Towards sustainable and strategic management of water resources

European Union Regional Policy ntrum fur -^t- 111/ Towards sustainable and strategic management of water resources European Commission Bibliothek Wasser und Umwelt (TU Darm stadt)

Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 19 AUTHOR'S NOTE 37 INTRODUCTION 41 CHAPTER I Institutional and economic framework for water resources management and planning 47 1. Legal framework for water resources management and planning 47 2. Economic and financial framework for water resources management and planning 56 3. Public/private interface 65 CHAPTER II Overview of water resources availability and sectoral water use 69 1. Overview of water resources availability 70 2. Profile of sectoral water use 80 3. Exploitation and consumption indices 88 4. Analysis of the main trends for water availability and use 92 5. International river basin water resources 98 6. Analysis of hydrological planning: The White Paper on water and the draft national irrigation plan 101 CHAPTER III Analysis of influencing factors on water resources management and planning 105 1. Climate change 105 2. Use of non-conventional resources 106 3. Water transfers 108 4. Technological development: Development of clean and water-saving technologies 109 5. Research and development programmes 110 CHAPTER IV Future trends in water management and planning 113 1. Economic and financial framework 113 2. Licensing system for water abstraction control 115 3. Implementation into national law of the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Rivers and International Lakes, approved on 24 July 1995 117 Evaluation of present policies and orientations for the future in the Mediterranean basin

CHAPTER V Assessment of setting up cooperation networks between regions (case studies: Ecowat and HYDRE) 119 ACTION PLAN 121 I. Priorities for sustainable water resources management in the Mediterranean basin 122 II. Medium- and long-term proposed actions to achieve sustainable water resources management 124 III. Measures to be taken at a national, transnational and Community level 129 GLOSSARY 133 REFERENCES 137 ANNEX Data comparability and compatibility at the European level 143 FRANCE I. Legal framework for water resources management and planning 149 1. Legislation 149 2. Organisations 150 3. Licensing and permits 153 II. Economic and financial framework for water management 154 1. Pricing structure and level 154 2. Subsidising 156 3. Investments 156 4. Public/private interface 156 III. Water quality 159 1. Compliance with the directive on urban wastewater (91/271/EEC) 159 2. Industrial pollution 162 3. Agricultural pollution 163 References 165 Foreword 173 Introduction 173 I. Medium-term and long-term priorities for sustainable water management in France 173 1.1.Improving data on and knowledge of the environment, ecosystems and uses 173 1.2. Improving resource management 175 1.3. Reducing demand 178 1.4. Improving water quality 180 l.5.crisis management 181 Contents

II. Measures to be undertaken at the different territorial levels 182 11.1. Proposed recommendations within a Community context 182 11.2. Proposed recommendations within the context of transnational cooperation 183 11.3. Proposed recommendations within a national context 183 11.4. Proposed recommendations at river basin level 183 GREECE I. Legal framework for water resources management and planning 187 1. Legislation 187 2. Organisations 188 3. Licensing and permits 189 II. Economic and financial framework for water management 189 1. Pricing structure and level 189 2. Subsidising 191 3. Full cost recovery 191 4. Investments 191 5. Public/private interface 191 III. Water quality 192 1. Wastewater and sewage treatment 192 2. Agricultural pollution 192 3. Industrial pollution 193 References 193 Foreword 195 Introduction 195 I. Medium-term and long-term priorities for sustainable water management in Greece 197 1.1. Improving knowledge of water resources and ecosystems 197 1.2. Improving water resources management 197 1.3. Improving water supply and sewage infrastructure 198 1.4. Reducing water demand 199 1.5. Improving and restoring water quality 199 1.6. Preventing soil erosion 200 1.7. Managing floods 201 II. Measures to be undertaken at the different territorial levels 201 11.1. Proposed recommendations within a Community framework 201 11.2. Proposed recommendations within a transboundary framework 201 11.3. Proposed recommendations within a regional framework 201 Evaluation of present policies and orientations for the future in the Mediterranean basin

ITALY I. Legal framework of water resources management and planning 205 1. Legislation 206 2 Organisations 208 3. Licensing and permits 210 II. Economic and financial framework for water management 211 1. Pricing structure and level 211 2. Subsidising 215 3. Full cost recovery 215 4. Investment 215 5. Public/private interface 217 III. Water quality 218 Compliance with the directive on urban wastewater (91/271/EEC) 218 References 219 Foreword 221 Introduction 221 I. Medium-term and long-term priorities for sustainable water management in Italy 224 1.1. Improving monitoring of water resources and systems for water data collection 224 1.2. Improving demand management 225 1.3. Improving and restoring water quality 226 1.4 Improving drought management 229 1.5 Improving flood management 230 II. Measures to be undertaken at the different territorial levels 231 11.1. Proposed recommendations within the Community framework 231 11.2. Proposed recommendations within a transboundary framework 231 11.3. Proposed recommendations within the national framework 232 11.4. Proposed recommendations within the regional framework 233 PORTUGAL I. Legal framework for water resources management and planning 237 1. Legislation ' 237 2. Organisations 238 3. Licensing and permits 240 10 Towards a sustainable/strategic management of water resources

II. Economic and financial framework for water management 241 1. Pricing structure and level 241 2. Subsidising 242 3. Public/private interface 242 III. Water quality 242 Compliance with the directive on urban wastewater (91/271/EEC) 243 References 244 Foreword 245 Introduction 245 1. Recent institutional developments 246 2. Internal complexities 246 I. Medium-term and long-term priorities for sustainable water management in Portugal 247 1.1. Improving wastewater and sewage treatment networks in medium-sized cities 247 1.2. Improving water resources management 248 1.3. Reducing water demand 248 1.4. Improving and restoring water quality 250 1.5. Conserving and restoring aquatic ecosystems and wetlands 251 1.6. Managing extreme events 252 II. Measures to be undertaken at the different territorial levels 252 11.1. Proposed recommendations within the Community framework 252 11.2. Proposed recommendations within the transboundary framework 253 11.3. Proposed recommendations within the river basin framework 253 11.4. Proposed recommendations within the national framework 253 Annex Water management and planning in the Algarve 254 SPAIN I. Legal framework for water resources management and planning 259 1. Legislation 259 2. Organisations 260 3. Licensing and permits...:: 262 II. Economic and financial framework for water management 263 1. Pricing structure and level 263 2. Subsidising 267 3. Full cost recovery 268 Evaluation of present policies and orientations for the future in the Mediterranean basin 11

4. Investments 268 5. Public/private interface 269 III. Water quality 270 1. Saline intrusion 270 2. Compliance with the directive on urban wastewater (91/271 /EEC) 270 3. Domestic pollution 272 4. Industrial pollution 272 5. Agricultural pollution 273 References 274 Foreword 277 Introduction 277 I. Medium-term and long-term priorities for sustainable water management in Spain 279 1.1. Improving ecosystems management 279 1.2. Conserving and restoring land cover, fighting erosion and desertification 280 1.3. Improving water resources monitoring systems and knowledge on water resources and ecosystems 280 1.4. Reducing agricultural demand 281 1.5. Improving and restoring water quality 282 1.6. Improving extreme events management 284 II. Measures to be undertaken at the different territorial levels 284 11.1. Proposed recommendations within the Community framework 284 11.2. Proposed recommendations within the national framework 285 11.3. Proposed recommendations within the transboundary framework 285 MALTA I. Legal framework for water resources management and planning 289 1. Legislation 289 2. Organisations 289 3. Licensing and permits 290 II. Economic and financial framework for water management 290 1. Pricing structure and level 290 2. Subsidising 294 3. Full cost recovery 294 4. Investments 294 5. Public/private interface 294 12 Towards a sustainable/strategic management of water resources

III. Water quality 294 1. Wastewater and sewage treatment 294 2. Groundwater and seawater pollution 298 3. Policy measures 298 IV. Quality management policy 299 References 299 Introduction 301 I. Medium-term and long-term priorities for sustainable water management in Malta 301 1.1. Assessing the sustainable use of existing available resources 301 1.2. Reducing the demand 302 1.3. Strengthening efforts for prevention and reduction of pollution 303 1.4. Protecting and enhancing groundwater resources 304 II. Measures to be undertaken at the different territorial levels 304 11.1. Proposed recommendations within the Community framework 304 11.2. Proposed recommendations within the national framework 304 CYPRUS I. Legal framework for water resources management and planning 307 1. Legislation, 307 2. Organisations 308 3. Licensing and permits 310 II. Economic and financial framework for water management 311 1. Pricing structure and level 311 2. Subsidising 312 3. Full cost recovery 312 4. Investment 313 5. Public/private interface 314 III. Water quality 314 1. Saline intrusion...::: 314 2. Wastewater and sewage treatment 314 3. Urban pollution 315 4. Industrial pollution : 315 5. Agricultural pollution 315 References 315 Evaluation of present policies and orientations for the future in the Mediterranean basin 13

Introduction 319 I. Medium-term and long-term priorities for sustainable water management in Cyprus 319 1.1. Assessing the sustainable use of existing available resources 319 1.2. Reducing the demand 320 1.3. Improving and restoring water quality 321 1.4. Protecting and enhancing groundwater resources 321 1.5. Conserving and restoring aquatic ecosystems and wetlands 321 1.6. Drought management 322 II. Measures to be undertaken at the different territorial levels 322 11.1. Proposed recommendations within the Community framework 322 11.2. Proposed recommendations within the national framework 322 11.3. Proposed recommendations within the watershed framework 322 14 Towards a sustainable/strategic management of water resources