«EMR of helicopter electrical power system for its management in different operating modes»

EMR 13 Lille Sept. 2013 Summer School EMR 13 Energetic Macroscopic Representation «EMR of helicopter electrical power system for its management in different operating modes» Dr. Nathalie DEVILLERS, Pr. Marie-Cécile PERA, Dr. Frédéric Gustin FEMTO-ST, University of Franche-Comté Nathalie.Devillers@femto-st.fr

- Context - 2 Research program - supported by the Direction Générale de l Armement (French government defense agency) - in partnership with : Eurocopter (an EADS company) Cirtem (expert on power converters) Study of Electrical Power System in a More Electrical Aircraft (helicopter) Helicopter Electrical Power System = Aims : - study a new electrical architecture - evaluate an energy management strategy - develop and test a full-scale prototype System for electrical production, conversion, distribution and storage aboard the aircraft

- Outline - 1. Helicopter electrical architecture Classic / more electrical architecture Aims of more electrical architecture Different operating modes EMR : tool for model organization 3 2. Energetic Macroscopic Representation of an helicopter EPS Devices : S/G, BAT, SCAP, DC buses EMR of the whole EPS 3. Maximal Control Structure of an helicopter EPS Devices : S/G, BAT, SCAP, DC buses MCS of the whole EPS Energy management of EPS 4. Simulation of helicopter EPS modelling with Matlab Simulink

EMR 13 Lille Sept. 2013 Summer School EMR 13 Energetic Macroscopic Representation «Helicopter electrical architecture»

- Classic Electrical Power System - 5 Classic AC architecture as helicopter EPS : Engine D. Bienaimé, «Modeling and energy management of an electrical power system for aeronautic auxiliary supply», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, December 19th 2012. S Gearbox G AC Bus ~ = DC Bus Source2 Load2 Load1 - AC bus : three-phase network - DC bus connected to AC bus with Transformer Rectifier Unit (TRU) - Independent starting system - One energy source per bus (no source in parallel) - Unidirectional power flows (sources and loads)

- More Electrical Power System - 6 More electrical architecture as helicopter EPS : Gearbox Engine ESS S/G1 S/G2 Load1 ACC SCAP ~ ~ = = = = = = DC Bus 1 = = DC Bus 2 Source2 Load2 D. Bienaimé, «Modeling and energy management of an electrical power system for aeronautic auxiliary supply», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, December 19th 2012. J. Asensio-Sauto, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, N. Devillers, M.L. Grojo, «Scalable modeling approach for assessing helicopter DC electrical power system performances», European Conference on Electrical Power and Applications (EPE), Lille, France, September 2013. - Two DC buses connected with a bidirectional chopper - Starter/Generator system - S/G1 = APU - S/G2 = main S/G - Generators and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) connected to the DC bus1 with converters - Bidirectional power flows

- Aims of a more electrical aircraft - 7 Objectives : - Warranty network stability and quality and the energy availability - Reduce the embedded weight - Meet the growing energetic requirements of the aircraft - Optimize the global energetic efficiency Methods : - Control of bus voltages through the different sources in all operation modes - Reduction of the filters - Addition of Energy Storage Systems - Management of the energy flows by balancing the energetic requirements of the loads between the different sources according to their characteristics (energy or power source, Energy Storage System or Starter/Generators, )

- Energy management in different operating modes - 8 Starting modes : Degraded operation modes :

- EMR : tool for modeling organization - 9 No source is always connected to the network No source can set its voltage to the remaining system All the sources must be considered as a current source load1 I load1 S/G1 I bus_sm1 BAT I bus_bat I bus_sm2 S/G2 SCAP I bus_scap Go to bus2 I dc1 I c DC bus1

10 «Energetic Macroscopic Representation of an helicopter Electrical Power System»

- EMR of a Starter/Generator and its converter - Starter/Generator and its converter: turbine gear box synchronous machine AC/DC converter T turb1 T gear1 I sm1 T sm1 V conv1 I bus_sm1 11 D. Bienaimé, N. Devillers, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, A. Berthon et M. Hopdjanian, «Energetic Macroscopic Representation of an electric network embedded in an aircraft», IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Chicago, USA, September 2011. Ω turb1 Ω shaft1 E sm1 T turb1 T gear1 Ω shaft1 E sm1 I sm1 I bus_sm1 SM Ω turb1 Ω shaft1 T sm1 I sm1 V conv1 m conv1 where :

Battery and its converter : I bus_bat chopper 1 - EMR of the battery and its converter - I BAT battery 12 D. Bienaimé, N. Devillers, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, A. Berthon, M.L. Grojo, «Energetic Macroscopic Representation as an efficient tool for energy management in a hybrid electrical system embedded in a helicopter», Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship propulsion (ESARS), Bologna, Italy, October 2012. V chop1 V BAT V chop1 I BAT I bus_bat I BAT V BAT m chop1 where model parameters are dependent on SOC and temperature N. Devillers, «Characterization and modeling of storage components», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, France, November 29th 2012.

- EMR of the supercapacitor pack and its converter - Supercapacitor pack and its converter : I bus_scap chopper 2 supercapacitors I SCAP 13 D. Bienaimé, N. Devillers, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, A. Berthon, M.L. Grojo, «Energetic Macroscopic Representation as an efficient tool for energy management in a hybrid electrical system embedded in a helicopter», Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship propulsion (ESARS), Bologna, Italy, October 2012. V chop2 V SCAP V chop2 I SCAP I bus_scap I SCAP V SCAP m chop2 where model parameters are dependent on voltage and temperature N. Devillers, S. Jemei, M.C. Péra, D. Bienaimé, F. Gustin, «Review of characterization methods for supercapacitor modelling», Journal of Power Sources 246 (2014) 596-608.

V source2 «EMR of helicopter Electrical Power System (EPS)» - EMR of the DC buses and DC/DC converter - DC buses and the DC/DC converter : source 2 load 2 DC bus 2 DC/DC converter I source2 V bus2 I load2 I dc2 I bus2 I dc1 V dc2 DC bus 1 I c load1 I load1 14 D. Bienaimé, «Modeling and energy management of an electrical power system for aeronautic auxiliary supply», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, December 19th 2012. V bus2 I load2 I load1 V source2 I source2 I bus2 V bus2 I dc2 I dc1 I source2 V bus2 I c V bus2 I dc2 V dc2 m dcdc

- Helicopter Electrical Power System - turbine gear box synchronous machine AC/DC converter DC bus 1 load1 D. Bienaimé, T turb1 I sm1 I «Modeling and bus_sm1 energy management of an electrical T gear1 T sm1 I I power system for V c load1 conv1 aeronautic auxiliary supply», Ph.D. thesis Ω turb1 of University of E sm1 Franche-Comté, Ω shaft1 Belfort, December 19th 2012. 15 T turb2 T gear2 T sm2 I sm2 V conv2 I bus_sm2 I bus_bat chopper 1 battery Ω turb2 Ω shaft2 E sm2 V chop1 I BAT V BAT source 2 load 2 DC bus 2 DC/DC converter chopper 2 supercapacitors I load2 I dc1 I bus_scap I source2 I dc2 I SCAP V source2 V bus2 I bus2 V dc2 V chop2 V SCAP

- EMR of the helicopter Electrical Power System - EMR of the helicopter EPS: 16 T turb1 T gear1 Ω shaft1 E sm1 I sm1 I bus_sm1 I load1 V chop1 I BAT SM Ω turb1 Ω shaft1 T sm1 I sm1 V conv1 I bus_bat I BAT V BAT m conv1 m chop1 T turb2 T gear2 Ω shaft2 E sm2 I sm2 I bus_sm2 SM Ω turb2 Ω shaft2 T sm2 I sm2 V conv2 m conv2 I c I bus_scap V chop2 I SCAP m chop2 I SCAP V SCAP V bus2 I load2 V source2 I source2 I bus2 V bus2 I dc2 I dc1 5 converters => 5 control parameters I source2 V bus2 V bus2 I dc2 V dc2 m dcdc D. Bienaimé, «Modeling and energy management of an electrical power system for aeronautic auxiliary supply», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, December 19th 2012.

17 «Maximal Control Structure of an helicopter Electrical Power System»

- Maximal Control Structure of the helicopter EPS - MCS of Starter/Generators: 18 SM T turb1 Ω turb1 T gear1 Ω shaft1 Ω shaft1 T sm1 E sm1 I sm1 I sm1 V conv1 I bus_sm1 Starter mode : speed control m conv1 Ω shaft1_ref T sm1_ref I sm1_ref V conv1_ref SM T turb2 Ω turb2 T gear2 Ω shaft2 Ω shaft2 T sm2 E sm2 I sm2 I sm2 V conv2 m conv2 I bus_sm2 Generator mode : current control V conv1_ref I sm2_ref I bus_sm2_ref D. Bienaimé, N. Devillers, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, A. Berthon, M.L. Grojo, «Energetic Macroscopic Representation as an efficient tool for energy management in a hybrid electrical system embedded in a helicopter», Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship propulsion (ESARS), Bologna, Italy, October 2012.

- Maximal Control Structure of the helicopter EPS - MCS of Energy Storage Systems: 19 V chop1 I BAT I bus_bat I BAT m chop1 V BAT Battery: current control V chop1_ref I BAT_ref I bus_bat_ref I bus_scap V chop2 I SCAP I SCAP V SCAP Supercapacitor pack: current control m chop2 V chop2_ref I SCAP_ref I bus_scap_ref D. Bienaimé, N. Devillers, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, A. Berthon, M.L. Grojo, «Energetic Macroscopic Representation as an efficient tool for energy management in a hybrid electrical system embedded in a helicopter», Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship propulsion (ESARS), Bologna, Italy, October 2012.

MCS of buses: - Maximal Control Structure of the helicopter EPS - Bus 1: voltage control and association with current control loop of supercapacitor pack (source with the fastest time response) I load1 20 Bus 2: voltage control and association with a current control loop I c V bus2 I load2 V source2 I source2 I source2 V bus2 I bus2 V bus2 V bus2 I dc2 I dc2 V dc2 I dc1 I c I dc1 I load1 I bus_sm1 I bus_sm2 m dcdc I bus_bat Vbus1_ref I c_ref I bus_scap_ref V bus2_ref I dc2_ref V dc2_ref D. Bienaimé, «Modeling and energy management of an electrical power system for aeronautic auxiliary supply», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, December 19th 2012.

- Maximal Control Structure of the helicopter EPS - MCS of helicopter EPS: 21 D. Bienaimé, «Modeling and energy management of an electrical power system for aeronautic auxiliary supply», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, December 19th 2012.

- Energy management of the helicopter EPS - Energy management of helicopter EPS: 22 D. Bienaimé, «Modeling and energy management of an electrical power system for aeronautic auxiliary supply», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, December 19th 2012.

23 «Simulation of helicopter EPS modelling with Matlab Simulink»

1.0005 - Energy management of the helicopter EPS - Energy management of helicopter EPS: Vbus1 1 0.8 24 voltage [V] 1 current [A] 0.6 0.4 0.2 Iload1 Ioad2 0.9995 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 time [s] 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 time [s] voltage [V] 1 1 1 1 Vbus2 current [A] 0.5 0-0.5 Ibus sm1 Ibus sm2 1 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 time [s] -1 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 time [s] 1 0.5 state-of-charge [pu] 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 SOC ACC SOC SCAP current [A] 0-0.5 Ibus ACC Ibus SCAP 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 time [s] -1 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 time [s]

- Conclusion and outlooks - Conclusion and outlooks : - Characterization and modeling of the EPS devices - Simulation of the helicopter EPS in different operating modes - Tests in a full-scale prototype with energy management - Comparison of model simulation results with experimental results 25

26 «BIOGRAPHIES AND REFERENCES»

- References - 27 D. Bienaimé, N. Devillers, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, A. Berthon et M. Hopdjanian, «Energetic Macroscopic Representation of an electric network embedded in an aircraft», IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Chicago, USA, September 2011. D. Bienaimé, N. Devillers, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, A. Berthon, M.L. Grojo, «Energetic Macroscopic Representation as an efficient tool for energy management in a hybrid electrical system embedded in a helicopter», Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship propulsion (ESARS), Bologna, Italy, October 2012. J. Asensio-Sauto, M.L. Grojo, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, «Modeling and simulation of a helicopter embedded direct current electrical power distribution network», Conference on More Electrical Aircraft (MEA), Bordeaux, France, November 2012. J. Asensio-Sauto, M.C. Péra, F. Gustin, N. Devillers, M.L. Grojo, «Scalable modeling approach for assessing helicopter DC electrical power system performances», European Conference on Electrical Power and Applications (EPE), Lille, France, September 2013. N. Devillers, S. Jemei, M.C. Péra, D. Bienaimé, F. Gustin, «Review of characterization methods for supercapacitor modelling», Journal of Power Sources 246 (2014) 596-608. N. Devillers, «Characterization and modeling of storage components», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, France, November 29th 2012. D. Bienaimé, «Modeling and energy management of an electrical power system for aeronautic auxiliary supply», Ph.D. thesis of University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, December 19th 2012.

- Authors - 28 Dr. Nathalie DEVILLERS FEMTO-ST, University of Franche-Comté, France Research Engineer since 2009 PhD in Electrical Engineering at University of Franche-Comté (2012) Research topics: Electrical Energy Storage Subsystems Pr. Marie-Cécile PERA FEMTO-ST, University of Franche-Comté, France Full professor since 2008, Deputy Director of FEMTO-ST PhD in Electrical Engineering at the INP of Grenoble (1993) Research topics: EMR, Optimized energy management and diagnosis of electrical systems (Fuel Cells, Storage systems ) for EVs and HEVs Dr. Frédéric GUSTIN FEMTO-ST, University of Franche-Comté, France Assitant professor, Director of the Institute of Technology of Belfort PhD in Electrical Engineering at the University of Franche-Comté (2000) Research topics: power electronics, converters and simulation methods