Subsurface Geoscience Research at Edinburgh School of GeoSciences
2006 The University of Edinburgh (all rights reserved) Printed on recycled paper: Crusade 150gsm Designed and produced by Medical Illustration, Learning Technology Section, The University of Edinburgh School of GeoSciences 1 Subsurface at Edinburgh
Subsurface Geoscience Research Group The Subsurface Geoscience group studies the physical and chemical properties, origin and history of the Earth, and encompasses the major disciplines of Geology, Geochemistry, Geodynamics and Geophysics. Within the group the Earth s subsurface is imaged directly at various scales, its constituent minerals, rocks, pore fluids and magmas are analysed, and their interactions are simulated. Formed in 2003, following the merger of the former departments of Geology and Geophysics, Geography, Ecology and Resource Management and Meteorology, the Group is particularly dynamic with recent appointments in Exploration Seismology, Earth Materials and Volcanology. www.geos.ed.ac.uk Email: stuart.simmons@ed.ac.uk Tel: 0131 650 8516 Subsurface at Edinburgh 2
contents News 4 Optimising Hydrocarbon Production by Well Correlation 6 Seismic Imaging & Modelling of the Earth s Subsurface 8 Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy 10 CO 2 Geological Storage 12 Earthquake Prediction 14 Electromagnetic Imaging within the Earth 16 Active Tectonics 18 Igneous and Metamorphic Geology and Geochemistry 20 The Hottest Crust 22 Planetary Geology - Life on Mars? 24 3 Subsurface at Edinburgh
News Edinburgh Research Partnership The Edinburgh Collaboration in Subsurface Science and Engineering (ECOSSE) was launched in 2005, as part of the Edinburgh Research Partnership (ERP) in Mathematics and Engineering to promote research at the geoscience/engineering interface. The University of Edinburgh is partnering with the Institute of Petroleum Engineering (located at Heriot Watt University), the British Geological Survey and the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre. The Scottish Funding Council and OST invested over 1.8 Million in the partnership, creating six new posts. www.erp.ac.uk/ecosse Scotland s biggest company spin out A company founded by a team from the School of GeoSciences launched following investment of 7.4 Million to commercialise subsurface electromagnetic imaging technology. MTEM Ltd (multitransient electromagnetic technology) developed the leading edge technique to determine whether deep underground reservoirs contain hydrocarbons before drilling and to potentially find hidden oil in mature fields. In the UK sector of the North Sea alone, it is estimated more than a billion barrels of additional oil could be located using this technology. www.mtem.com Subsurface at Edinburgh 4
Professor Ian Main Email: Ian.Main@ed.ac.uk www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/imain 5 Subsurface at Edinburgh Image courtesy of BP
Optimising Hydrocarbon Production by Well Correlation The COFFERS project is a partnership between the University of Edinburgh, VIPS Ltd, Reservoir Dynamics Ltd and Earth Decision Sciences Ltd and is funded by eight global oil and gas companies (with support from the DTI and through the Aberdeen-based technology broker, ITF). The initiative responds to the commercial demands of oil producers to reduce production costs whilst optimising overall recovery. The approach addresses the major research challenge in understanding the way the subsurface responds to engineering decisions in complex hydrocarbon reservoirs. COFFERS has two distinct arms: The first is the physical modelling of fluid flow in complex reservoirs to plan the position of injector wells for optimal recovery; and the second is to establish a purely statistical model which quantifies the response of the reservoir to changes in injection or production strategy. A principal component analysis by Reservoir Dynamics Ltd has indicated that hydraulicallyreactive parts of the reservoir are strongly correlated with the location and orientation of mapped faults and fractures. Subsurface at Edinburgh 6 Image courtesy of BP
Andrew.Curtis@ed.ac.uk www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/acurtis 7 Subsurface at Edinburgh Image courtesy of WesternGeco
Industrial Imaging & Modelling of the Earth s Subsurface University of Edinburgh scientists develop new ways to create clearer seismic images of the Earth s subsurface. Mathematics and Physics are key disciplines used to optimise the design of surveys, and to simulate and analyse recorded wavefields in order to extract subsurface information. Using interferometry, we also use background noise in the Earth to image the subsurface. Knowledge of geology and rock physics then guides the construction of static models of current subsurface geology, and dynamic models of its geological evolution. Subsurface at Edinburgh 8 We develop and test new methods in our state-of-theart seismic processing lab. Results from joint industrial projects are transferred directly to partners R&D under tried and tested modes of collaboration. These include sponsored research projects, Ph.D. studentships, Knowledge Transfer Partnerships, and industry scientists may pursue research under the Industrial Hosting Program. www.geos.ed.ac.uk/research/subsurface/seismichost/
Professor John Underhill John.Underhill@glg.ed.ac.uk www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/jru 9 Subsurface at Edinburgh
Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy By integrating subsurface (seismic and well) data with primary field and core observations Edinburgh scientists can determine controls on the structural and stratigraphic evolution of prospective sedimentary basins. State-of-the-art seismic interpretation facilities are used to analyse complex 3D Seismic data sets. Recent research studies have used the North Sea and other UK basins as natural laboratories to further our understanding of fault growth during the development of rift systems, to investigate the role that salt mobility had in promoting structural feedback in evaporite-bearing provinces and to determine the suite of structures that characterise those basins that have experienced tectonic inversion. Seismic Line and corresponding geological cross-section from the Southern North Sea demonstrating the important role that the mobility of Upper Permian, Zechstein Group evaporites have had in controlling structural styles in its overburden. Field Photograph of the Moab Fault from the Paradox Basin in Utah: an example of an extensional structure associated with salt mobility. Subsurface at Edinburgh 10
Professor Stuart Haszeldine Email: s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/rsh 11 Subsurface at Edinburgh Image courtesy of Aerofilms ltd
CO 2 Storage The UK government is committed to reducing CO 2 emissions to 80% of 1990 levels by 2010, and to 40% by 2050. During the transition to a low carbon economy, with a more diverse energy mix, fossil fuels will continue to be the world s primary energy resource for the next 30 to 40 years. Power stations and heavy industry release most of the world s industrial CO 2, so there is tremendous scope to capture emissions at the point of source. Once captured, a suitable storage repository is required and the well-explored geological formations of the UK North Sea provide obvious candidates. With the UK s largest expert multidisciplinary team in subsurface science and engineering, Edinburgh is pivotal in the UK s investigation of geological storage of CO 2. Research aims include: site selection and baseline assessment, prediction of injection volumes and addressing issues of regulation such as the verification and monitoring of safe long-term geological storage. Subsurface at Edinburgh 12 www.co2storage.org.uk
Strange as it may seem, we understand the distribution of matter in the interior of the sun far better than we understand the interior of the earth (Richard Feynman 1985) Professor Stuart Crampin Email: scrampin@ed.ac.uk www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/scrampin 13 Subsurface at Edinburgh Image courtesy of NASA
Earthquake Prediction Recent investigations are transforming our understanding of in situ fluid-rock interaction. Shear-wave splitting (seismic birefringence) shows that almost all in situ rocks are pervaded by fluid-saturated stress-aligned micro cracks. These are so compliant that, for example, the accumulation of stress before earthquakes changes micro crack geometry, and can be monitored by observations of shear-waves. Signals from small earthquakes have successfully forecast one M5 earthquake in a narrow time-magnitude-window. Routine forecasting requires borehole testing and given enough resources, earthquake prediction is possible. Transmission between 500m-deep bore-holes in Iceland has shown that shear-wave splitting is extremely sensitive to remote seismic disturbances. This is because the micro cracks are so closely spaced they are critical-systems with all the butterfly-wing s sensitivity (and calculability) that that implies. Appropriate seismic cross-hole measurements would be able to forecast earthquakes and help us to address Richard Feynman s paradox. Subsurface at Edinburgh 14
Professor Kathy Whaler Email: Kathy.Whaler@ed.ac.uk xweb.geos.ed.ac.uk/~whaler 15 Subsurface at Edinburgh
Imaging within the Earth by Magnetotelluric (MT) Survey Magnetotelluric surveys measure the variations of the natural electromagnetic field on the Earth s surface. The induced part of the electromagnetic field provides information on the distribution of the electrical resistivity to a depth of a few kilometres. The method is passive and capable of revealing previously hidden structures that are invisible to traditional seismic techniques. MT surveys have successfully been used to image beneath basalt deposits on the Isle of Skye and Lake Tana in Ethiopia. Subsurface at Edinburgh 16 The Tana basin is covered with extensive Eocene- Oligocene continental flood basalts which mask underlying formations. The MT survey confirmed the existence of a Mesozoic sedimentary basin between lava flows and the Precambrian basement. The MT data assists exploration companies target activity more precisely at potential hydro carbon deposits, minimising risk and significantly reducing project costs.
Professor Alastair Robertson Email: Alastair.Robertson@ed.ac.uk 17 Subsurface at Edinburgh
Active Tectonics In south central Turkey scientists are investigating a rift basin located along the northern continental margin of the Arabian plate that evolved during the late Cenozoic period (last 35 million years). This study is part of the Edinburgh University Tethyan Research project, currently active in Turkey, Syria, Greece, Cyprus and former Yugoslavia. The work exemplifies field-based research, which utilises a range of multidisciplinary skills including sedimentology, structural geology, geochemistry and geomorphology. Subsurface at Edinburgh 18 Results show that this area was affected by the progressive and irregular collision of the Arabian plate with the Eurasian plate about 35-25 million years ago. The collision took place in two stages. Initially, normal faulting took place in a foreland basin related to overthrusting of the Tauride mountain belt to the north. Then, during the last 5 million years the present topography developed in response to the formation of a large graben controlled by strike-slip faulting. This twophase model of sedimentary basin formation has implications for other regions that have experienced continental collision, including the Himalayas more than 40 million years ago.
Professor Ben Harte Email: Ben.Harte@glg.ed.ac.uk www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/bharte 19 Subsurface at Edinburgh
Igneous and Metamorphic Geology and Geochemistry The Subsurface Group hosts some of the most sensitive instruments for the analysis of minerals in the UK. Imaging of microscopic chemical changes in minerals reveals windows into recent volcanic eruptions and ancient plate tectonic processes. Fieldwork involving the mapping of metamorphic rocks in western Greenland is providing clues as to the generation of continental crust dating back to 3.5 billion years. It is currently an exciting time in the development of theories for the deeper earth: Controversies over the behaviour of mantle plumes are being resolved by researchers in the northern Atlantic; the precise chemistry of rocks that harbour diamond underneath the continents is being determined which will refine prospecting techniques and studies of the degassing of magma in Iceland may provide clues as to how to predict the timing and magnitude of volcanic eruptions. Subsurface at Edinburgh 20
Professor Simon Harley Email: Simon.Harley@ed.ac.uk 21 Subsurface at Edinburgh
The Hottest Crust Even today few Earth Scientists appreciate that the continents, in different places and at different times in Earth history, have experienced extreme metamorphism at temperatures of over 1000 o C and yet have survived the thermal shock. The resulting Ultrahigh temperature (UHT) metamorphic belts provide vital clues as to how the deep continental crust of the Earth forms and evolves in response to tectonics. Ultimate UHT: 1120 o C sapphirinepyroxene-quartz rock, Antarctica. Using a combination of field, experimental and microanalytical approaches, Edinburgh geoscientists are world leaders in research into UHT and its causes. We aim to define not only the physical conditions, ages and timescales of UHT but also the complex interplay of chemical and physical processes that dictate how the hottest deep crust behaves when continents collide. Subsurface at Edinburgh 22
Professor Colin Graham Email: Colin.Graham@glg.ed.ac.uk 23 Subsurface at Edinburgh Image courtesy of NASA
Planetary Geology - Life on Mars? Edinburgh geochemists used the Ion Microprobe Facility to study the carbonate globules, each no bigger than a pinpoint, in a tiny sample of the 4 billion year old Martian Meteorite ALH8001 collected by NASA geologists on the Antarctic icecap. These globules host the proposed nano-bacteria structures thought to provide evidence for primitive life on Mars early in the history of the Solar System. Image, courtesy of NASA, of fossilised nanobacteria structures in carbonate globules in ALH84001 The results showed that the carbonates formed at sufficiently low temperatures for life as we know it to form, but whether the structures actually are fossil nano-bacteria from a wet early Mars remains controversial. The Ion Microprobe facility at the University of Edinburgh www.geos.ed.ac.uk/facilities/ Subsurface at Edinburgh 24 Image courtesy of NASA
School of GeoSciences Post Graduate Opportunities Collaborating with Industry Links with Government & Society PhD Opportunities www.geos.ed.ac.uk/postgraduate MSc Geoscience for Subsurface Exploration, Appraisal & Development (GeoSEAD) MSc by Research in GeoSciences MSc Geo Information Science MSc Geoinformatics MSc Remote Sensing and Image Processing MSc Environmental Protection and Management Sponsored research Consultancy Seismic industry hosting programme Training and Continuing Professional Development Knowledge Transfer Partnerships Materials and Micro-Analysis Joint ventures Knowledge resources and transfer Sponsored research Consultancy Policy and Science Expert opinion Industry networks Key technology assets MSc Global Environmental Change Licensing Media Links MSc Management of Natural Resources Insurance/Risk Management Contact: Mr Stuart Simmons Business Development School of GeoSciences The University of Edinburgh Phone: +44 (0)131 650 8516 Email: stuart.simmons@ed.ac.uk 25 Subsurface at Edinburgh
In the School of GeoSciences, we explore the factors and forces that shape our world and environments in which we live. As a leading interdisciplinary group, we aim to understand the interaction between the Earth s geology, atmosphere, oceans, biosphere and human responses and roles in this complex interplay. With over 100 academic specialists and some of the best scientific infrastructure in the UK, we deliver new insights into the dynamics of the Earth system and its relationship with society. This interdisciplinarity enhances our ability to model and predict global responses to environmental change, and to serve the needs of society, government and industry through meaningful knowledge transfer. Five integrated and interdependent research groups: Subsurface Geoscience Research Group Global Change Research Group Edinburgh Earth Observatory Human Geography Research Group (CECS) Centre for the study of Environmental Change and Sustainability Further information on MSc & PhD opportunities found at: www.geos.ed.ac.uk Subsurface at Edinburgh 26