Urban Wildlife Conservation

Urban Wildlife Conservation

Robert A. McCleery Christopher E. Moorman M. Nils Peterson Editors Urban Wildlife Conservation Theory and Practice 1 3

Editors Robert A. McCleery Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida M. Nils Peterson Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina Christopher E. Moorman Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina ISBN 978-1-4899-7499-0 ISBN 978-1-4899-7500-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-7500-3 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014949794 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science + Business Media (www.springer.com)

Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Robert A. McCleery, Christopher E. Moorman and M. Nils Peterson 2 History of Urban Wildlife Conservation... 11 Lowell W. Adams 3 Urban Wildlife Science in Coupled Human Natural Systems... 33 Michael W. Strohbach, Paige S. Warren and M. Nils Peterson 4 Abiotic Drivers of Ecological Structure and Function in Urban Systems... 55 Kirsten Schwarz, Dustin L. Herrmann and Melissa R. McHale 5 Drivers of Vegetation Species Diversity and Composition in Urban Ecosystems... 75 Anna L. Johnson and Christopher M. Swan 6 The Urban System: Social Drivers... 91 Charles Nilon 7 Wildlife Responses to Urbanization: Patterns of Diversity and Community Structure in Built Environments... 103 Nancy E. McIntyre 8 Wildlife Population Dynamics in Urban Landscapes... 117 Amanda D. Rodewald and Stanley D. Gehrt 9 Urban Wildlife Behavior... 149 Amy M. Ryan and Sarah R. Partan 10 Infectious Disease and Contaminants in Urban Wildlife: Unseen and Often Overlooked Threats... 175 Seth P. D. Riley, Laurel E. K. Serieys and Joanne G. Moriarty v

vi Contents 11 Urban Wildlife Communication and Negotiation... 217 Susan K. Jacobson, Dara M. Wald, Nia Haynes and Ryo Sakurai 12 Integrating Wildlife Conservation into Urban Planning... 239 George R. Hess, Christopher E. Moorman, Janette Thompson and Courtney L. Larson 13 Conservation Development: Designing and Managing Residential Landscapes for Wildlife... 279 Mark Hostetler and Sarah Reed 14 Managing Urban Wildlife Habitat at the Local Scale... 303 Christopher E. Moorman 15 Wildlife Friendly Roads: The Impacts of Roads on Wildlife in Urban Areas and Potential Remedies... 323 Seth P. D. Riley, Justin L. Brown, Jeff A. Sikich, Catherine M. Schoonmaker and Erin E. Boydston 16 Managing Aquatic Environments for Wildlife in Urban Areas... 361 Steven J. Price, Joel W. Snodgrass and Michael E. Dorcas 17 Wildlife Damage Management in the Urban Landscape... 389 David Drake Index... 403

Contributors Lowell W. Adams Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, Erin E. Boydston U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, Justin L. Brown Santa Monica Mountains, National Recreation Area, Thousand Oaks, CA, Michael E. Dorcas Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, David Drake Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, Stanley D. Gehrt School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Nia Haynes Department Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Dustin L. Herrmann Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, George R. Hess Department of Forestry & Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, Mark Hostetler Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Susan K. Jacobson Department Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Anna L. Johnson Department of Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, Courtney L. Larson Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Robert A. McCleery Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Melissa R. McHale Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, vii

viii Contributors Nancy E. McIntyre Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, Christopher E. Moorman Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, Joanne G. Moriarty Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, CA, Charles Nilon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, Sarah R. Partan School of Cognitive Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, M. Nils Peterson Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, Steven J. Price Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, Sarah Reed Wildlife Conservation Society North America Program, Bozeman, MT, Seth P. D. Riley Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, CA, Amanda D. Rodewald Cornell Lab of Ornithology and Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, Amy M. Ryan Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, Ryo Sakurai Department Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Catherine M. Schoonmaker Santa Monica Mountains, National Recreation Area, Thousand Oaks, CA, Kirsten Schwarz Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, Laurel E. K. Serieys Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, South, Los Angeles, CA, Jeff A. Sikich Santa Monica Mountains, National Recreation Area, Thousand Oaks, CA, Joel W. Snodgrass Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD,

Contributors ix Michael W. Strohbach Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Department of Geography, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany Christopher M. Swan Department of Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, Janette Thompson Iowa State University, Ames, Dara M. Wald Department Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Paige S. Warren Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst,

About the Editors Robert A. McCleery is an Assistant Professor in the department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Biology at the University of Florida. His research focuses understand how wildlife responds to anthropogenic changes to their environment and finding ways to maintain wildlife communities and populations that foster healthy ecosystems. Much of Bob s work has been centered on mammalian conservation in urbanizing and agricultural landscapes. Bob received his B.S. from Cornell University and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Texas A&M University. Additional information about his research, teaching, and outreach activities can be viewed on his web page: http://www.wec.ufl.edu/faculty/mccleery/. Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Christopher E. Moorman is Professor and Coordinator of the Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program at North Carolina State University (NCSU). His research focuses on global change and wildlife with emphasis on understanding the effects of human-induced landscape change on wildlife habitat. Chris developed the course Urban Wildlife Management at NCSU, published a 4-part extension publication series on backyard and urban wildlife management, and led collaborative efforts to create the Going Native website (http://ncsu.edu/ goingnative/), an interactive resource for those interested in landscaping for wildlife with native plants. Chris received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Georgia, and his Ph.D. from Clemson University. Additional information about his research, teaching, and outreach activities can be viewed on his web page: http:// www4.ncsu.edu/~moorman/. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, M. Nils Peterson is an Associate Professor of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology at North Carolina State University. His research focuses on unravelling the drivers of environmental behavior, using environmental education, conservation development, environmental conflict, and environmental policy making as natural experiments to test hypotheses. Much of this research is summarized in his recent book The Housing Bomb. Nils received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Texas A&M University, and his Ph.D. from Michigan State University. Additional information about his research, teaching, and service activities is on his web page: http://www4. ncsu.edu/~mnpeters/index.htm. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, xi