1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Scientific and Technological References Energy Technology Indicators Area: ELECTRICITY GENERATION Sector: Hydropower (incl. Small) A. State of the art Advances in Research Achieved (facts) Target By (year) Performance indicators Efficiency (best reported) (turbine Cp max) 92 %. Load factor (low high average) 40-60 % related to 8760h/year Energy recovery factor (Average Cp over year) 80-82%.. Technological and scientific development Water is diverted through a pipe (penstock) into a turbine from where it discharges usually through a draft tube or diffuser back into the river at lower level. Hydropower plants 10 15.000 MW Small hydro plants 1-10 MW Mini hydro plants 100-1000 kw Micro Power plants < 100 kw Impulse turbines (Pelton) Mechanically guaranteed efficiency 88-94% Cross flow 70-80% Reaction turbines (notably Francis and Keplan) Mechanically guaranteed efficiency 80-90% Micro turbines (efficiency): 75-85% Technology related available indicators (for demo and commercial units) Commercial produced rated power: 0.030 to 25 MW Typical falls: 3-600 m Time at Max. power needed to compensate for manufacturing : months Performance indicators (for demo and commercial units) Efficiency (commonly reported) (electric power) 75-80% Economic life time 15-20 years Design life time Control & Monitoring 10 years Mechanical equipment max. 30 years Electrical equipment max. 20 years Civil works max. 50 years Technical availability : best reported max. 95% Common 80-90% Economic indicators (for demo and commercial units) Electricity production at (kwh manufacturing cost): 0,05 0,15 /kwh 0,02-0,08 /kwh 2010 Typical turn-key investment costs for small hydro 1 MW 10 MW 600 2000 /kw 2010 for small hydro 500 1000 kw (mini hydro) 1300 4500 /kw 1000-3000 /kw 2010 for small hydro 100-500 kw (mini hydro) 1500 6000 /kw 900-3500 /kw 2010 for micro hydro <100 kw 1500 6000 /kw 900-3500 /kw 2010 Typical turn-key investment costs (for small hydro): 1500 6000 /kw 900-4000 /kw 2010
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 Typical operating and maintenance ratio 1 3-5% Typical pay-back time on investment 10-25 years (based on 5% for 20 years) Typical time frame between order and industrial operation (without permits) 12-24 months idem (with permits) 24-120 months Decommissioning cost 150-350 /kw Typical externalities (based on EXTERNE study) 0.03 1.0 c /kwh Typical land requirements depends on the type and size of the power plants Market size and industry related indicators Total EU installed capacity: >12.621 MW and >14.000 MW in Europe (autumn of 2001) Total world-wide installed capacity: 37.000 MW corresponding to TWh/a Actual installation rate (EU/World-wide): 100 MW/a 1000 MW/a (worldwide) Average turbine size: kw in 2001 (est.) Manufacturing capacity (approx.) units per year Manufacturing capacity (approx.). MW/a Target 2005: ESHA target 1-2 GW in small hydro Target 2020: ESHA target GW in small hydro Social indicators Production employment. jobs/a Total employment 10.000 jobs/a Probability of event (accident) based on LCA. Severity of consequences of event. Human risk (probability of event x severity of event). Environmental and other specific indicators System s overall recyclability % Cost of system s recyclability Manufacture process: Waste produced % Recyclability of waste % Manufacture related toxicity involved Cost of recyclability Operation process : recyclability of wastes produced involved toxicity of wastes Cost of recyclability Fish friendlier turbine shaping - Kyoto: Small hydro alone is expected to lead to % less CO 2 by 2010. B. Headline indicators draft - to be agreed Technical or scientific bottlenecks or impediments electricity production: limited by constraints to exploitation of extremely low heads typical turn-key investment costs: limited by electromechanical equipment costs and related maintenance costs efficiency of simplified turbines: limited by lack in fluid-dynamic experience of the small manufacturers durability: limited by erosion problem (high head) and inadequacy in the mechanical design. delivery time: to be reduced to 8-10 months (10 percent less than 12 as average) efficiency assessment: to state standard simplified test to get a good reliability at low costs (related to the investment cost of a Small Hydro installation) desilting: to avoid erosion problems the desilting structure efficiency must be improved, promoting a research to find a set of small, simple, low cost and efficient desilting structures. 1 ie the ratio between the average O&M annual expenses -including provisions for big repairs- and excluding fuel costs to the initial investment cost
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 Headline indicators actual target limited by by Electricity production: 0,05 0,15 /kwh 0,02 0,08 sites availability 2010 Specific energy output per installed capacity kwh/kw/a kwh/kw/a 2010 Specific energy output per height fall kwh/m/a kwh/m/a 2010 C. Further R&D work focus (national and/or FP6) Technology Development: - develop cost effective and ultra low-head SHP systems - definitive evaluation of the real environmental effects and impact of SHP compared with fossil fuelled and nuclear power plants - development of standard specifications at the European and at the international level for design and installation packages for export to developing countries - refurbishment of old sites: >10.000 obsolete or abandoned hydro plants with over 3GW potential - use of variable speed turbines at low heads - use of submersible turbo-generators and syphon turbines - use of new materials - computer optimisation of small systems - development of low fish-mortality turbines - systemisation - head enhancement - improved electrical and control systems: - use of permanent magnet generators -use of electronic and telemetry -compact multi-pole generators - avoiding the use of cofferdams during installation - improvements in ancillary Equipment - simplification and improvement of trashracks - improvement of water intakes - improved techniques to avoid interference or damage to fish - aeration - development of multipurpose schemes (waste, drainage, potable, irrigation water ) - development of multi RES power plant for isolated area (islands) or not (for instance wind and hydro turbines) - efficiency assessment: investigate for standard, simplified tests able to get a good reliability at low cost (related to the investment cost of a Small Hydro installation) - avoid the erosion problems improving the desilting efficiency of structures, by means of a research program having the goal to find standard, at least in the design, desilting structures, which would be compact, simple, low impact, low cost and efficient. D. Monitoring World Installed capacity : 678 GW produced over 22 % of the world s electricity 2564 TWh/a (1998). Western Europe : 134 GW produced 19% of EU electricity, 520 TWh/a, avoiding 70 mio tons of CO2/a Non-technology related bottlenecks/actions that could facilitate market penetration: - authorisations and administrative procedures - environmental impact - identification and promotion of acceptable solutions to environmental objections, especially concerning residual flow levels and fish protection - visual impact - sites availability - resource assessment in target markets - awareness campaigns targeting decision makers, users, contractors, utilities, regulators and the public
169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 Small Hydro Power Installed capacity N of plants Capacity MW Planned MW Target by I 1510 2229 236 FR 1350 2018 7 ES > 982 1652 70 2230 2010 D 6000 1514 100 S 1615 1050 40 A 1700 866 100 FIN 204 320 N/A P 74 286 N/A 350 2010 UK 110 162 4 B 38 96 0 GR 10 50 88 NL 14 40 15 L 13 39 0 IRL 34 33 5 DK 11 0 Total > 13654 > 10366* MW 665 MW > 16.800 MW by 2015 *source: ESHA, EurObserv ER 2001, including latest figures 1995 2020 North America 4.861 6.150-12.900 Latin America 1.992 5.750-6.550 Western Europe 8.822 12.580-21.690 E.Europe & the CIS 2.801 3.990-4.200 Middle East/N. Africa 81 230-266 Sub-Saharan Africa 324 935-1.065 Pacific 124 170-300 China 6.963 20.100-22.900 Rest of Asia 614 1.770-2.020 Totals 26.582 MW 51.700-71.900 MW China : Three Gorges plant: 18.000 MW by 2009 while another 20.000 MW of SHP to build by 2009. Total world-wide > 37.000 MW > 55.000 MW by 2010 shared cost research / development ratios (?) Job creation: 10.000 jobs within last 10 year Price small hydro electricity 0.025 0.05 /kwh (targets 2005) Overall small hydro share in EU : 19 % of EU electricity consumption (data of 1998) CO 2 emission reduction : 3.200 t/a/mw SO 2 emission reduction 20 t/a/mw Replacement of fossil fuels : 280 t/a/mw 1MW installed typically produces electricity for 1000 families
218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 LITERATURE BlueAGE, 2000, Final Report, Strategic study for the development of Small Hydro Power in the European Union, ALTENER programme EUREC Agency 1996, The Future for renewable energy, Prospects and Directions, London: James & James EUREC Agency, 2002, The future for renewable energy 2, Prospects and Directions, London: James & James European Commission, DG TREN, ELVIRE Evaluation guide for renewable energy projects in Europe, FEDARENE European Commission, DG TREN, Layman s guidebook on: How to develop a small hydro site, Part 1, ESHA European Commission, DG TREN, 1998, Export markets for European renewable energy technologies, Luxembourg, OPOCE European Commission, DG TREN, 2000, General Information: Environmental Impacts, From the use of renewable energy technologies, Greece, Elfores European Commission, DG TREN, 1999, Overview 1995-1998:Renewable Energy Systems, New solutions in Energy Supply, Luxembourg, OPOCE European Commission, DG TREN, The impact of renewables on employment and economic growth, ALTENER programme European Commission, EUROSTAT, Renewable energy sources statistics in the European Union, Data 1989-1998 European Commission, 1999, ExternE: Externalities of Energy, Brussels European Commission, 1997, White Paper on Renewable Energies, Brussels ESHA, based on information provided by ESHA, 2002 Hydropower, Energy and the Environment, IEA, Stockholm Sweden, 14-16 June 1993, Vattenfall AB, Conference Proceedings IEA, 1997, Indicators of Energy Use and Efficiency, Paris Integration of renewable Energy sources and distributed generation in energy systems, 25&26 September 2001, Conference proceedings J. Bard, N. Froslo, L. Papetti, V. Denis, European Strategy Document for Research Technological Development and Demonstration in, March 2002, (not yet published). Observ ER, EurObserv ER 2002, European Barometer of Renewable Energy Sources, 2 nd Report, 2002. Renewable Energy Newsletter, October 1999, Issue 3/99 Renewable Energy World, Vol 4, N 5, Sep-Oct 2001, James & James World Atlas and Industry Guide, 1998, International Journal of Hydropower and Dams ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The valuable contribution of the following people is greatly and graciously acknowledged Christine Lyns ESHA BE Legal Notice Although every effort was made to accurately reflect the present state of knowledge with respect to the enclosed information, neither the European Commission or any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express of implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favouring by the European Commission of any agency thereof. The views and opinions of contributors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the European Commission or any agency or any other institution thereof.