DIN/DKE Roadmap G E R M A N S TA N D A R D I Z AT I O N ROADMAP Industry 4.0 Ve r s i o n 2
Published by DIN e. V. DKE Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik in DIN und VDE Am DIN-Platz Burggrafenstraße 6 10787 Berlin Tel.: +49 30 2601-0 e-mail: presse@din.de Internet: www.din.de Stresemannallee 15 60596 Frankfurt Tel.: +49 69 6308-0 Fax: +49 69 08-9863 e-mail: standardisierung@vde.com Internet: www.dke.de Issue date: January 2016 Cover photo: Fraunhofer IPA 2 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
1 Executive Summary....................................................... 7 2 Introduction...............................................................8 2.1 Future-oriented project Industry 4.0...................................................8 2.2 Objectives of Industry 4.0.........................................................8 2.3 The system of systems Challenges for technology and standardization...........................9 2.4 Aspects of implementation........................................................ 9 2.5 Standardization as a driving force for innovation.......................................... 11 2.6 The route to standards and specifications.............................................. 13 2.7 Development phase standardization................................................. 15 3 Objectives of the Standardization Roadmap................................. 19 4 The current environment.................................................. 20 4.1 Cooperation between the standardization committees..................................... 20 4.1.1 DIN/DKE Steering Group Industry 4.0................................................ 20 4.1.2 Platform Industry 4.0........................................................... 21 4.1.3 Cooperation at international level................................................... 21 4.2 Standardization of automation systems............................................... 23 4.3 Standardization in information technology.............................................. 25 4.4 Frequency ranges for radio communication............................................. 27 5 Subject areas and requirements........................................... 30 5.1 Standardization requirements for Industry 4.0........................................... 30 5.2 Reference models............................................................. 31 5.2.1 Reference models in general...................................................... 31 5.2.1.1 Description and use of reference models...............................................31 5.2.1.2 Recommendation: Description of the reference models in dedicated standards..................... 32 5.2.1.3 Recommendation: Standardized structure for the description of reference models.................... 32 5.2.1.4 Recommendation: Widespread use.................................................. 32 THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 3
5.2.2 System architecture............................................................ 32 5.2.2.1 Reference Architecture Model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0).................................... 32 5.2.2.2 Recommendation: Integration of existing standards and specifications and standardization activities in the RAMI4.0 general model.................................. 33 5.2.2.3 Recommendation: Compilation of a list of existing models, and integration of existing models in the RAMI4.0 general model..................................................... 34 5.2.2.4 Recommendation: Integration of new models in the RAMI4.0 general model........................ 34 5.2.2.5 Recommendation: Characteristics, semantics and ontologies................................. 35 5.2.3 Reference models of instrumentation and control functions.................................. 36 5.2.3.1 Initial situation................................................................ 36 5.2.3.2 Areas of application............................................................ 36 5.2.3.3 Recommendation: Standardized functionality across all levels of automation....................... 37 5.2.4 Reference models of the technical and organizational processes............................... 37 5.2.4.1 Initial situation................................................................ 37 5.2.4.2 Areas of application............................................................ 38 5.2.4.3 Recommendation: Development of a framework for uniform description of the technical and organizational processes............................................... 38 5.2.4.4 Recommendation: Creation of standards on technical and organizational processes.................. 38 5.2.5 Reference models of life cycle processes.............................................. 38 5.2.5.1 Initial situation................................................................ 38 5.2.5.2 Recommendation: Description of life cycle processes in flexible, adaptive systems................... 39 5.3 Use Cases.................................................................. 39 5.3.1 Initial situation................................................................ 39 5.3.2 Recommendation: Standardized description template...................................... 41 5.3.3 Recommendation: Reference list of important use cases for characterization of the term Industry 4.0.......41 5.3.4 Recommendation: Use cases to illustrate the need for standardization in the area of non-functional properties................................................41 5.4 Fundamentals............................................................... 42 5.4.1 Initial situation................................................................ 42 5.4.2 Recommendation: Terms........................................................ 42 4 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
5.4.3 Recommendation: Relate terms of automation technology and IT.............................. 43 5.4.4 Recommendation: Describe core models.............................................. 43 5.4.5 Recommendation: Specification of the modelling languages to be used in standards.................. 44 5.5 Non-functional properties........................................................ 44 5.5.1 Initial situation................................................................ 44 5.5.2 Recommendation: Define terminology for non-functional properties............................. 45 5.5.3 Recommendation: Clearly addressing non-functional properties in standards....................... 45 5.5.4 Recommendation: Safety........................................................ 45 5.5.5 Recommendation: Security and IT-Security............................................. 46 5.5.6 Recommendation: Information security................................................47 5.5.7 Recommendation: Reliability and robustness............................................47 5.5.8 Recommendation: Maintainability................................................... 48 5.5.9 Recommendation: Real time: Stipulation of the concepts and terminology in a standard................ 49 5.5.10 Recommendation: Interoperability between systems....................................... 49 5.6 Development and engineering..................................................... 49 5.6.1 Initial situation................................................................ 49 5.6.2 Areas of application............................................................ 50 5.6.3 Recommendation: Transparent and seamless database and development tools for the entire product life cycle. 50 5.6.4 Recommendation: Early support for professional IT developments through standardization in automation..... 50 5.6.5 Recommendation: Need for research and development in cooperating systems..................... 51 5.6.6 Recommendation: Industrial location management........................................51 5.7 Communication...............................................................51 5.7.1 Initial situation of line-based communication............................................ 51 5.7.2 Initial situation of radio-based communication........................................... 52 5.7.3 Recommendation: Network management.............................................. 53 5.7.4 Recommendation: Infrastructure components........................................... 53 5.7.5 Recommendation: Topology...................................................... 53 5.7.6 Recommendation: EMC......................................................... 54 5.7.7 Recommendation: Work to achieve exclusive frequency ranges for industrial automation............... 54 THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 5
5.7.8 Recommendation: Coexistence of radio applications....................................... 54 5.7.9 Recommendation: Radio technologies................................................ 55 5.7.10 Recommendation: Integration of radio communications..................................... 56 5.8 Additive manufacturing.......................................................... 56 5.9 Human beings in Industry 4.0..................................................... 58 5.9.1 Initial situation................................................................ 58 5.9.2 Recommendation: Further develop standards and specifications for people-friendly work design in Industry 4.0........................................... 60 5.9.3 Recommendation: Technology design Adaptive design of work systems in Industry 4.0............... 61 5.9.4 Recommendation: Concepts for a functional division of work between human beings and machines........ 61 5.9.5 Recommendation: Design of the interaction between human beings and technical systems.............. 62 5.9.6 Recommendation: Maintenance.................................................... 63 5.10 Standardization processes....................................................... 64 5.10.1 Initial situation................................................................ 64 5.10.2 Recommendation: Open Source development........................................... 65 5.10.3 Recommendation: Modularization of stipulations......................................... 65 5.10.4 Recommendation: Formalization of stipulations.......................................... 66 5.10.5 Recommendation: Categorization of standards.......................................... 66 5.10.6 Recommendation: Explicit standardization of the core models................................ 66 5.10.7 Recommendation: Formally correct and complete description of the reference models................. 66 5.10.8 Recommendation: Separate description of the conceptual and technological stipulations............... 67 5.10.9 Recommendation: Exchange of documents............................................ 67 5.10.10 Recommendation: Qualifications, teaching materials, initial and further training on the application of the standards.................................................. 67 6 Further information........................................................ 69 7 Relevant standards and specifications...................................... 70 8 Abbreviations.............................................................71 9 The authors.............................................................. 75 6 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With digitization of industrial production, it is essential for extremely divergent systems from various manufacturers to interact reliably and efficiently. The users, operating globally, expect to be able to source their accustomed products and systems everywhere in the world. In order to ensure this global usability and cross-system consistency, international standardization in industrial automation has always been regarded as especially important and pursued as a matter of priority. Nowadays, standards are available or at least being drafted to cover important issues in industrial automation, but new technologies and new requirements repeatedly create a new demand for standardization. The aim of the future-oriented initiative Industry 4.0 is to exploit the potential resulting from the extensive use of the internet, the integration of technical processes and business processes, the digital mapping and virtualization of the real world, and the opportunity to create smart products and means of production. This requires the development of a host of new concepts and technologies. It will, however, only be possible to implement these new concepts and technologies in industrial practice if they are backed up by standards based on consensus, as only such standards are able to create the necessary security for investments and confidence among manufacturers and users. In order to address the standardization issues at an early stage, the DIN/DKE Steering Group Industry 4.0 was founded. The fundamental task of the Steering Group is to develop the strategic, conceptual and organizational aspects of the topic of Industry 4.0 from the point of view of standardization. The Steering Group identifies concrete needs for standardization, coordinates their implementation and advances the development of fundamental concepts. The Working Group Standardization Roadmap was established under the DIN/DKE Steering Group to develop and update the first version of the standardization roadmap on Industry 4.0. This standardization roadmap is the central medium of the DIN/DKE Steering Group for communication with standardization committees, industry, associations, research institutions and ministries. It is a guide showing the way for individuals and organizations active in various sectors of technology, and thus supports the acceptance by the market of new technologies and processes from the research and development stage onwards. The aim of this standardization roadmap is to provide all actors with an overview of the relevant standards in the area of Industry 4.0 and shed a light on the current standardization environment. Over and above this, it contains recommendations for action and sketches out the requirements for standardization in the topics which make up Industry 4.0. The standardization roadmap is a medium for communication between all parties involved. Any comments or additional information will be welcomed. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 7
2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Future-oriented project Industry 4.0 Germany has one of the most competitive manufacturing industries in the world and is a global leader in the manufacturing equipment sector. This is in no small measure due to Germany s specialization in research, development and production of innovative manufacturing technologies and the management of complex industrial processes. These introductory sentences from the implementation recommendations of the Industry 4.0 working group formed by the Industry and Science Research Union accurately reflect the importance of this field of industry to the Federal Republic. They apply equally to many other industrial regions in Europe. The outstanding quality of manufacturing industry is also essentially based on high-quality production technology. The future-oriented project Industry 4.0 presented by the German Federal Government is intended to reflect the importance of manufacturing technology and the ICT sector which supports it. The Federal Ministries of Education and Research (BMBF) and Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) are coordinating their funding activities in this regard. These are supported and monitored by the Industry 4.0 platform, the leadership of which was taken over by the BMWi and BMBF at the start of 2015. The work of the original Industry 4.0 platform, established by the associations ZVEI, VDMA and BITKOM, has thus been translated to a higher level and placed on a broader political and social basis. From the point of view of manufacturing, i.e. of the users of the new technologies, it is still by no means sure whether this will be a further revolution or rather an evolution of the existing concepts. It is however generally recognized that the introduction of the new technologies and corresponding new concepts is necessary if the increasing complexity and granularity with rising demands for quality and flexibility are to be mastered in the environment of volatile markets. 2.2 Objectives of Industry 4.0 The fundamental objective is to utilize the progress achieved in information and communications technologies and that expected in the near future for the benefit of manufacturing enterprises. Preparation therefore has to be made for the increasing and consistent embedding of those technologies in production systems and that in ever smaller partial systems and components. Additional communications capability and (partial) autonomy in reactions to external influences and internally stored specifications are transforming mechatronic systems into Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). The objectives derived from that transformation are developments and adjustments in ICT for manufacturing applications: robustness, resilience, information security and real time capability. 8 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
In addition, it is aimed to achieve an increasing improvement in energy and resource efficiency, and the adjustment of industry to accommodate the social demands arising from demographic change. 2.3 The system of systems Challenges for technology and standardization Industry 4.0 describes a new, emerging structure in which manufacturing and logistics systems in the form of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) intensively use the globally available information and communications network for an extensively automated exchange of information and in which production and business processes are matched. In such a broad environment, a large number of models, systems and concepts from an extremely wide range of domains play an important part in shaping that structure. They are not however the heart of the Industry 4.0 concept itself. Industry 4.0 can be regarded as an additional level of integration on the basis of the existing structures, which is itself the basis of the newly emerging structure and thus creates the new quality. Furthermore, increasing networking of previously extensively autonomous systems, for instance in the fields of production, logistics, power supply 1 and building management, is expected in the course of Industry 4.0. What is being created is a system of systems. A special difficulty arises here for terminology and standardization. Basically, it would be sufficient only to define the additional level of integration and its emergent behaviour. But to do that, the existing system landscape would first have to be coherently and completely defined in a globally standardized manner. This is not always the case. Against this background, the relevant models of the classical architecture require integration and rounding off in addition to Industry 4.0 itself. 2.4 Aspects of implementation The semi-finished products and parts involved in the manufacturing process are to possess artificial intelligence, or at least information on themselves and suitable means of communication, and therefore themselves constitute cyber-physical systems. These smart products are to be embedded in the process as a whole and in extreme cases control not only their own logistical path through production, but rather the entire production workflow that concerns them. Decentralization of the digitally stored information will consequently be followed by a decentralization of control systems. Today s bit by bit programming will no longer be practicable with the further increase in complexity. Current production systems are already pushing against the limits 1 For instance IEC/TC 65/WG 17, System interface between industrial facilities and the smart grid. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 9
of programmability. The taking into account of sensor information, available in increasing quantities and resolutions, and the reliable coordination of several actuators in real time can no longer be tested in all function sequences. The variety of tests can be further increased in simulations, but it has already become necessary to abandon absolute control. Programming will in future be replaced by a system of rules which the partial systems will follow flexibly within the limits specified for them and the current situations signalled by the other partial systems. As a further highly important aspect, it is to be remembered that, in contrast to the early concepts of automation, human beings are not to be optimized out of the production processes, but rather to be given an increasingly important role: The CPPSs are to supply them with compressed information suitably derived from the complex interrelationships and communicated in a personalized manner as the basis for their intervention in the process. In this way, not only a new form of cooperation between machines and parts of machines, but also one of cooperation between machines and human beings arises. Not only on the factory floor, though, but also in the added value networks, the CPSs and CPPSs will contribute to an automation of the partial processes. This will support both shortterm flexibility and medium-term transformability in the reaction to the increasingly shorter and more severe external influences, and thus improve the resilience of production. According to the implementation recommendations of the Industry 4.0 working group of the Industry and Science Research Union 2, Industry 4.0 is to be implemented in a dual strategy: Existing basic technologies and experience are to be adapted to meet the special requirements of manufacturing technology, and research and development work is to be conducted into solutions for new production locations and new markets. In that context, attention is to focus on three characteristics: Horizontal integration: Ad-hoc added-value networks optimized in real time Vertical integration: Business processes and technical processes Continuity of engineering throughout the life cycle As a result of the large number of IT solutions now available, many sectors of industry have experienced a serious problem of constantly rising costs, often difficult to justify in commercial terms, for maintenance, updating, modifications and new implementations. Tools with a wide range of data models, countless interface protocols and versions necessarily lead to a lack of transparency and thus to greater and greater problems with the stability of the systems as a whole. It cannot of course be the solution to prescribe a uniform global data model or harmonized interfaces. A solution has to be developed which on the one hand ensures the greatest possible room for development and on the other hand alleviates the problems described above. One promising concept for this is service-oriented architecture, in which the above-mentioned 2 Umsetzungsstrategie Industrie 4.0 Ergebnisbericht der Plattform Industrie 4.0, April 2015. 10 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
rule-based and situation-controlled cooperation between machines and human beings is organized. 2.5 Standardization as a driving force for innovation Standards create a secure basis for technical procurement, ensure interoperability in applications, protect the environment, plant and equipment and consumers by means of uniform safety rules, provide a future-proof foundation for product development and assist in communication between all those involved by means of standardized terms and definitions. Standardization is of central importance for the success of the future-oriented project Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 requires an unprecedented degree of system integration across domain borders, hierarchy borders and life cycle phases. This is only possible if it proceeds from standards and specifications based on consensus. Close cooperation between researchers, industry and the standardization bodies is required to create the necessary conditions for sweeping innovation: methodical soundness and functionality, stability and security of investments, practicability and market relevance. Standardization work is a joint function which is fulfilled by the groups involved (users, occupational health and safety organizations, trade unions, government, regulatory institutions, other non-governmental organizations, conservationists, consumer associations, industry, scientists and researchers), their experts and the members of DIN and DKE, on their own responsibility. The application of standards is voluntary, unless their use is required by law. The starting point is demand from the ranks of stakeholders. Those stakeholders are at liberty to take part in the drafting process or to submit comments during the public enquiry phase. Drafts of standards are therefore freely available. As global trade increases, standards are predominantly drafted on the international or European levels. Various contracts have been concluded between the standardization organizations on the different levels for that purpose. When new topics arise, a review is conducted to ascertain whether the subject is suitable for European or international standardization. Standardization is a consensus-based process in which a generally accepted document is developed, containing requirements for general and recurrent application. Distinctions can be made between the various documents compiled at DIN and DKE on the basis of the degree of consensus. A standard (DIN, DIN EN, DIN EN ISO, DIN ISO, DIN EN IEC) is developed by the principle of consensus, involving all stakeholders. A specification (DIN SPEC, CWA, PAS, VDE Application Guide), in contrast does not necessarily require full consensus and the involvement of all stakeholders. A DIN SPEC or VDE Application Guide can therefore be easily developed in THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 11
small working groups within only a few months. Such documents promote the exchange of information with other market players and ensure that no conflicts with existing standards occur. The development of a normative document (a standard) takes place in working committees, each of which is responsible for the handling of a defined standardization project. Within the working committee a draft standard is drawn up, which is made available for two months (or up to four months, for DIN Standards) online at the Draft Standards portal 3 or as a draft standard to purchase from the publisher Beuth Verlag 4, and can be commented upon. This ensures the involvement of a broad public in the process. At the end of the commenting period, the objections are discussed by the working committee, the manuscript amended accordingly where appropriate, and the standard adopted. The standard is then included in the body of German Standards and published. The development of standards takes place on various levels (national, European and international). For better understanding, an overview of the standardization organizations and their interactions is National presented representation below (see Figure 1). of interests INTERNATIONAL Figure 1: National, European and international standardization levels EUROPEAN ISO: IEC: ITU: CEN: International Organization for Standardization International Electrotechnical Commission International Telecommunication Union European Committee for Standardization CENELEC: European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization NATIONAL ETSI: DIN: DKE: European Telecommunications Standards Institute German Institute for Standardization German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE Mechanical engineering Building/civil engineering Aerospace Medical technology Electrotechnology Telecommunications DIN and DKE represent German interests in European and international standardization. Services Precision engineering Information technology 63 futher fields of activity 2013 DIN German Institute for Standardization In Germany, DIN, the German Institute for Standardization, has been named in contract as the responsible national standards body for the Federal Republic of Germany, and represents German interests as a member of CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation European Standardization Committee) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) on matters of European and international standardization. 3 See www.din.de/de/mitwirken/norm-entwurfs-portal. 4 See www.beuth.de and www.vde-verlag.de. 12 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
DKE represents the interests of the electrical engineering, electronics and information technology industries in the field of international and regional electrotechnical standardization work, and is funded by VDE. It therefore represents German interests within both CENELEC and IEC. Nowadays, almost 90 % of standardization work is oriented towards the European and international levels, with DIN and DKE organizing the entire process of standardization on the national level and ensuring German involvement in the European and international processes through the corresponding national committees. Apart from the internationally recognized standardization institutes, there are other organizations throughout the world which deal with standards or recommendations, some of whose products are designated as quasi-standards. These may serve as the preliminary stage or basis of a DIN SPEC, and in that way make a contribution to standardization. 2.6 The route to standards and specifications Consensus-based standards can be established in different ways. The starting point is the identification of a particular need for standardization. This results from feedback from practical applications, from the creation of new technologies, from the results of research or from new regulations. Considering the path leading to an international standard (ISO, IEC), distinctions can be made between three typical routes: 1. Direct stipulation within the responsible standardization committees. In this case, the stipulations to be standardized are compiled and developed within the responsible international committee and its national mirror committees. One example is the development of IEC 61131-3, Programmable controllers in IEC/SC 65B/WG 7 and in Germany in the Working Group DKE/AK 962.0.3, SPC languages. 2. Direct adoption of consortial specifications. In this case, the specification is drawn up within a consortium and then adopted essentially unchanged as a DIN SPEC or standard. Examples include the adoption of the batch control specification ISA S 88 (ISA) in IEC 61512, the OPC UA specification in IEC 62541, the Prolist specification in IEC 61987, and RAMI4.0 in DIN SPEC 91345. 3. Consensus-based development in national organizations with subsequent further development in the responsible standardization committees. In this case, the fundamental requirements are prepared within professional associations or DIN committees and published as guidelines or national specifications (DIN SPEC, VDE Application Guide) and then, in a second step, developed into international standards by the responsible standardization committees. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 13
It has become apparent in recent years that the development and elaboration of proposals for and contents of standards are increasingly taking place within the professional associations and DIN SPEC committees. The results of this preliminary work then flow into the work of the responsible standardization committees for further development. These committees ensure that all stakeholders are informed of the contents and the planned procedures, and that the standardization process takes place on the basis of consensus. In addition, the standardization committees play an important role in analyzing the existing standardization landscape and initiating and coordinating standardization projects in strategically important areas. Within Germany, there are a number of relevant professional associations which publish corresponding stipulations and consortial specifications. In many cases, the associations are so broadly based and organized internally to reach and reflect a consensus that their publications can be regarded as the common opinion of the relevant professional community and thus constitute a particularly stable and reliable basis both for the further standardization process and for immediate industrial use. A procedure may be termed consensus-based in this context when the following conditions are fulfilled: The specifications are drawn up in committees which any professional can join. Membership in an organization is not required. If the number of members has to be limited, selection is made by a transparent and non-discriminatory procedure. The results of the committee s work are published at an early stage as a draft for commenting. They can be obtained and commented on by anyone, irrespective of membership in an organization. Prior to publication as a specification, there is public enquiry procedure in which anyone can raise an objection. The committee decides in open discussion on acceptance of the objection. When adopted, the specification is published and is available to all those interested, irrespective of membership in any organization. With consensus-based specifications, a sound standardization foundation can be created in the short term for the development processes within companies. These specifications then provide a good point of departure for consensus-based standards. Further information on standardization can be found at the DIN website. 5 5 http://www.din.de/en/about-standards. 14 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
2.7 Development phase standardization The consecutive nature of scientific findings and industrial applications is now becoming more of a parallel process, as technology and service suppliers have to react to requirements from practice even while development is in progress. In order to take account of this economic development, development phase standardization has been adopted at DIN and DKE. 6 Standards and specifications represent an effective instrument for putting the results of research into practice in a rapid and user-friendly manner, and by doing so promoting rapid access to the market for innovations. They thus secure a broad acceptance for the implementation of new concepts and technologies in industrial practice, create confidence and trust among manufacturers and users, and provide the necessary security for investment. Development phase standardization therefore makes a fundamental contribution to the utilization of research results. It plays a decisive part in making the traditional standardization process more dynamic, and comprises all activities which are aimed at detecting the standardization potential of strategic, fundamentally innovative products and services, systems and basic technologies, at as early a stage as possible. Figure 2: Innovation from standardization 6 http://www.din.de/en/innovation-and-research/research-projects and http://www.vde.com/en/dke/pages/dke.aspx. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 15
In this way, innovative topics and research results can be publicized and made useful on a broad basis. The transfer of knowledge and technology, especially in fields with a high degree of innovation, is promoted and accelerated in this way. In research projects, especially when these are subsidized with public funds, the focus is increasingly on the effective commercial usability of the results. Research projects therefore have to be holistic in their approach. In order to provide optimum support to transfer into the market and the propagation of innovative results from research and development, standardization activities should already be taken into account in the commissioning phase of research projects. Funding bodies are therefore recommended to include standardization aspects in their tendering texts, and so provide an incentive to initiate standardization work during the course of research projects. DIN and DKE can be involved as project partners in national, European and international research projects. With the involvement of DIN and DKE in consortiums, it is ensured that attention is paid to standardization issues and thus the utilization of the research results at an early stage. National research funding Within the context of national research funding, DIN 7 and DKE 8 are already engaged in numerous projects and tendering processes which are funded by government, for example the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). The following examples are worthy of note in the context of Industry 4.0: ProSense: The objective of the ProSense project, sponsored by the BMBF, is the development of production control to meet the requirements of manufacturers and the market, on the basis of cybernetic support systems and smart sensors. In order to enable reactions to dynamic market processes and at the same time ensure robust production processes, there is a need for a modular IT structure which can process and condition high-resolution data from the production process with real time capability, so as to assist in decision-making by individual employees. These high resolution data from the production process coupled with intelligent graphical representation provide optimum support to humans for planning and control of production. The results of the research are contributed to standardization in the form of DIN SPEC 91329, Extension of the EPCIS event model by aggregated production events for use in corporate application systems. 7 http://www.din.de/en/innovation-and-research/research-projects/industry-4-0. 8 http://www.vde.com/de/technik/industrie40/seiten/default.aspx. 16 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
APPsist: The objective of the APPsist project, supported by the BMWi, is the development, validation and example implementation of a holistic software package integrated in cyber-physical production systems, taking account of the socio-technical design perspectives. The APPsist solution is intended to facilitate smart, cooperative and self-organized interaction between staff and technical operation systems along the value chain and make that interaction transparent. The results of the research are channelled into standardization. POLAR: The objective of the POLAR project, sponsored by the BMBF, is the development of standardized communication between production facilities and energy and load management systems in manufacturing industry. Industrial load management is to be made possible by combining data exchange systems with corresponding energy management software. In order to assist in the dissemination and transfer of the project results, the findings from the project are channelled into DIN SPEC 91327, Reference architecture for a recommendation-based demand side management system for industry. Interoperability for I4.0 systems based on automation standards: The main objective of this INS project is to set the solutions arrived at in the context of the Industry 4.0 initiative on the foundation of the existing standards and specifications in the field of automation, and to develop them in such a way that security of investment can be established for the stakeholders in evolutionary steps. The fundamental focal areas are as follows: Creation of integration capability between industrial communications systems and the IP-based internet of things and services Ú interoperability on the level of communication protocols and services with the focus on Definition of Quality of Service (QoS) Continuous flow of information between the devices and components, manufacturing systems and actors Ú interoperability by means of semantic models and methods with the focus on definition of the semantics on the basis of characteristics systems With the gradual implementation of the Industry 4.0 strategy, the life cycle of the means of production will develop in the direction of more flexibility and variability Ú interoperability between devices and components throughout the life cycle from planning to operation and maintenance, with the focus on definition of the semantics on the basis of characteristics systems. AUTONOMIK for Industry 4.0: The intention behind the technology programme AUTONOMIK for Industry 4.0 is to exploit the potential for innovation in meshing the latest I&C technologies with industrial manufacturing and accelerating the development of innovative products and services. For that purpose, standardization has been introduced as a cross-cutting topic within the research accompanying the AUTONOMIK for Industry 4.0 programme. In the course of the services accompanying the programme, the topic of standardization is to be explored more deeply, so as to ensure rapid implementation in industrial practice. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 17
In order to keep the legal risks of digital manufacturing as low as possible, a description of the legal background for Industry 4.0 has been compiled as part of the accompanying research for the technology programme. This model is intended to enable non-lawyers to classify concrete areas of legal risk, damages and hazards throughout the networked value adding process 9. BZKI for Industry 4.0: In the future industrial world which is being discussed under the concept Industry 4.0, wireless communication between distributed systems is indispensable. If closed loop control of complex processes is to be made possible, an extremely low latency with low jitter has to be achieved. At the same time, a high level of reliability in communication with a simultaneously high device density is to be ensured. In order to ensure high data transfer rates with extremely low latency, it will only be possible to implement future applications such as the haptic human-machine interface or augmented reality with a new wireless technology. The research project ZDKI (Reliable Wireless Communication in Industry), also entitled INDUSTRIALRADIO.DE, addresses the present limits and will ensure real time use by means of innovative radio technologies. Eight independent research consortiums comprising industry and academic institutions are dealing with this problem and examining various use cases from industrial practice. The eight projects are coordinated by the BZKI background research team, so as to bundle the findings made in the projects for standardization purposes. European research funding In the world of research and development, standardization is not only increasing in importance on the national level. The European Commission has also recognized this, and is therefore increasingly integrating requirements for standardization in its tendering documents. In consequence, DIN is also just as much at home in the diverse group of topics which make up Horizon 2020, the European Union s framework programme for the promotion of research and innovation as it was in the previous European research framework programmes. The following examples are worthy of note: EASE-R 3 : The European research project EASE-R3 (Integrated framework for a cost-effective and easy repair, renovation and re-use of machine tools within a modern factory) is developing a new, integrated reference system for cost-effective and easy maintenance of manufacturing machinery. The reference system developed takes account of the entire life cycle of the machine tool (from design to use in operation), and maps both conversion and re-use of machine tools in the modern factory. The innovative reference system supports users in matters such as how to draw up the best and most cost-effective customized maintenance strategy for a series of machine components or machines in the factory. The results of the research are currently being contributed to the standardization process at international level. 9 www.ju-rami.com. 18 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP The aim behind this document was to draw up a strategic, technically oriented roadmap which, taking special account of the recommendations from the Industry and Science Research Union and the corresponding assistance from the BMWi and BMBF, presents the requirements for standards and specifications for Industry 4.0, identifies areas where action is necessary and gives corresponding recommendations. In addition, it provides an overview of the existing standards and specifications in this context, in cooperation with Platform Industry 4.0. In the German Standardization Strategy 10, standardization is understood as being the fully consensual establishment, by a recognized organization, of rules, guidelines and criteria for activities for general or recurrent application. The de jure standards produced in this way are accompanied by specifications in various forms, such as DIN SPEC (DIN Specifications), VDE Application Guides, PAS (Publicly Available Specifications), TS (Technical Specifications), CWA (CEN Workshop Agreements), IWA (International Workshop Agreements), ITA (Industry Technical Agreements) or TR (Technical Reports). This standardization roadmap is intended as a stock-taking and a means of communication between the parties involved from various technological sectors such as automation, information and communications technology and manufacturing technology. The following chapters build upon each other and present a description of the current status in standardization for Industry 4.0, an analysis of the currently identifiable need for standardization and detailed recommendations for action in the development of further standards in the individual fields. It has been a conscious decision not to set any priorities in the standardization roadmap. The implementing committees are requested to incorporate the recommendations in their programmes of work. This standardization roadmap will be regularly revised and amended on the basis of new findings for example from research projects and the work in the standardization committees. Even after its publication, therefore, there is still an opportunity to take part in this process by submitting comments and working on standards. 11 10 The German Standardization Strategy: http://www.din.de/en/din-and-our-partners/din-e-v/german-standardization-strategy. 11 You can find the contact for the standardization roadmap and for all questions concerning standardization at www.din.de/go/industrie4-0 and www.dke.de/de/std/industrie40/seiten/default.aspx. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 19
4 THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Cooperation between the standardization committees The future-oriented project Industry 4.0 was launched in Germany as early as 2013. The importance of standardization in the context of Industry 4.0 rapidly became clear. As a result, the first issue of the standardization roadmap for Industry 4.0 was already published in November 2013. Together with the early identification of future needs for standardization, a further central task is the organization of cooperation between the various stakeholders. 4.1.1 DIN/DKE Steering Group Industry 4.0 With the foundation of the DIN/DKE Steering Group, an important foundation stone was laid, supporting industry and the academic community and making an efficient and holistic approach to the topic of Industry 4.0 possible. The fundamental function of the Steering Group is to advance the strategic, conceptual and organizational treatment of the topic of Industry 4.0 from the point of view of standardization. The Steering Group identifies concrete needs for standardization, coordinates their fulfilment and provides impetus to the examination of fundamental concepts. It currently encompasses three subordinate working groups, dedicated to specific cross-committee aspects of Industry 4.0 (see figure). DIN and DKE communicate the results of the Steering Group s work to Platform Industry 4.0. Figure 3: The DIN/DKE Steering Group and its Working Groups DIN/DKE Steering Group Industry 4.0 German Standardization Roadmap Radio I4.0 Use Cases 20 STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
4.1.2 Platform Industry 4.0 The Federal Ministries for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) and Education and Research (BMBF) announced the foundation of Platform Industry 4.0 at the Hanover Fair in 2015 and took on the management of that platform. The work of the Industry 4.0 platform previously run by the associations VDMA, ZVEI and BITKOM was transferred to Platform Industry 4.0 and the topic thus placed on a broader political and social foundation. Platform Industry 4.0 focuses its work in five working groups: Reference Architecture and Standardization, Research and Innovation, Security of Networked Systems, Legal Framework, and Work and Training. DIN and DKE are represented in the working group on Reference Architecture and Standardization, making an active contribution to discussions on standardization topics there. Initial results from the work of the association platform on Industry 4.0 have already flowed into standardization activities at DIN. Examples worthy of mention here include the reference architecture model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0), which is expected to be published as DIN SPEC 91345 in German and English, and in that form serve as input for international standardization. 4.1.3 Cooperation at international level The central importance of standardization in the digitization of industrial manufacturing is now becoming apparent outside Germany in a large number of activities. There are for example standardization initiatives at ISO, IEC, ISO/IEC JTC 1 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee for Information Technology), W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), ITU-T and IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and also initiatives such as the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC). For German industry with its global operations and export orientation, the stipulation of technical requirements in globally valid standardization systems is of special importance. Various professional groups have repeatedly emphasized the importance of international, consensus-based standardization. The aim must be to anchor all stipulations essential for a uniform technical function and usability in international standards step by step. Only a consistently coordinated European and international standardization system can bring about a breakthrough for the new concepts and technologies of Industry 4.0. German industry and businesses have access to and influence on European and international standardization through DIN and DKE. There is great interest on the international scene, especially in countries such as China, the USA, Korea and Japan. On that basis, a new working group for Industry 4.0 (Intelligent Manufacturing) was founded at the meeting of the Chinese-German Standardization Cooperation Commission in May 2015. THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 VERSION 2 21