--- / Ilorin Journal of Business and Social Sciences Vol 8, Nos 1&2, 2003 'Drainage Problems in a Tropical Environment: Perspectives on Urban Quality Management DR H I JIMOH Department of Geography, University of Ilorin, Nigeria <=< ">\I Abstract This research effort is an assessment of drainage problems in the tropical environment of Ilorin In order to achieve the philosophy of the work, the following data have been sourced from direct fieldwork Such data include drainage dimensions, types of wastes in drainage channels, problems of wastes and techniques for waste management These data have been analysed through the application of descriptive statistics and cross tabulations as a basic method of data analysis The results of the finding include: (a) the dimensions of drainage channels are adequate to permit free flow of water bodies given a good culture of drainage system maintenance, (b) various types of waste materials but in different proportions have been found to be blocking the drainage channels, (c) the problems of drainage channels ranges from the occurrence of street flooding to environmental deterioration and the splashing of water on other road users; and (d) an obvious method for managing drainage channels is the adoption of environmental education with emphasis on the techniques for drainage channel management Introduction Rainfall factor is the most fundamental in the emergence of overland flow (Strahler and Strahler, 1977) This climatic factor initially results into the emergence or the development of parallel rills Certainly, for one reason or the other, some of the parallel rills assume dominance over others and a sought of micropiracy develops This consequently leads to the emergence of a developed overland flow The overland flows have the potential to occupy either natural channels or empty into artificial drainage water channels (Jimoh 1997a) The waters of the natural channels usually empty into artificial channels In essence, all the materials constituting nuisance as the loads of the natural drainage systems empty into the artificial drainage systems The performance of this function depends essentially on both the competence and capability of the overland flow (Jimoh, 1997b; 2002) The loads emptied into the waterways may result from source and moved by water through natural water channel and emptied into the artificial water channels Also, this incidence may equally result from the dumping of wastes in waterways (Cooke and Doomkamp, 1974) Thus, the poor method of waste disposal has the effect of blocking drainage systems and thus causing a nuit,lberof problems to the pedestrians, environmental quality and residential buildings etc Certainly, a number of factors explaining the incidences of blocked water channels include the following: First, at construction sites especially along highways, construction materials are often left for too long before been used Thus, rainfall incidence easily wash such construction materials into artificial waterways and thus blocking them (Oyegun 1987)
DR I/ I JIMOH 137 Secondly, poor attitudes to refuse management Usually, different categories of wasks arising from household activities are often deposited at inconvenient places In most cases such deposits completely blocks waterways (Olawepo, 2000; Ahmed, 2000) Thirdly patching tarred roads that have numerous potholes with earth materials; but traffic pounding easily dislodges the patching materials (sands or red earth materials) and washed into water channels (Jimoh 1997) Fourthly there arc roads without drainage networks, and in such a circumstance, surface run-oft' makes efforts to create its own channel, thus leading to complete destruction of the road networks Generally, the overall problems of blocked water channels are one of deterioration in environmental quality, breeding points for mosquitoes among others Efforts at properly understanding and appreciating the relevance of waterways are crucial to understanding the management techniques required to solve the problems This indeed, constitutes the focus of investigations in this research work Aims and Obiectives of the Study The prime focus of this work is to gain a deeper understanding of the problems of drainage channels 111an urban environmental setting To achieve this central tenet demands a thorough appreciation of the study of the: a nature of drainage channels, b problems of the drainage channels c compositions of materials hlocking the drainage channels; and d techniques for managing the blocked drainage channels The Study Area This research effort IS based largely on Ilorin City, which covers the four urbanised drainage basis of Okun, Aluko, Alalubosa and Agba (Fig I) IJorin lies on latitude 8 30" and longitude 4 35 'E The climate is humid and characterised by both dry and wet seasons and the annual mean total rainfall is about 1150mm and it exhibits the double maximal pattern (limoh, 1997) Also, the mean monthly temperatures range from 25 c to 289Oc reaching 29 c in the month of March Various types of human activities thrive in the study area Such activities include farming trading, transportation and a host of other professionals These activities call for serious ability to move from one place to the other so that the activity will thrive well In this regard, a good network system should be in place However, in the recent time majority of these road network systems are being confronted with obvious problem of drainage channel blockage (fig2) whose consequences are obvious and hazardous on both man and the environment Thus, studying this environmental based problem becomes a crucial issue in the hope of alleviating the status of human health and environmental quality too Materials and Methods This research work depended largely on the utilisation of two categories of data First, the estimation of the width depth and length of each water channel in the study area with measuring tape at twenty different pojllts and then the mean values recorded accordingly The procedure also involves dipping a two metre metal rod into the drainage channel and from which the measuring tape is used to estimate the depth of the immersed
Drainage Proh/ellls ill (/ Tropical Enl'ironmenf 138 metal rod into the waste materials as represent1l1g the depth of the drainage channels The method adopted for estimating the width of the drainage channels m\'olve measuring with measuring tapes across the surface of the drainage channels while the lengths of the drainage channels were estimated with measuring tapes too,i\]so matenals blocking or found inside each sampled drainage channel have been closely inspected to identify their type and name too Also, such samples were taken for further separation into types and expressed in percentage as well (Tab]e 2) Secondly, the administration of questionnaire on the residents, pedestrians along or around the sampled drainage channels so as to solicit for information on the problems of blocked drainage channels and the appropriate techniques for managing the environmental menace Analysis and Discussions (a) Nature of Drainage Channels The geometry of the drainage channel in the study area has been observed to be of various dimensions (Table 1) For example the depths of drainage channels range between 473cm to 692cm Indeed, the mean depth of the dramage channels is 587cm with a standard deviation 72 Also, the width of the dramage channels range between fr7cm to 823em The mean width is calculated to be 887cm and a standard deviation 9(), I'mally the length of the water channels ranges from 35 to 1289m And as a matter of fact, the mean drainage channel length is 778m and a standard deviation 299 "' ', Emir", palace Centro I mosque - River I Moln rood Waterflow direction ' Sedimenthazard' zone o N 200 Fig 2: Horin major street, topography surface now p;ttll'rn II\(I'L'diment concentration zoncs Source R O Oyegllll (1995)
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Drainage Problems in a Tropical Environment /40 Table 1: The dimensions of drainage channels in liorin City Source: Author's fieldwork, 2002 Dimensions of Drainage Channels SIN Mean Dept (em) Mean Width (em) Mean Length (m) 1 491 726 574 2 586 823 479 3 612 579 653 4 595 669 1289 5 487 554 959 6 554 668 1550 7 498 796 1159 8 659 651 789 9 507 827 1040 10 617 804 1174 11 589 487 560 12 535 654 573 13 617 703 715 14 692 787 1244 15 503 642 943 16 607 657 169 17 580 620 624 18 579 572 350 19 473 697 505 20 631 608 806 21 568 495 495 22 589 838 652 23 669 609 643 24 626 600 490 25 58 525 524 26 584 651 632 27 828 741 603 28 644 642 961 29 581 668 1145 30 526 716 565 Mean 587 667 778 SO 72 96 299 (b) Waste Deposits in liorin As, it is expected with the dimension of the drainage channels In Ilorm city water should flow freely through them without water spillage and the at'endant problems However, most of these drainage channels have been blocked following the anthropog{ nic activities in the city of llorin In the drainage channels, the following categories of wastes exist: leaves, faeces, cans and plastic containers These waste Lieposits are in various proportions and irjeed, the concentration in each drainage channel varies (Table 2)
DR H I J/MOfi /4/ Table 2: Percentage Composition of waste deposits materials in drainage channels Composition of Wastes (%) 0: SIN Leaves & Sands & Wasted papers Cans & Plastic Nylons Stones & faeces Containers I 128 231 111 530 2 325 222 287 166 3 259 194 196 351 4 191 282 286 241 5 168 129 379 324 6 144 352 218 286 7 211 297 196 296 8 172 225 248 355 9 228 169 237 366 10 157 279 183 381 11 182 318 193 307 12 216 328 236 220 13 169 362 176 293 14 158 315 183 344 15 206 374 126 294 16 185 398 202 315 17 173 317 184 326 18 214 373 143 270 19 181 307 223 289 20 162 292 144 402 21 193 341 193 273 22 206 297 122 285 23 129 312 235 294 24 213 364 147 276 25 162 286 219 333 26 194 318 246 242 27 215 382 215 188 28 171 318 182 329 29 236 215 164 385 30 145 347 253 225 Source: Author's fieldwork, 2002 For ease of discussion, the waste deposits have been clarified on the basis of types Thus, four main categories of wastes exist In the category of leaves and nylon wastes, the degree of the concentration ranges from 128% to 325%, sands and stones wastes (129% to 374%), waste papers and faeces (111% to 379%) and cans and plastic containers (166% to 530%) In essence, the bulk of the waste deposits in drainage channels are of cans and plastic containers iri nature Waste papers and faeces, and sands and stones follow this respectively
Drainage Problems in a Tropical Environmellt /42 Generally, the concentrations of these waste deposits have created a number of environmental related problems in Ilorin This issue indeed constitutes the thrust discussed iri the next section of this work (c) Problems of Drainage Channels Many problems of diverse dimensions have been observed in association with the incidence of drainage problems in Ilorin City, Nigeria and these are as follows First, about 315% of the respondents are of the view that one of the effects of drainage channel problem is the incidence of temporarystreet flooding Secondly, the development of environmental deterioration consequent upon waste materials that spilled away from the <1,ainage channels onto the land surfaces This problem accounted for about 430 % of the respondents Finally, is the problem of water being splashed on pedestrians or road users due to either drainage blockage or non-existence of drainage channel Indeed, this problem attracted about 255 percent of the respondents Generally, the problems created by the incidence of blocked drainage channels have attracted a varying dimension of environmental problem However, the most prominent among such problems being the fact that blocked drainage channels easily translate into environmental deterioration (d) Managing the Problems of Drainage Systems In spite of the seemingly intractable problems of drainage channels and their effects in the urban area of Ilorin, Nigeria, a number of measures have been suggested for minimising the incidents of the problems of drainage systems as follows: a Drainage systems should be cleared with shovels on regular basis (20SYo) b The need to avoid dropping waste materials into drainage channels (25S») c The need to accentuate eff0l1s on the construction of concrete drainage systems, which should be made very functional by ensuring, that wastes are not dumped into d them (150%) The need for environment education with an emphasis on the techniques for interacting with drainage systems (390%) As a matter of fact, Jimoh and Ajibade, (1995) really highlighted the adoption of environmental education as a panacea to solving an environmental problem of this nature These measures will certainly resolve the problems inherent in the blockage of draipage systems occasioned by man and his activities in Ilorin However, the most effective and efficient control method being solutions d"b,a, and c respectively But certamly, these measures are likely to double 10 perfcrmance when combined Therefore, this current research effort suggests that the aforementioned measures for addressing the pmblems of drai,nage systems should be combined for a good and speedy result Generally, for a very long period of time, Ilorin has been with serious draip:lge problems However, once in a while, it is often observed that blocked water drainge systems are being cleared at irregular intervals Indeed, such eiiu:' "OI:nSup when reports of drainage problf"'11s frequently comes up in the offices of the authorities concerned But, it is hoped that this work will stimulate a renewed interest in improving environmental standard with a view to improving the well-being of man and his environmental setting
DR H 1J1MOH 143 References Ahmed, YA (2000) Waste Generation and Management Techniques in HI Jimoh and IP Ifabiyi (eds), Contemporary Issues in Environmental Studies, Haytee Press and publishing Co Ltd, liorin Pp 110-117 " Cooke, RU and Doornkamp, JC (1974) Geomorphology in Environmental Management An Introduction Oxford University of Press, Oxford Pp 22-44 Jimoh, HI (1997a) Individual Rainfall Events and Sediment Generation on Different Surfaces in liorin, Nigeria a PhD Thesis submitted to the Department of Geography, University of liorin 220pp Jimoh, HI (1997b) Effects of run-off on sediment Transportation and Deposition in liorin City, Nigeria Centre Point, Vol 7, No2 pp 97-108 Jimoh, HI and Ajibade LT (1995) Environmental Education on Soil Erosion Problems in Nigeria -An Overview liorin Journal of Education, Vol 161,pp 39-45 Jimoh, HI (2002) Effects of River Erosion on Houses A Case study of Asa River Catchment in liorin, Kwara State, Nigeria liorin Journal of Business and social Services, vol 7 NO1 (Forthcoming) Olawepo, RA (2000) Environmental Pollution and Management Techniques in: Jimoh H I and I P Ifabiyi (eds), Contemporary Issues in Environmental Studies, Haytee Press and Publishing co Ltd, liorin Pp 88-99 Oyegun, RO (1987) Man-Induced Movement of earth materials into liorin city, Nigeria Journal of Environmental Education and Information, Vol 6, No2 pp 142-152 Strahler, AN and Strahler, AH (1977) Geography and Man's Environment, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, London Pp 216-217 -