about the relationships of the livelihoods, local economic effects of the livelihoods, factors affecting sustainability of the livelihoods, the opinions of the inhabitants, tourists, and stakeholders The project generated instruments usable in corresponding conflict situations.
Conclusions 1 - Well-executed interactive and participatory planning of natural resources is, in spite of its problems and weaknesses, a good and necessary means for resource management. - Shortcomings in knowledge exists a lot. - Multi-criteria decision analysis is a useful approach to evaluate the economic, ecological, social, and cultural aspects of the intense conflict. - Forest management treatments which lessen disadvantages to reindeer herding should be further studied and developed.
Conclusions 2 Achievement of consensus is worth reaching from the viewpoints of diversity of livelihoods, local economy and inhabitants communality. Forests in Upper Lapland can be used in a sustainable way taking into account different livelihoods, Sámi culture, biological diversity, and recreation possibilities. The achievement of consensus prevails in that the sides of conflicting parties are willing to compromise.
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