702132/702835 European Architecture B Romantic Classicism
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authenticity reductionism NEOCLASSICISM sublimity neoclassicism innovation/radicalism ROMANTIC CLASSICISM
Aristotle [in poetry] the structural union of the parts should be such that if any one of them is displaced or removed, the whole will be disjointed or disturbed.
Cordemoy (1706) architecture should be reduced to simple independent elements, none of which possess merely decorative functions Fénelon (1714) a Grecian structure has nothing in it that is merely ornamental Laugier (1752) the rustic hut justifies the use use in architecture of only columns, entablature and pediment
the Primitive Hut: frontispiece from Laugier, Essai sur l'architecture, c 1753
primitive hut, by William Chambers John Harris, Sir William Chambers: Knight of the Polar Star (University Park [Pennsylvania] no date [c 1970]), pl 4
'Plans for two designs for a Dairy in the primitive manner of building' by John Soane, 1783 Pierre du Prey, Sir John Soane (London 1985), frontispiece
FRENCH EXAMPLES
St-Germain l'auxerrois, Paris, choir redecorated with fluted columns, by Claude Baccarit and Louis-Claude Vassé, 1756 Miles Lewis
St-Sulpice, Paris, by Le Vau (1655-1670 original design, east chapel built), Daniel Gittard (1670-?c 1677 eastern part) and G-M Oppenord (1719-1736 balance except west front) MUAS 10,664
St-Sulpice, interior Hermann, Laugier, p 7
St-Sulpice, Paris, project for the west front by Juste-Aurèle Meissonier, c 1730; second design by J-N Servandoni Blunt, Baroque and Rococo, p 139; MUAS 6,965
St-Sulpice, Paris, second and final designs by J-N Servandoni MUAS 6,965; Reginald Blomfield, French Architecture from the death of Mazarin, II, pl CLXI facing p 112
St-Sulpice, as built with Servandoni's towers modified and the north one rebuilt by Chalgrin, 1777 detail with Servandoni's tower only exposed MUAS 25,146;Miles Lewis
Francesco Milizia, Le Vite de' piu celebri architetti, 1786 The rules set out so far are more negative and destructive than positive and constructive. This is only as it should be. To clean a piece of ground overgrown with wild thorns, one needs iron and fire. The ills of architecture arise out of over-abundance. Therefore, in order to perfect architecture, one must rid it of those superfluities and tear out those frills with which stupidity and caprice have disfigured it. The simpler architecture is, the more beautiful it is. It would be about time now, after some twenty centuries, that it were purged of every defect and thus reached perfection.
five principles of neoclassicism to bypass the Renaissance and return directly to Roman sources, and in due course to Greek ones to seek out the fundamental principles of classical architecture rather than simply to copy it to be concerned more with abstract form and mass, and with clarity of expression, and less with detail and ornament to aim for effects of sublimity, rather than humanity Associationism: the idea that buildings should contain meaningful reference
Petit Trianon, Versailles, by A-J Gabriel, 1761-8 east & west fronts Miles Lewis; Diapolfilm 5438 JH-10
STYLE GABRIEL Place Louis XV, Paris, by A-J Gabriel (1755) 1757-75 Blomfield, French Architecture 1661-1774, II, pl clxxii, p 124
STYLE GABRIEL Place Louis XV Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 246
Place Louis XV (Place de la Concorde), view of the two wings Miles Lewis
La Madeleine, Paris, as designed by Pierre Contant d'ivry, 1757-1764 Blomfield, French Architecture 1661-1774, II, pl CLXXIX, p 144
La Madeleine, plan Blomfield, French Architecture 1661-1774, II, pl CLXXX
La Madeleine, interior Hermann, Laugier, p 31
La Madeleine, as completed by Alexandre Vignon, 1807-42 Toman, Neoclassicism, p 93
Ste-Geneviève, Paris, by Germain Soufflot, 1757-1790 Toman, Neoclassicism, p 69
Ste-Geneviève, plan as conceived in 1757 Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century in France, pl 320
Ste-Geneviève Toman, Neoclassicism, p 68
Ste-Geneviève, interior Miles Lewis
Ste-Geneviève, detail at the crossing Miles Lewis
Ste-Geneviève, section of the pediment masonry, showing the reinforcement R I M Sutherland, 'Pioneer British Contributions in Structural Iron and Concrete: 1770-1855', in C E Peterson [ed], Building Early America (Radnor [Pennsylvania] 1976), p 113
Ste-Geneviève, view under the dome MUAS 28,389
Ste-Geneviève, view under the dome Kedlestone Hall, the dome of the Salon, by Robert Adam, c 1760-70 MUAS 28,389 ; Rickitt Encyclopedia of Slides, 33708 (6)
LE HAMEAU
Versailles: Jardin Pittoresque de Petit Trianon, by Richard Mique with Antoine Richard & the Comte de Caraman, from c 1774 Pierre-André Lablaude, The Gardens of Versailles (London 1995), p 147
Pavillon de la Musique or Belvedere, in the gardens of the Petit Trianon, by Richard Mique, 1780-82 Miles Lewis
Pavillon de la Musique B H Dams & Andrew Zega, Pleasure Pavilions and Follies in the Gardens of the Ancien Regime (Paris 1995), p 110
Pavillon de la Musique: detail Miles Lewis
Versailles: artificial rockwork near the Petit Trianon Miles Lewis
Versailles, le Hameau de Trianon, by Richard Mique, 1782-5: view across the lake George Tibbits
farm near the Petit Trianon Miles Lewis
le Hameau, view Miles Lewis
Queen Charlotte's Cottage, Kew Palace, Surrey, 1749 Roy Strong, Royal Gardens (London 1992), p 67
le Hameau, the Queen's house Toman, Neoclassicism, p 83
the Marlborough Tower, le Hameau, by Richard Mique, 1783-5 Miles Lewis
the Marlborough Tower Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, p 106
Toman, Neoclassicism, p 83
the Queen's Mill, le Hameau Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, p 112
le Colombier, le Hameau, 1783 Miles Lewis
Palace of Versailles, from the garden La Goélette
Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), by Vigée-Lebrun La Goélette
RUSTICISM
Temple of Modern Philosophy, Ermononville, by the Marquis of Girardin, c 1775 Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, pl 143
the Pyramid at Maupertuis, by A-T Brogniart, c 1780 Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, pl 162
house in the shape of a column, Desert du Retz:, 1771, built for François Racine de Monville Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, pl 39
column house, Desert du Retz Mosser, 'Paradox in the Garden', in Mosser & Teyssot, The History of Garden Design (London 1991), p 271
CLAUDE-NICOLAS LEDOUX
Music Pavilion, Louveciennes by C-N Ledoux, 1770-1 Country Life, 14/17 September 1972, p 644; Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, p 99
ice house in the park at Louveciennes, by C-N Ledoux, mid-1770s Dams & Zega, Pleasure Pavilions, p 100
Hôtel d'uzes, Paris, by C-N Ledoux, 1764-7: courtyard façade Hôtel d'hallwyl, Rue Michel le Comte, Paris, by C-N Ledoux, c 1764-6 Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 274 C N Ledoux l'architecture considerée sous le rapport de l'art, des Mœurs et de la Législation, vol I (Paris 1804)), p 99
Hôtel d'hallwyl Miles Lewis
Hôtel Guimard, Paris, by C-N Ledoux, 1773 Ledoux, Architecture, pl 176
Kenwood House: screen in the Library Parissien, Adam Style, p 92
Théatre, Besançon, by C-N Ledoux, (1774) 1775-85 Ledoux, Architecture, pl 76
Théatre, Besançon: longitudinal section Ledoux, Architecture, pl 77
Théatre, Besançon: interior reflected in the pupil of an eye Ledoux, Architecture, pl 72
design for a gaol at Aix-en-Provence, by C-N Ledoux, 1787 Ledoux, Architecture, pl 64 Newgate Prison, by George Dance II, from 1769 Margaret Richardson, Soane: Connoisseur & Collector ( (London 1995), no 29
Saline of Chaux, Arc-et-Senans, 1775-9: plan] Ledoux, Architecture
Saline de Chaux: exterior entrance George Tibbits
Saline of Chaux, Bâtiment de Graduation Ledoux, Architecture, p 112
Saline de Chaux: Evaporation Building George Tibbits
Saline de Chaux, Arc-et-Senans, 1775-9 director s house and thorn houses Toman, Neoclassicism, p 150
Saline de Chaux: a perimeter storage hall George Tibbits
Saline de Chaux: perimeter storage hall: detail of rusticated window; Place de la Concorde, Paris, by A-J Gabriel (1755) 1757-75: detail of rusticated door George Tibbits; Miles Lewis
Saline de Chaux: another storage building George Tibbits S Francesco della Vigna, Venice, façade by Palladio, c 1570 L H Heydenreich & Wolfgang Lotz, Architecture in Italy 1400 to 1600 (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1974), pl 132
Saline of Chaux: administration building Toman, Neoclassicism, p 150
cannon foundry, Chaux: aerial perspective Ledoux, Architecture, p 150
Town of Chaux, Arc-et-Senans: aerial perspective Ledoux, Architecture, p 116
the Barrières d'enfer, Paris, by C-N Ledoux, 1785-9 Ledoux, Architecture
Barrière de l'étoile, by C-N Ledoux, 1785-9 Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 295
Barrière du Trône, by C- N Ledoux, 1785-9 Toman, Neoclassicism, p 78 France, pl 295.
Barrière de la Villette, by C-N Ledoux, 1784-7 Diapofilm 5439 JH-12
Barrière de la Villette: detail of the plinth George Tibbits
Barrière at the Parc de Monceau Miles Lewis
house for the surveyors of the river, Chaux, by C-N Ledoux Ledoux, Architecture, pl 110
ÉTIENNE-LOUIS BOULLÉE
Hôtel de Brunoy, Paris, by E-L Boullée, 1774-9 Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 276
design for a national library, by E-L Boullée, 1780s Toman, Neoclassicism, p 85
stadium, and monument of the 'architecture ensevelie' [buried] type, by Boullée Guinness & Hall, 'Reveries', p 100; Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 299
design for a monument by E-L Boullée, 1783 Kalnein & Levey, Eighteenth Century France, pl 299
design for a monument to Newton, by Boullée, 1784 Toman, Neoclassicism, p 66
section of the monument to Newton, by Boullée, 1784 Toman, Neoclassicism, p 66
conical cenotaph, by E-L Boullée, 1790s J M Pérouse de Montclos, Etienne-Louis Boullée 1728-1799: Theoretician of Revolutionary Architecture (New York 1974), pl 107
design for a spherical house, by A L T Vaudoyer, 1784 Emil Kaufmann, Architecture in the Age of Reason: Baroque and Post-Baroque in England, Italy, and France (New York 1975 [1955]), p 170
JEAN-JAQUES JAQUES LEQUEU
design for a Palace of Justice, by J J Lequeu, 1794 Architectural Review, CV!,?632 (June?1985), p 9 115
design for a tomb for the most illustrious and wisest men, by J J Lequeu, c 1780 Duboy, Lequeu, p 231
'Le Rendezvous de Bellevue est à la pointe du rocher, by J J Lequeu Duboy, Lequeu, p 83
'Indian pagoda', by J J Lequeu Emil Kaufmann, 'Jean-Jaques Lequeu', Art Bulletin, XXXI (1949), facing p 132
dairy and henhouse by J J Lequeu Desmond Guinness & Dinah Hall, 'Reveries', The World of Interiors (November 1983), p 104
Gate of the Arch of the People, by J-J Lequeu Guinness & Hall, 'Reveries', p 107
Prince's Hunting Gate, by Lequeu Guinness & Hall, 'Reveries', p 97
Southern view of a Cow's stable in a cool meadow, by J J Lequeu Guinness & Hall, 'Reveries', p 98
'He is Free', by J-J Lequeu, 1798-9 Duboy, Lequeu, p 97