BEE 473 Watershed Engineering Fall 2004 OPEN CHANNELS The following provide the basic equations and relationships used in open channel design. Although a variety of flow conditions can exist in a channel (see next page), engineers most often design for steady-uniform flow conditions. Manning s and Chezy s equations are both valid. Although Chezy s equation is valid over a wider range of flows, the simplicity of Manning s equation usually makes it the method of choice: A n 1 2 2 R 3 q = S (m 3 s -1 ) (1) where q is the steady discharge (m 3 s -1 ), R is the hydraulic radius (m), and S is the channel slope; NOTE, this is a semi-empirical equation so units are important. The hydraulic radius is the cross-sectional channel area divided by the wetted perimeter (see figure below). R=A/P w A P w Figure 1: Schematic of the hydraulic radius The following focus on determining Manning s roughness factor, n, and relevant design constraints for the three primary open channel conditions. A. Lined Channels B. Unlined (Earth) Channels C. Vegetated Channels September 15, 2008
BEE 473 Watershed Engineering Fall 2004 A. Lined Channels Lined channels are usually the most expensive types to construct but the simplest to design because the roughness coefficient is constant with flow and there are no real constraints on permissible velocity or channel shape. The following table provides Mannings n values for a wide range of materials.
BEE 473 Watershed Engineering Fall 2004 B. Unlined (Earth) Channels Unlined channels are slightly more involved to design than lined channels because velocity must be constrained to avoid erosion and the slope of the channel sides cannot be too steep or they will collapse. The following charts provide values of Manning s n, permissible velocities, and maximum side-slopes (horizontal l: vertical). Remember that velocity can be calculated from the continuity equation, v = q/a.
BEE 473 Watershed Engineering Fall 2004 C. Vegetated Channels Vegetated or grassed channels (ditches or waterways) are the most complicated to design because the roughness of the channel, i.e., vegetation height, may be comparable to the depth of flow. This results in the Manning s n being a function of flow velocity and hydraulic radius rather than a constant. Additional complexity is realized when we consider that the vegetation changes height which impacts the flow velocity and depth. The typical design protocol is to determine the channel shape (typically the side-slopes) assuming short vegetation (low resistance) and then determine channel depth assuming tall vegetation (high resistance); be sure to keep the side-slopes the same in both steps. Unfortunately, because n is a function of velocity and hydraulic radius, Manning s equation must be solved iteratively. There are two widely used empirical Manning s n equations for grassed waterways. One was proposed by Gwinn and Ree (1980): n = 1/(2.1+2.3x+6ln(10.8vR)) (C.1) The velocity, v, is in m s -1 and R is in m. The parameter, x, is shown in table C.1. This equation is only really valid for n < 0.2 but is often used to estimate n < 0.4; n = 0.4 is the commonly used limit on vegetated roughness in grassed channels. Another common equation was developed by Temple et al. (1987): n = exp[y(0.01329ln(10.8vr) 2-0.09543ln(10.8vR)+0.2971)-4.16] (C.2) The velocity, v, is in m s -1 and R is in m. The parameter, y, is shown in table C.1. This equation is pretty good all the way up to n < 0.4 and for vr > 2 m 2 s -1 (~21.5 ft 2 s -1 ). Once Eq. (C.2) s calculated n > 0.4, n should be set equal to 0.4 (as with Eq. (C.1)). If vr > 2 m 2 s -1, I recommend reverting to eq. (C.1). Table C.1: parameters used in Eqs. (C.1) and (C.2) Vegetation Roughness Class (see figure on following pages) x y A -0.5 10 B 2 7.64 C 5 5.60 D 7 4.44 E 11 2.88
BEE 473 Watershed Engineering Fall 2004 As shown in Figure C.1., Eq. (C.1) captures the high vr characteristics of n and Eq. (C.2) fits the low vr characteristics better, although both equations ultimately over-shoot the actual n values for very low vr. n 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 max n Actual Relationship Eq. C.1 (1) Eq. (2) Eq. C.2 Actual Relationship 0.00 0.01 0.1 1 10 Eq. C.1 recommended Eq. C.2 recommended vr (m 2 s -1 ) Figure C.1: Comparison of Eq. (C1) and (C.2) for vegetation roughness class A.
BEE 473 Watershed Engineering Fall 2004 References: Gwinn, W.R. and W.O. Ree. 1980. Maintenance effects on the hydraulic properties of a vegetation lined channel. ASAE Trans. 23:636-42. Temple et al. 1987. Stability design of grass-lined open channels. ARS Agricultural Handbook 667. USDA, Washington, DC. For further information: Chin, D.A. Water Resources Engineering. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River. pp. 750. * Chow, V.T. 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Company, New York. pp. 680. Haan, C.T., B.J. Barfield, J.C. Hayes. 1994. Design Hydrology and Sedimentology for Small Catchments. Academic Press, New York. pp. 588. * Montes, S. Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow. ASCE Press, Reston. pp. 697. Schwab, G.O., D.D. Fangmeier, W.J. Elliot, R.K. Frevert. 1993. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, 4 th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. pp.508. Tollner, E.W. 2002. Natural Resources Engineering. Iowa State Press, Ames. pp. 576. * Particularly good books for open channels These texts were previously used for this course