Blinder, Ford, Ivarsflaten and Oskarsson, Secularism or anti-muslim sentiment. Supplementary material 1. Swedish items schools experiment Mp4_Q57: Christian schools Swedish wording: En del föräldrar i Sverige vill sända sina barn till kristna friskolor, som följer samma läroplan som andra skolor men utifrån en kristen värdegrund. Tycker du att det bor vara tillatet att skicka sina barn till kristna friskolor? Translation: Some parents in Sweden would like to send their children to Christian schools that follow the same curriculum as other schools, but are based on Christian values. Do you think that parents should be allowed to send their children to Christian schools? Tycker du att det bor vara tillatet att skicka sina barn till kristna friskolor? Freq. Percent Cum. 1 Ja, bor vara tillatet 30 22.06 22.06 2 23 16.91 38.97 3 21 15.44 54.41 4 15 11.03 65.44 5 Nej, bor inte vara tillatet 47 34.56 100.00 Total 136 100.00 Mean when standardized (0-1, 0=should not be allowed; 1=should be allowed)=0.45 CI =( 0.38, 0.52) Mp4_Q58: Muslim schools Swedish wording: En del föräldrar i Sverige vill sända sina barn till muslimska friskolor, som följer samma kursplaner som andra skolor, men därtill undervisar i Islam. Tycker du att det bor vara tillatet att skicka sina barn till muslimska friskolor? Translation: Some parents in Sweden would like to send their children to Muslim schools that follow the same curriculum as other schools, but also teach Islam. Do you think that parents should be allowed to send their children to Muslim schools? 1
Tycker du att det bor vara tillatet att skicka sina barn till muslimska friskolo Freq. Percent Cum. 1 Ja, bor vara tillatet 26 20.16 20.16 2 18 13.95 34.11 3 14 10.85 44.96 4 17 13.18 58.14 5 Nej, bor inte vara tillatet 54 41.86 100.00 Total 129 100.00 Mean when standardized (0-1, 0=should not be allowed; 1=should be allowed)= 0.39 CI = (0.32, 0.46) 2. Swedish IMCP-items mp4_q70_1: Swedish wording: I vilken utstrackning instammer du i foljande pastaenden: Jag forsoker agera fordomsfritt darfor att det ar viktigt for mig. Translation: To what extent do you agree or with the following statements: I try to act without prejudice because it is important to me. (1-5: -agree) I vilken utstrackning instammer du i foljande pastaenden: Jag forsoker agera for Freq. Percent Cum. 1 Instammer inte alls 24 1.74 1.74 2 39 2.83 4.57 3 172 12.48 17.05 4 432 31.35 48.40 5 Instammer helt och hallet 711 51.60 100.00 Total 1,378 100.00 mp4_q70_2: Swedish wording: Jag forsoker vara fordomsfri mot invandrare pa grund av mina egna varderingar. Translation: I try to be unprejudiced towards immigrants because of my own convictions. 2
I vilken utstrackning instammer du i foljande pastaenden: Jag forsoker vara ford Freq. Percent Cum. 1 Instammer inte alls 30 2.21 2.21 2 38 2.79 5.00 3 178 13.09 18.09 4 414 30.44 48.53 5 Instammer helt och hallet 700 51.47 100.00 Total 1,360 100.00 mp4_q70_5: Jag blir irriterad pa mig sjalv nar jag har fordomsfulla tankar Translation: I get irritated with myself when I have prejudiced thoughts.. tab mp4_q70_5 I vilken utstrackning instammer du i foljande pastaenden: Jag blir irriterad pa Freq. Percent Cum. 1 Instammer inte alls 219 16.32 16.32 2 193 14.38 30.70 3 243 18.11 48.81 4 313 23.32 72.13 5 Instammer helt och hallet 374 27.87 100.00 Total 1,342 100.00 mp4_q70_6: Swedish: Jag kanner mig skyldig nar jag har fordomsfulla tankar om invandrare. Translation: I feel guilty when I have prejudiced throughts about immigrants. I vilken utstrackning instammer du i foljande pastaenden: Jag kanner mig skyldig Freq. Percent Cum. 1 Instammer inte alls 318 24.04 24.04 2 247 18.67 42.71 3 272 20.56 63.27 4 238 17.99 81.25 5 Instammer helt och hallet 248 18.75 100.00 Total 1,323 100.00 mp4_q70_7: Swedish: Utifran mina varderingar ar det OK att anvanda stereotyper om invandrare Translation: In my own view it is OK to use stereotypes about immigrants. 3
I vilken utstrackning instammer du i foljande pastaenden: Utifran mina vardering Freq. Percent Cum. 1 Instammer inte alls 710 53.30 53.30 2 305 22.90 76.20 3 208 15.62 91.82 4 71 5.33 97.15 5 Instammer helt och hallet 38 2.85 100.00 Total 1,332 100.00 3. Norwegian items, schools experiment Christian schools r4dv55b: Norwegian: Hvor enig eller uenig er du i at det skal være mulig å sende sine barn til kristne skoler som følger den norske læreplanen? Translation: How much do you agree or that it should be possible to send ones children to Christian schools that follow the Norwegian curriculum? Allow Christian schools which follow the Norwegian curriculum Freq. Percent Cum. Strongly agree 47 12.14 12.14 Agree 110 28.42 40.57 Agree somewhat 65 16.80 57.36 Neither agree nor 75 19.38 76.74 Disagree somewhat 28 7.24 83.98 Disagree 33 8.53 92.51 Strongly 29 7.49 100.00 Total 387 100.00 Mean when standardized (0-1; 0= should not be possible; 1= should be possible) = 0.61 CI (0.58; 0.63) Muslim schools 4
r4dv55c: Norwegian: Hvor enig eller uenig er du i at det skal være mulig å sende sine barn til muslimske skoler som følger den norske læreplanen? Translation: How much do you agree or that it should be possible to send ones children to Muslim schools that follow the Norwegian curriculum? Allow Muslim schools which follow the Norwegian curriculum Freq. Percent Cum. Strongly agree 12 3.00 3.00 Agree 61 15.25 18.25 Agree somewhat 59 14.75 33.00 Neither agree nor 75 18.75 51.75 Disagree somewhat 36 9.00 60.75 Disagree 79 19.75 80.50 Strongly 78 19.50 100.00 Mean when standardized (0-1; 0= should not be possible; 1= should be possible) = 0.41 CI (0.38; 0.44) Total 400 100.00 4. IMCP-measures in the Norwegian panel. Note: Data collection on IMCP in the Norwegian panel took place in waves 1 and 3. Data was collected in wave 1 for those recruited in w1 and in wave 3 for those recruited in w3. In wave 1, a question ordering experiment was tried without effect and without consequence for this study. This explains why there are two separate groups of each IMCP item in w1. For this reason, there are three tables per item in this detailed documentation. Norwegian: Hvor godt eller dårlig vil du si følgende beskrivelse passer på deg? : Det er viktig for meg personlig å være fordomsfri overfor innvandrere. (1-7 Svært godt; svært dårlig). Translation: How well or badly does the following statement describe you? : It is important for me personally to be unprejudiced towards immigrants. (1-7: Very well Very badly). [Please disregard the inconsistent labelling and weird translations. The survey was conducted in Norwegian and the wordings are exactly the same across the three groups in Norwegian] 5
. tab w01_dv35_1 if w01_dv35_1<9 Fitting description: Important not to not have prejudices towards immigrants Freq. Percent Cum. Very good 401 17.99 17.99 Good 833 37.37 55.36 Somewhat good 450 20.19 75.55 Neither good nor bad 352 15.79 91.34 Somewhat bad 127 5.70 97.04 Bad 34 1.53 98.56 Very bad 32 1.44 100.00 Mean: 2.64; CI (2.59; 2.70); N=2,229 Total 2,229 100.00. tab w01_dv38_1 if w01_dv38_1<9 Fitting description: Important not to not have prejudices towards immigrants Freq. Percent Cum. Very well 468 20.35 20.35 Well 815 35.43 55.78 Somewhat well 452 19.65 75.43 Neither well nor poorly 337 14.65 90.09 Somewhat poorly 121 5.26 95.35 Poorly 72 3.13 98.48 Very poorly 35 1.52 100.00 Total 2,300 100.00 Mean: 2.65; CI (2.59; 2.70); N=2,300 6
Personal description: It is important for me personally to be unprejudiced in re Freq. Percent Cum. Very well 302 18.21 18.21 Well 591 35.65 53.86 Somewhat well 326 19.66 73.52 Neither well nor poorly 297 17.91 91.44 Somewhat poorly 83 5.01 96.44 Poorly 34 2.05 98.49 Very poorly 25 1.51 100.00 Mean: 2.68; CI (2.61; 2.74); N=1,658 Total 1,658 100.00 I standardized these variables to a 0-1 scale and combined into one new variable, which is called imcpitem1 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval] imcpitem1 5,641.723926.0029959.7180528.7297992 The combined variable (0-1 standardized) has the following properties using all four items across the three groups in the two waves. r(111);. ci imcpcomb Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval] imcpcomb 5,548.6641507.002653.6589498.6693517 7
5. The religious schools condition in Norway and Sweden The Swedish case Mp4_Q59: Religious schools Swedish: En del föräldrar vill sända sina barn till religiösa friskolor, som följer samma kursplaner som andra skolor, men utifrån en religiös värdegrund. Tycker du att det bor vara tillatet att skicka sina barn till religiosa friskolor? Translation: Some parents would like to send their children to religious schools that follow the same curriculum as other schools, but tare based on religious values. Do you think parents should be allowed to send their children to religious schools?. tab mp4_q59 Tycker du att det bor vara tillatet att skicka sina barn till religiosa friskolo Freq. Percent Cum. 1 Ja, bor vara tillatet 12 9.84 9.84 2 11 9.02 18.85 3 21 17.21 36.07 4 16 13.11 49.18 5 Nej, bor inte vara tillatet 62 50.82 100.00 Total 122 100.00 Mean when standardized (0-1, 0=should not be allowed; 1=should be allowed)= 0.28 CI = (0.22, 0.35) Religious schools in Norway R4dv55a: Hvor enig eller uenig er du i at det skal være mulig å sende sine barn til religiøse skoler som følger den norske læreplanen? Translation: How much do you agree or that it should be possible to send one s children to religious schools that follow the Norwegian curriculum? 8
Allow religious schools which follow the Norwegian curriculum Freq. Percent Cum. Strongly agree 14 4.11 4.11 Agree 73 21.41 25.51 Agree somewhat 52 15.25 40.76 Neither agree nor 70 20.53 61.29 Disagree somewhat 31 9.09 70.38 Disagree 55 16.13 86.51 Strongly 46 13.49 100.00 Total 341 100.00 6. Britain schools experiment. Church Schools Some parents in Britain send their children to church schools, which teach the same subjects as the national curriculum but only take pupils who attend church regularly. Do you agree or that parents should be allowed to send their children to church schools? 1. Strongly agree 26 23% 23.0% 2. Agree 39 34.5% 57.5% 25 22.1% 79.7% 4. Disagree 8 7.1% 86.7% 5. Strongly 15 13.3% 100% Total 113 Mean when standardized (0-1, 0=should not be allowed; 1=should be allowed)=0.62 CI = (0.59, 0.65) Muslim schools Some Muslim parents in Britain would like to send their children to Islamic schools, which teach the same subjects as the national curriculum but only take Muslim pupils. Do you agree or that Muslim parents should be allowed to send their children to Islamic schools? 9
1. Strongly agree 1 1% 1 2. Agree 12 12% 13% 16 16% 29% 4. Disagree 17 17% 46% 5. Strongly 55 54% 100% Total 101 Mean when standardized (0-1, 0=should not be allowed; 1=should be allowed)= 0.22 7. IMCP-items in the British survey: I attempt to act in nonprejudiced ways because it is personally important to me. 1. Strongly agree 213 24% 24% 2. Agree 347 39% 63% 192 22% 85% 4. Disagree 71 8% 93% 5. Strongly 36 4% 97% 6. Don't know 30 3% Total 889 I aim to be non-prejudiced towards immigrants due to my own beliefs 1. Strongly agree 182 20% 2. Agree 335 38% 58% 212 24% 82% 4. Disagree 78 9% 91% 5. Strongly 44 5% 96% 6. Don't know 38 4% Total 889 10
It is important to me that other people think I am unprejudiced 1. Strongly agree 132 15% 2. Agree 279 31% 46% 327 37% 83% 4. Disagree 89 10% 93% 5. Strongly 33 4% 97% 6. Don't know 29 3% Total 889 When talking to immigrants, it is important to me that they think I am not prejudiced. 1. Strongly agree 136 15% 2. Agree 338 38% 53% 281 32% 85% 4. Disagree 57 6% 91% 5. Strongly 33 4% 95% 6. Don't know 44 5% Total I get angry with myself when I have a prejudiced thought 1. Strongly agree 51 6% 2. Agree 227 26% 32% 278 31% 63% 4. Disagree 178 20% 82% 5. Strongly 115 13% 95% 6. Don't know 40 5% Total I feel guilty when I have a negative thought about immigrants 1. Strongly agree 45 5% 11
2. Agree 176 20% 25% 238 27% 52% 4. Disagree 237 27% 79% 5. Strongly 161 18% 97% 6. Don't know 32 4% Total According to my personal values, using stereotypes about immigrants is OK 1. Strongly agree 22 2% 2. Agree 83 9% 11% 215 24% 35% 4. Disagree 326 37% 72% 5. Strongly 197 22% 94% 6. Don't know 46 5% Total 8. Models used to make the predicted probabilities and conditional effects plots. Direct effects model of Swedish schools experiment:.. regress relschall i.relschexp if ctrlchrdum==1 ctrlmusdum==1 ctrlreldum==1 Source SS df MS Number of obs = 387 F(2, 384) = 6.23 Model 1.83710652 2.918553258 Prob > F = 0.0022 Residual 56.5756842 384.147332511 R-squared = 0.0315 Adj R-squared = 0.0264 Total 58.4127907 386.151328473 Root MSE =.38384 relschall Coef. Std. Err. t P> t [95% Conf. Interval] relschexp Christian Schools (C).1673698.0478641 3.50 0.001.0732613.2614783 Muslim Schools (C).1085748.0484743 2.24 0.026.0132665.203883 _cons.2848361.0347512 8.20 0.000.2165097.3531625 12
IMCP interaction model in the Swedish data:. do "C:\Users\EIV001~1.013\AppData\Local\Temp\STD00000000.tmp". regress relschall i. relschexp musxeimcp chrxeimcp ei_mcp if ctrlchrdum==1 ctrlmusdum==1 ctrlreldum==1 Source SS df MS Number of obs = 343 F(5, 337) = 4.95 Model 3.56317122 5.712634245 Prob > F = 0.0002 Residual 48.4904002 337.143888428 R-squared = 0.0685 Adj R-squared = 0.0546 Total 52.0535714 342.152203425 Root MSE =.37933 relschall Coef. Std. Err. t P> t [95% Conf. Interval] relschexp Christian Schools (C).1142425.1736358 0.66 0.511 -.2273039.455789 Muslim Schools (C) -.3729615.1696573-2.20 0.029 -.7066822 -.0392409 musxeimcp.7246667.2305491 3.14 0.002.27117 1.178163 chrxeimcp.068744.2388269 0.29 0.774 -.4010352.5385232 ei_mcp -.2073671.1662527-1.25 0.213 -.5343909.1196567 _cons.4315113.1232159 3.50 0.001.1891422.6738803 Direct effects model in the Norwegian case:.. regress relschall i.relschexp Source SS df MS Number of obs = 1,128 F(2, 1125) = 41.42 Model 7.52344718 2 3.76172359 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual 102.170379 1,125.090818114 R-squared = 0.0686 Adj R-squared = 0.0669 Total 109.693826 1,127.097332587 Root MSE =.30136 relschall Coef. Std. Err. t P> t [95% Conf. Interval] relschexp Christian Schools.1245741.022383 5.57 0.000.0806569.1684913 Muslim Schools -.0688551.022212-3.10 0.002 -.1124367 -.0252734 _cons.4809384.0163196 29.47 0.000.4489182.5129587 13
IMCP interaction model in the Norwegian case:. regress relschall i.relschexp3 imcpcomb musximcp chrximcp Source SS df MS Number of obs = 954 F(5, 948) = 17.49 Model 7.74720266 5 1.54944053 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual 83.9693102 948.088575222 R-squared = 0.0845 Adj R-squared = 0.0796 Total 91.7165128 953.096239783 Root MSE =.29762 relschall Coef. Std. Err. t P> t [95% Conf. Interval] relschexp3 Christian Schools.3039705.0817442 3.72 0.000.14355.464391 Muslim Schools -.0672838.0823777-0.82 0.414 -.2289476.09438 imcpcomb.2047665.0855944 2.39 0.017.0367901.3727429 musximcp.0090076.1207339 0.07 0.941 -.227929.2459442 chrximcp -.2569402.1201549-2.14 0.033 -.4927405 -.02114 _cons.3374882.0577372 5.85 0.000.2241807.4507957 14