The Significance of Choice in Late Dorset

SUB Hamburg The Significance of Choice in Late Dorset The technology of domestic architecture in the Eastern North American Arctic c. 1500B.P.-500B.P. Karen Ryan BAR International Series 2444 2012

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u CHAPTER 3 - THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE 3.1 INTRODUCTION 21 3.2 CHARACTERISING THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT 21 TEMPERATURE AND ARCHITECTURE 22 WIND AND ARCHITECTURE 23 PRECIPITATION AND ARCHITECTURE 24 RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND ARCHITECTURE 24 THE SEA ICE ENVIRONMENT 25 3.3 RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR ARCHITECTURAL USE, 26 SNOW 26 WOOD 27 WHALE BONE 28 SOD 29 ANTLER 30 IVORY 30 SOD AND GRAVEL 30 SKIN 31 DISCUSSION 31 3.4 THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT IN THE PERIOD 1500 B.P. - 500 B.P 31 3.5 SUMMARY 33 CHAPTER 4 - THE CULTURAL SETTING: LATE DORSET PREDECESSORS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 35 4.2 THE WESTERN ORIGINS OF THE EASTERN ARCTIC PALAEOESKIMO 35 4.3 PIONEERS: THE EARLIEST EASTERN ARCTIC PALAEOESKIMOS 36 INDEPENDENCE I (CIRCA 4500 B.P. - 4000 B.P.) 37 SAQQAQ (CIRCA 4500 B.P. - 2000 B.P.) 38 - PRE-DORSET (CIRCA 4200 B.P. - 2800 B.P.) 39 EARLY PALAEOESKIMO SUMMARY....39 4.4 THE TRANSITION: EARLY TO LATE PALAEOESKIMO, CONTINUITY OR POPULATION REPLACEMENT? 40 INDEPENDENCE II (CIRCA 3000 B.P. - 2600 B.P.) 41 GROSWATER (CIRCA 2800 B.P.-2100/ 1900 B.P.) 42 LAGOON (CIRCA 2800 B.P. - 2300 B.P.) 42 TRANSITIONAL PERIOD SUMMARY....43 4.5 LATE PALAEOESKIMOS: THE DORSET 43 EARLY DORSET (CIRCA 2500 B.P. - 2000 B.P.) 44 MIDDLE DORSET (CIRCA 2000 B.P. - 1500 B.P.) 45 LATE PALAEOESKIMO SUMMARY: in

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHOICE IN THE LATE DORSET TECHNOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE EARLY AND MIDDLE DORSET 46 4.6 DISCUSSION 47 CHAPTER 5 - THE LATE DORSET 5.1 INTRODUCTION 49 5.2 LATE DORSET CHRONOLOGY 49 5.3 CHARACTERISING THE LATE DORSET PERIOD.50 IDENTIFYING LATE DORSET ORIGINS AND SPREAD 50 THE LATE DORSET TOOL-KIT 51 SUBSISTENCE AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS : 52 IDEOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL LIFE 54 5.4 LATE DORSET AND THE QUESTION OF CONTACT 56 INUIT TALES OF THE TUNIT 56 GENETIC AND OSTEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 56 THE SADLERMIUT AND AMMASSALIMMIUT 57 THE BROOMAN POINT AND QEQERTAARAQ SITES 58 TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFERS? 59 DATING THE THULE INUIT MIGRATION INTO THE EASTERN ARCTIC 60 THE DORSET AND NORSE 61 SUMMARISING THE QUESTION OF CONTACT 63 5.5 SUMMARY 64 CHAPTER 6 - LATE DORSET DOMESTIC STRUCTURES 6.1 INTRODUCTION 65 6.2 CONSTRAINTS OF THE ANALYSIS 65 6.3 ARCHITECTURAL TERMINOLOGY 65 SEMI-SUBTERRANEAN AND SURFACE STRUCTURES 66 AXIAL AND CENTRAL FEATURES 66 BOX HEARTHS, HEARTHS, AND HEARTH AREAS 67 POT SUPPORTS AND PLATFORMS 68 ENTRANCE PASSAGES AND COLD TRAPS 68 QARMAT 69 SNOW STRUCTURES 69 6.4 LATE DORSET ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS FROM THE LOW ARCTIC 70 T1K1LIK / ARNAQUAAKSAAT, FOXE BASIN (NIHF-4) 70 NIHF-45, FOXE BASIN 70 NEWELL SOUND-4, FROBISHER BAY (KGDL-4) 71 CORDEAU / DIA. 1, DIANA BAY (JFEL-1) 71 TUVAALUK, DIANA BAY (JFEL-4) 71 GULF HAZARD- I, RICHMOND GULF (HAGD-4) 71 GULF HAZARD-8, RICHMOND GULF (HAGD-1 1) 72 LOW ARCTIC SUMMARY 72 6.5 LATE DORSET ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS FROM THE HIGH ARCTIC 72 FRANKLIN PIERCE, FRANKLIN PIERCE BAY, ELLESMERE ISLAND (SIFI-4) 72 LONGHOUSE, KNUD PENINSULA, ELLESMERE ISLAND (SGFM-3) 74 OLDSQUAW, LITTLE SKRAELING ISLAND, ELLESMERE ISLAND (SGFK-1 8) 74 PIPER, JOHAN PENINSULA, ELLESMERE ISLAND (SFFK-39) 75 SNOWDRIFT VILLAGE, DUNDAS ISLAND (RAJU-1) 75 RAJU-2, DUNDAS ISLAND 76 MAZE VILLAGE, DUNDAS ISLAND (RAJU-3) 76. RAJU-4, DUNDAS ISLAND 76 MCCORMICK INLET, MELVILLE ISLAND (QKPA-1) 77 TOTE ROAD, NORTH DEVON LOWLANDS, DEVON ISLAND (QKHN-37) 77 ARVIK, LITTLE CORNWALLIS ISLAND (QJJX-1) 77 TASIARULIK, LITTLE CORNWALLIS ISLAND (QILF-25) 78 BROOMAN POINT, BATHURST ISLAND (QILD-1) 78 HIGH ARCTIC SUMMARY 78 6.6 LATE DORSET ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS FROM GREENLAND 79 QEQERTAARAQ, INGLEFIELD LAND...79 SNOWDRIFT, INGLEFIELD LAND 80 QALLUNATALIK / POLARIS, INGLEFIELD LAND 80 GREENLAND SUMMARY 81 6.7 LATE DORSET ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS FROM LABRADOR 81 AVAYALIK-1 (JADB-10) 81 PEABODY POINT (1ICW-1) 82 BIG HEAD 6 (IICW-8) 82 BEACON ISLAND (IICV-6) 82 SHULDHAM ISLAND 9 (IDCQ-22) 82 OKAK 3 (HJCL-3) 83 LABRADOR SUMMARY 83 6.8 DISCUSSION...84 CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS?..84 REGIONAL PATTERNS AND ANOMALIES 86 6.9 SETTING THE STAGE FOR THE CASE STUDIES...87 CHAPTER 7 - CASE STUDY 1 - HOUSE 6, BELL SITE (NING-2), SOUTH-EASTERN VICTORIA ISLAND 7.1 INTRODUCTION 89 7.2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF SOUTH-EASTERN VICTORIA ISLAND 89 7.3 POTENTIAL RANGE OF RESOURCES AT IQALUKTUUQ 89

TABLE OF CONTENTS TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES 91 AVIAN RESOURCES 93 LACUSTRINE AND RIVERINE RESOURCES 93 MARINE RESOURCES 95 ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR ARCHITECTURAL PURPOSES 95 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES 97 7.4 THE BELL SITE (NING-2) 97 PHYSICAL SETTING 97 CULTURAL SETTING 99 7.5 EXCAVATION OF HOUSE 6 100 LATE DORSET ARCHITECTURAL FORMS PRESENT AT THE SITE 100 SELECTING THE STRUCTURE 100 APPEARANCE OF THE STRUCTURE PRIOR TO EXCAVATION 101 EXCAVATION STRATEGY AND METHODOLOGY 102 FEATURE STRATIGRAPHY 102 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AT HOUSE 6 104 DEFINING THE PERIPHERAL BOUNDARIES OF HOUSE 6 104 NORTHWEST CORNER AND REAR WALL CONSTRUCTION 105 THE ENTRANCE 107 IDENTIFYING THE LIVING SURFACE AND ACTIVITY AREAS INSIDE THE STRUCTURE 107 HOUSE 6 SUPERSTRUCTURE 108 THE ABANDONMENT AND POST- OCCUPATION LIFE OF HOUSE 6 108 DISCUSSION 109 7.6 MAKING SENSE OF HOUSE 6 110 THE HOUSE 6 FAUNAL SAMPLE 110 THE HOUSE 6 ARTEFACT ASSEMBLAGE 110 SUGGESTED SEASON OF OCCUPATION 111 SUGGESTED44 LENGTH OF OCCUPATION 113 7.7 SUMMARY 113 CHAPTER 8 - CASE STUDY 2 - N72, NUNGUVIK (PGHB-1), NAVY BOARD INLET, NORTHERN BAFFIN ISLAND 8.1 INTRODUCTION 115 8.2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH- EASTERN BAFFIN ISLAND 115 8.3 POTENTIAL RANGE OF RESOURCES NEAR NUNGUVIK 117 TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES 119 AVIAN RESOURCES 120 LACUSTRINE AND RIVERINE RESOURCES 120 MARINE RESOURCES 120 ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR ARCHITECTURAL PURPOSES 121 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES 123 8.4 NUNGUVIK (PGHB-1) 123 PHYSICAL SETTING 124 CULTURAL SETTING 125 DORSET ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IDENTIFIED AT NUNGUVIK 127 STRUCTURE N46 (EARLY DORSET) 127 STRUCTUREN76 (EARLY DORSET?) 127 STRUCTUREN82 (DORSET) 128 STRUCTUREN71 (LATE DORSET) 128 STRUCTUREN72 (LATE DORSET) 130 UNUSUAL ARTEFACTS AND ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AT NUNGUVIK 131 8.5 EXCAVATION OF N72 133 IDENTIFICATION AND CONTEXT OF N72 133 APPEARANCE OF THE STRUCTURE PRIOR TO EXCAVATION 134 EXCAVATION STRATEGY AND METHODOLOGY 134 IDENTIFICATION OF OCCUPATION AND HIATUS PERIODS 136 N72 DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITIONAL PHASES 136 CENTRAL FEATURE 139 INTERNAL ORGANISATION AND LIVING SURFACE 142 PERIMETER WALL BERMS 143 ENTRANCE 143 SUPERSTRUCTURE 144 ABANDONMENT AND POST- USE LIFE 144 SUMMARY 145 8.6 INTERPRETING N72 146 THE FAUNAL SAMPLE 146 THE ARTEFACT ASSEMBLAGE 146 OCCUPATION 1 147 OCCUPATIONS 147 SUGGESTED SEASON AND LENGTH OF OCCUPATION 149 8.7 SUMMARY 151 CHAPTER 9 - CASE STUDY 3 - KDDQ-7-4, TANFIELD VALLEY, NORTH BAY, SOUTH- EASTERN BAFFIN ISLAND 9.1 INTRODUCTION A 152 9.2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT'OF SOUTH- EASTERN BAFFIN ISLAND 152 9.3 POTENTIAL RANGE OF RESOURCES IN NORTH BAY 153 TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES 155 v

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHOICE IN THE LATE DORSET TECHNOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE AVIAN RESOURCES 156 LACUSTRINE AND RIVERINE RESOURCES 156 MARINE RESOURCES 157 ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR ARCHITECTURAL PURPOSES 158 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES 160 9.4 THE TANFIELD VALLEY AND KDDQ-7-4 160 PHYSICAL SETTING 160 CULTURAL SETTING 163 DORSET ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IDENTIFIED OR INFERRED IN THE T ANFIELD VALLEY 164 SOMETHING DIFFERENT: "ANOMALOUS" FINDS IN THE VALLEY 165 9.5 EXCAVATIONS AT KDDQ-7-4 167 IDENTIFICATION AND CONTEXT OF KDDQ-7-4 167 EXCAVATION STRATEGY AND METHODOLOGY 167 UNDER THE SURFACE 168 STRATIGRAPHY IDENTIFIED DURING THE EXCAVATION 168 SUMMARY 171 9.6 INTERPRETING KDDQ-7-4 171 THE FAUNAL SAMPLE 172 THE ARTEFACT ASSEMBLAGE 172 THE LEVEL 5 OCCUPATION 172 THE LEVEL 3 OCCUPATION 173 UNDERSTANDING THE ARCHITECTURE WITH THE AID OF STRATIGRAPHY AND ARTEFACTS 175 WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR KDDQ-7-4? 179 SUGGESTED SEASON AND LENGTH OF OCCUPATION FOR LEVEL 3 179 9.7 SUMMARY 180 CHAPTER 10 - IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING THE LATE DORSET TECHNOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE 10.1 INTRODUCTION 182 10.2 SEARCHING FOR TECHNOLOGICAL TRADITIONS USING A MACRO-SCALE APPROACH 183 THE ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES 183 10.3 RECOGNISING LATE DORSET ARCHITECTURAL TRADITIONS: TECHNOLOGY AT THE MACRO-SCALE 193 PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR AND TECHNICAL CONNAISSANCE KNOWLEDGE 194 ORGANISATION OF LATE DORSET DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: A MACRO-SCALE VIEW 197 10.4 INVESTIGATING ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY USING A MICRO-SCALE APPROACH 197 INSIGHTS FROM HOUSE 6, BELL SITE, VICTORIA ISLAND 197 INSIGHTS FROM N72, NUNGUVIK, NORTH BAFFIN ISLAND 200 INSIGHTS FROM KDDQ-7-4, TANFIELD VALLEY, SOUTH-EASTERN BAFFIN ISLAND 201 10.5 DISCUSSION: ARCHITECTURE AND AGENCY; MICRO-SCALE BEHAVIOURS AND MACRO- SCALE TECHNOLOGIES 202 CHAPTER 11 - CONCLUSIONS 11.1 INTRODUCTION : 204 11.2 LATE DORSET ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION...204 11.3 DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 205 11.4 FINAL THOUGHTS 206 APPENDIX 1 - PALAEOESKIMO DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS, 4500 B.P. - 1500 B.P 208 APPENDIX 2 -ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OF LATE DORSET DOMESTIC DWELLINGS DISCUSSED IN THIS STUDY 245 REFERENCES CITED 252 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1 GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF LATE DORSET CULTURE 7 FIGURE 3.1 WAYS IN WHICH THE "ARCTIC" HAS BEEN DEFINED. THE 10 CELSIUS JULY ISOTHERM IS USED IN THIS STUDY 22 FIGURE 3.2 MAJOR EASTERN ARCTIC POLYNYAS 25 FIGURE 3.3 TIDAL VARIATIONS NEAR KIMMIRUT, SOUTHERN BAFFIN ISLAND 27 FIGURE 6.1 ILLUSTRATION OF AN 18 CENTURY SAAMI DWELLING (FROM LEEM 1767). COMPARE THIS MIDLINE AXIAL FEATURE CONTAINING A CENTRAL HEARTH AND STORAGE COMPARTMENTS WITH THE PALAEOESKIMO EXAMPLE SHOWN IN FIGURE 6.2A.77. 66 FIGURE 6.2 AXIAL FEATURES AND CENTRAL FEATURE. A) 'CLASSIC' BOX HEARTH vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS AXIAL FEATURE WITH A DOUBLE ROW OF UPRIGHTS DEFINING THE HEARTH AREA (ADAPTED FROM KNUTH 1967: PLATE 7A), B) 'NEGATIVE' MIDLINE CONSISTING OF PIT FEATURES (ADAPTED FROM HARP 1976: FIGURE 8A), C) PAVED CENTRAL FEATURE (ADAPTED FROM SCHLEDERMANN 1990: FIGURE 71) 67 FIGURE 6.3 VARIANTS OF THE DEFINED HEARTH. A) FREESTANDING 3-SIDED BOX HEARTH (ADAPTED FROM BADGLEY 1980: FIGURE 4), B) BOX HEARTH WITH BOILING STONES (ADAPTED FROM GR0NNOW AND JENSEN 2003: FIGURE 5.65), C) BOULDER-DEFINED HEARTH (ADAPTED FROM RENOUF 1994: FIGURE 12) 67 FIGURE 6.4 POT SUPPORTS AND LAMP PLATFORMS. A) STAND-ALONE POT SUPPORT (AUTHOR'S PHOTO), B) POT SUPPORT INSIDE AXIAL FEATURE; LEFT UPRIGHT WITH NOTCHED TOP (ADAPTED FROM ROWLEY AND ROWLEY 1997: FIGURE 4), C) LAMP PLATFORM WITH PECKED BASE (ADAPTED FROM HINNERSON BERGLUND 2003: FIGURE 6) 68 FIGURE 6.5 PLAN OF THE LATE DORSET STRUCTURE AT NIHF-45 (ADAPTED FROM MURRAY 1996: FIGURE 4.9). NOTE ENTRANCE PASSAGE TO RIGHT AND REAR WALL EXPANSION TO LEFT 69 FIGURE 6.6 LOW ARCTIC LATE DORSET SITES DISCUSSED IN THE TEXT 70 FIGURE 6.7 HOUSE 1 FROM GULF HAZARD-8 (HAGD-11) (ADAPTED FROM HARP 1976: FIGURE8B). HARP (1976:132) REFERRED TO THIS AS "A THING OF BEAUTY" 72 FIGURE 6.8 HIGH ARCTIC AND GREENLAND SITES DISCUSSED IN THIS CHAPTER 75 FIGURE 6.9 FEATURE 1 FROM THE OLDSQUAW SITE (SGFK-18) (ADAPTED FROM SCHLEDERMANN 1990: FIGURE 103). A POSSIBLE UNSTRUCTURED HEARTH AREA WAS IDENTIFIED IN THE STRUCTURE'S NORTH WESTERN CORNER 75 FIGURE 6.10 D-SHAPED FEATURE 1 FROM SNOWDRIFT VILLAGE (RAJU-1) (ADAPTED FROM MCGHEE 1981 A: FIGURE 24). NOTE THE LARGE TERMINUS OR END STONE DIRECTLY NORTH OF THE AXIAL FEATURE 76 FIGURE 6.11 FEATURE 1 FROM THE QALLUNATALIK / POLARIS SITE, GREENLAND (ADAPTED FROM GRONNOW 1999: FIGURE 44). NOTE THE CONCENTRIC BURNT BLUBBER MARK ON THE LAMP PLATFORM WHICH INDICATES THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE VESSEL 80 FIGURE 6.12 LABRADOR LATE DORSET SITES DISCUSSED IN THIS CHAPTER 81 FIGURE 6.13 SHULDHAM ISLAND 9 (IDCQ-22) HOUSE 2 (ADAPTED FROM THOMSON 1988: FIGURE 11) 83 FIGURE 6.14 SEMI-SUBTERRANEAN STRUCTURE WITH HEAVILY BUILT AXIAL FEATURE AT OKAK 3 (HJCL-3) (ADAPTED FROM COX 1978: FIGURE 7A). NOTE PAVING STONES BORDERING THE AXIAL FEATURE'S OUTER EDGE 83 FIGURE 6.15 CALIBRATED (CALIB 5.0.1) RADIOCARBON DATED LATE DORSET STRUCTURES BY REGION 85 FIGURE 7.1 VICTORIA ISLAND AND AREA, SHOWING LOCATIONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT 90 FIGURE 7.2 IQALUKTUUQ SITES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT 94 FIGURE 7.3 LOOKING FROM THE REAR OF HOUSE 6 TOWARD FERGUSON LAKE 98 FIGURE 7.4 VIEW OF HOUSE 6 LOOKING NORTH. ONLY THE HIGH GROUND NORTH OF EKALLUK RIVER (RIGHT BACKGROUND) IS VISIBLE FROM THIS AREA OF THE SITE 98 FIGURE 7.5 AERIAL VIEW OF THE BELL SITE SHOWING HOUSE 6 UNDER EXCAVATION (LEFT FOREGROUND). FOURTHULE INUIT SEMI-SUBTERRANEAN STRUCTURES (RECOGNISABLE BY THEIR STONE ARCHITECTURE) ARE VISIBLE ALONG THE TERRACE EDGE TOWARD THE RIVER 99 FIGURE 7.6 MAP OF THE BELL SITE INDICATING THE POSITION OF HOUSE 6 (ADAPTED FROM FRIESEN 2000A) 101 FIGURE 7.7 PLAN DRAWING OF HOUSE 6 103 FIGURE 7.8 STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILES OF HOUSE 6 105 FIGURE 7.9 DETAIL OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CORNER AND REAR (WESTERN) WALL OF HOUSE 6 106 FIGURE 7.10A CRIBBING STONES IN UNIT N54W56 ADDED TO REINFORCE THE REAR WALL AND PREVENT SLUMPAGE \ 106 FIGURE 7.10B ANOTHER VIEW OF THE CRIBBING STONES LINING PART OF THE REAR ALCOVE \ Vll

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHOICE IN THE LATE DORSET TECHNOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE AREA IN UNITS N54W56 (FOREGROUND) AND N55W56 (REAR) 106 CENTRE OF PHOTO) IN RELATION TON73 AND N71 135 FIGURE 7.11 SECTION OF THE REAR WALL THAT WAS BUILT UP USING LAYERS OF SOD AND SMALL STONES (THE FOREGROUND FLOOR AREA HAS ALREADY BEEN TAKEN TO STERILE SUBSOIL) 107 FIGURE 8.1 MAP OF BAFFIN ISLAND SHOWING LOCATIONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT 116 FIGURE 8.2 LOCATION OF THE MAY FLOE EDGE ALONG EASTERN LANCASTER SOUND AND NORTHERN BAFFIN ISLAND (FROM REGIONAL ICE CHARTS, CANADIAN ICE SERVICES, N.D. A) 117 FIGURE 8.3 MOUNTAINOUS GLACIAL-SCULPTED NORTH BAFFIN ISLAND TERRAIN 117 FIGURE 8.12 FIGURE 8.12 SHOWS A SOUTH TO NORTH CROSS-SECTION OF THE NATURALLY DEFINED LEVELS PRESENT IN N72 137 FIGURE 8.13 FIGURE 8.13 PRESENTS AN EASTTO WEST CROSS-SECTION OF THE NATURAL LEVELS 137 FIGURE 8.14 UNIT D2 (EAST-FACING WALL) AND UNIT F5 (NORTH-FACING WALL) SHOWING CULTURAL DEPOSITS AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS... 138 FIGURE 8.15 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF OCCUPATIONS AND PRESUMED HIATUSES AT N72 (NOT TO SCALE) 139 FIGURE 8.16 PLAN OF N72 ARCHITECTURE 140 FIGURE 8.4 BROAD INLAND PLAIN STRETCHING WESTWARD AWAY FROM THE COAST AND THE NUNGUVIK SITE 119 FIGURE 8.17 DETAIL OFN72 INTERIOR SHOWING CENTRAL FEATURE AND ASSOCIATED ITEMS OF MATERIAL CULTURE 141 FIGURE 8.5 TYPICAL THULE INUIT SEMI- SUBTERRANEAN STRUCTURE AT NUNGUVIK (NOTE BOWHEAD WHALE CRANIA INSIDE THE STRUCTURE AND OUTSIDE THE WALL BERMS) 122 FIGURE 8.6 MODERN STONE CACHES ALONG THE SEA-WARD SIDE OF THE NUNGUVIK SITE, NEAR N72 124 FIGURE 8.7 NUNGUVIK SITE MAP (ADAPTED FROM MARY-ROUSSELIERE 1976: FIGURE 3) 126 FIGURE 8.8 N46 (A) AND N71 (B). ADAPTED FROM MARY-ROUSSELIERE (1976: FIGURES 4 AND 7) 130 FIGURE 8.9 VIEW OFN72 UNDER EXCAVATION LOOKING SOUTHWEST (OPEN N71 EXCAVATIONS VISIBLE AT TOP OF PICTURE, N73 EXCAVATIONS IN RIGHT FOREFRONT). WHITE LINE INDICATES RAISED OUTER EDGE OF PERIMETER WALL BERM, INNER WALL SLOPE VISIBLE IN UNIT IN THE CENTRE OF THE PICTURE 131 FIGURE 8.10 FIELD SKETCH OF N72AND N73 COMPILED USING ILLUSTRATIONS FROM MARY- ROUSSELIERE'S (N.D. A AND N.D. D) 1984 AND 1987 FIELD SEASONS 132 FIGURE 8.11 SURFACE APPEARANCE OF N72IN 2000 (BASED ON SKETCH BY MARTIN APPELT). MARY-ROUSSELIERE'S EXCAVATIONS INN72ANDN73 ARE SHOWN. INSET PICTURE (MARY-ROUSSELIERE 2002: FIGURE 4) WITH N72 (APPROXIMATE FIGURE 9.1 MAP OF BAFFIN ISLAND SHOWING LOCATIONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT 153 FIGURE 9.2 MAP OF THE NORTH BAY REGION SHOWING LOCATIONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT, AS WELL AS THE APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF THE WINTER FLOE EDGE (INFORMATION ON FLOE EDGE LOCATION FROM REGIONAL ICE CHARTS, CANADIAN ICE SERVICES N.D.A) 154 FIGURE 9.3 MAP OF THE 'TANFIELD VALLEY' SHOWING THE IDENTIFIED SITES (NOTE CONTOUR LINES ARE IN FEET). FIGURE ADAPTED FROM M.S. MAXWELL (1973: FIGURE 15)...159 FIGURE9.4 LOOKING SOUTHWESTTO K.DDQ-7-4, EXCAVATION AREA IN THE CENTRE OF THE PHOTO. THE RIDGE TO THE RIGHT DEMARCATES THE EASTERN LIMITS OF THE NANOOK SITE (KDDQ-9), WHILE SITE 18 (K.DDQ-18) IS LOCATED BEHIND THE WHITE CANVAS EXCAVATION TENT. THE TANFIELD COMPLEX (INCLUDING MORRISON, KDDQ-7-3, AND TANFIELD, KDDQ-7-1), ARE LOCATED TO THE LEFT OF THE SHOT 167 FIGURE 9.5 LOOKING EAST TO KDDQ-7-4. THE DE-VEGETATED AREA IN THE CENTRE-LEFT OF THE PHOTO IS WHERE SOD WAS REMOVED IN PREPARATION FOR A CORE SAMPLE (NOT TAKEN). THE LARGEST OF THE TUNDRA PONDS PRESENT IN THIS AREA OF THE TANFIELD VALLEY (REFER TO FIGURE 9.3) IS VISIBLE IN THE UPPER LEFT OF THE PHOTO 168 VLLL

TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURE 9.6 LEVEL 3 PLAN DRAWING OF THE 2003 EXCAVATIONS AT K.DDQ-7-4 169 FIGURE 9.7 K.DDQ-7-4 NORTH-SOUTH STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILES OF ROWS W51, W52, AND W53 170 FIGURE 9.8 K.DDQ-7-4 WEST-EAST STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILES FOR ROWS N53, N52, AND N51 171 INSIDE AXIAL FEATURES 191 FIGURE 10.13 OCCURRENCE OF END / TERMINUS STONES IN AXIAL FEATURES 192 FIGURE 10.14 OCCURRENCE OF HEAT / LIGHT SOURCES INSIDE AXIAL FEATURES 193 FIGURE 10.15 IDENTIFIED OCCUPATION LENGTH FOR LATE DORSET DWELLINGS 193 FIGURE 9.9 PLAN DRAWING OF THE BOTTOM OF LEVELS DEPOSITS IN UNITS N53W53 (TOP) AND N52W53 (BOTTOM) SHOWING THE POSITION OF POSSIBLE PAVING STONES... 1 75 FIGURE 9.10 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE EASTERN BAULK OF UNIT N53W52 SHOWING THE PATTERNING OF DARK ORGANIC AND LIGHT (STERILE) SAND WHICH MAY REPRESENT THE REMAINS OF. SOD BLOCKS USED IN WALL CONSTRUCTION 177 FIGURE 9.11 POSITION OF HOLD-DOWN STONES ASSOCIATED WITH A POSSIBLE HABITATION FEATURE 178 FIGURE 10.1 ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES (AND ASSOCIATED ELEMENTS) USED IN ANALYSIS... 1 84 FIGURE 10.2A DWELLING FLOOR TYPE 184 FIGURE 10.2B DWELLING FLOOR TYPE AND SEASON OF OCCUPATION 185 FIGURE 10.3 IDENTIFYING FLOOR TREATMENT 186 FIGURE 10.4 NUMBER OF IDENTIFIED SLEEPING AREAS 186 FIGURE 10.5A DWELLING FLOOR SHAPE 186 FIGURE 10.5B DWELLING FLOOR SHAPE AND SEASON OF OCCUPATION 187 FIGURE 10.6 INTERIOR DWELLING SIZE 188 FIGURE 10.7 OCCURRENCE OF ISOLATED INTERNAL FEATURES 1 89 FIGURE 10.8 TYPE OF MIDLINE FEATURE 190 FIGURE 10.9 ORIENTATION OF MIDLINE FEATURES TO WATER / SHORELINE 190 FIGURE 10.10 MIDLINE FEATURE ALIGNMENT TO DWELLING AXIS 191 FIGURE 10.11 OCCURRENCE OF AXIAL FEATURES WITH BORDER STONES 191 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 6.1 RADIOCARBON DATES FROM LATE DORSET STRUCTURES USED IN THIS STUDY, CALIBRATED USING CALIB 5.0.1...73-74 TABLE 7.1 CLIMATIC INFORMATION FOR CAMBRIDGE BAY, NUNAVUT, 1971-2000 (COMPILED FROM THE ATLAS OF CANADA N.D.; CANADIAN ICE SERVICES N.D.;AND ENVIRONMENT CANADA N.D.) 92 TABLE 7.2 ARTEFACTS FROM THE LEVEL 4 DEPOSITS INSIDE HOUSE 6 Ill TABLE 8.1 CLIMATIC INFORMATION FOR POND INLET, NUNAVUT, 1971-2000 (COMPILED FROM THE ATLAS OF CANADA N.D.; CANADIAN ICE SERVICES N.D.; AND ENVIRONMENT CANADA N.D.) 118 TABLE 8.2 DORSET AND EARLY THULE RADIOCARBON DATES FROM DWELLINGS AT THE NUNGUVIK SITE (CALIBRATED USING CALIB 5.0.2) 129 TABLE 8.3 ARTEFACTS ARRANGED BY OCCUPATION PHASE (L = LITHICS, W\V/0 = WORKED WOOD OR ORGANICS, UW = UNWORKED WOOD, F = FLAKES). AS NOTED IN EARLIER IN THE CHAPTER, EXCAVATION LEVELS WERE ARBITRARY AND DO NOT MATCH EVENTS PRESERVED IN THE DWELLING. BECAUSE OF THIS, USE PHASES WERE DEFINED TO BETTER REPRESENT THE DWELLING'S HISTORY AND THIS TABLE FOLLOWS THE. PHASES PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED 148 TABLE 8.4 ARTEFACTS FROM THE 2001 SEASON OF EXCAVATION 149 TABLE 9.1 CLIMATIC INFORMATION FOR.CAPE DORSET / KIMMIRUT, NUNAVUT 1971 2000- (COMPILED FROM THE ATLAS OF CANADA N.D.; CANADIAN ICE SERVICES N.D.; AND ENVIRONMENT CANADA N.D.) 162 FIGURE 10.12 OCCURRENCE OF PAVING STONES TABLE 9.2 KDDQ-7-4 ARTEFACTS BY CATEGORY IX

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHOICE IN THE LATE DORSET TECHNOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE (ALL LEVELS; FLAKES ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 10.1 OCCURRENCE OF ARCHITECTURAL TABLE 9.4) 173 ATTRIBUTES IN THE LATE DORSET DWELLINGS USED IN THIS TABLE 9.3 KDDQ-7-4 ARTEFACTS BY ANALYSIS 195 OCCUPATION LEVEL 1 74 TABLE 10.2 OCCURRENCE OF ARCHITECTURAL TABLE 9.4 FLAKES FROM KDDQ-7-4, BY UNIT ELEMENTS IN MIDLINE FEATURES 196 AND MATERIAL 176