aneb Co bylo, bylo, co zbylo, zbylo.

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Transcription:

aneb Co bylo, bylo, co zbylo, zbylo. 2013

Minulé časy Minulý čas se vyznačuje především tím, že jím popisované děje jsou již ukončeny a dále neprobíhají. Často jsou tyto skutečnosti naznačeny signálním slovem, které ukazuje konkrétní dobu v minulosti: yesterday, day before yesterday, that day last week, last month, last Christmas ago on Monday (pokud už tento den byl) in 1977

Tvoření minulého času prostého V + ed V ed play + ed played

Použití minulého času prostého Minulý čas prostý používáme když chceme vyjádřit, že děj proběhl a skončil v minulosti chceme vyjádřit, že děj proběhl jakoby v jednom okamžiku nepotřebujeme vyjádřit trvání děje

Příklady 1 Jim opened the windows to let fresh air in. 2 Kelly did the shopping yesterday. 3 When I was young, my dad bought me a dog. 4 Dolly Parton sang a new song last week. 5 Joshua spoke to me two days ago.

Tvoření minulého průběhového BE + ed + V + ing was (were) + V ing BE + ed + play + ing was playing

Použití minulého času průběhového Minulý čas průběhový používáme když chceme vyjádřit, že děj probíhal a skončil v minulosti chceme vyjádřit, že děj probíhal po nějakou dobu

Příklady 1 Jim was watching the birds in the park. 2 Kelly was playing squash all afternoon. 3 We were swimming in the sea. 4 Dolly Parton was singing nice songs all day long. 5 Joshua was not speaking to me two days ago.

Další funkce minulých časů 1 Dva a více dějů 2 Děj na popředí a pozadí 3 Vyprávění příběhů

Dva a více časů zároveň Někdy v minulosti proběhne více dějů než jeden. V takovém případě mohou nastat následující situace: 1 jeden děj proběhne a skončí, pak proběhne další a skončí 2 jeden děj probíhá déle než druhý děj 3 oba dva děje probíhají víceméně zároveň

Dva děje po sobě Pokud oba dva děje proběhnou jeden za druhým, použijeme pro oba tyto děje minulý prostý.

Jeden děj delší, druhý kratší Pokud jeden děj probíhá delší dobu a druhý kratší dobu, použijeme minulý prostý pro kratší děj a minulý průběhový pro delší děj.

Oba děje současně Pokud oba děje probíhají současně, použijeme pro oba dva minulý průběhový čas.

Děj na pozadí a popředí

Děj na pozadí a popředí

Děj na pozadí a popředí Podobně jako v divadle, i v životě jsou některé děje nosné (na popředí) a některé pouze tvoří jakési kulisy (pozadí). Zapamatujme si, že... 1 pro děje na popředí používáme minulý prostý 2 pro děje na pozadí používáme minulý průběhový Tato informace se nám bude dále velmi hodit.

Vyprávění Při vyprávění pracuje s popředím a pozadím velmi často. Zatímco na popředí se odehrává děj vyprávění, pozadí podmalovává příběh a vytváří jeho atmosféru. Jak vidíme, nosné děje jsou v minulém prostém a děje dokreslující jsou v průběhovém.

Cvičení 1 Doplňte vhodný čas 1 While I (text), the school bus (arrive). 2 Cindy (break) her leg while she (snowboard) 3 He (listen) to the radio while he (prepare) breakfast. 4 My father (drive) at 70 km/h when a policeman (stop) him. 5 The girl (notice) that the boy (watch) her. 6 My dad (fall off) the ladder while he (paint) the carport. 7 While we (wait), we (do) crossword puzzles. 8 Nick (become) sick while he (travel) in Texas. 9 What (do) you when you (hear) about 9/11? 10 She said that she (not feel) happy, so I (talk) to her.

Řešení 1 Doplňte vhodný čas 1 While I was texting, the school bus arrived. 2 Cindy broke her leg while she was snowboarding. 3 He was listening to the radio while he was preparing breakfast. 4 My father was driving at 70 km/h when a policeman stopped him. 5 The girl noticed that the boy was watching her. 6 My dad fell off the ladder while he was painting the carport. 7 While we were waiting, we were doing crossword puzzles. 8 Nick became sick while he was travelling in Texas. 9 What were you doing when you heard about 9/11? 10 She said that she was not feeling happy, so I talked to her.

Cvičení 2 Doplňte vhodný čas Once upon a time, there (live) a beautiful princess who (have) a golden ball. One day, while she (play) in the garden, the ball (fall) into a pond. She (be) very upset and (not know) what to do. While she (sit) there helplessly, a frog (hop) out of the pond and (ask), Why are you crying, little princess? She (tell) him about her golden ball. The ugly frog (say), I can help you get your ball but what will you give me in return? I will give you anything you want! (promise) the princess. The frog immediately (dive) into the water and (fetch) the ball for her. The princess (be) very happy. The frog (remind) her, Remeber that you promised me anything. Well, I want to be your friend, eat from your plate, and sleep in your palace! The princess (hate) the idea but she (agree) and (run) back to the palace.

Řešení 2 Doplňte vhodný čas Once upon a time, there lived a beautiful princess who had a golden ball. One day, while she was playing in the garden, the ball fell into a pond. She was very upset and did not know what to do. While she was sitting there helplessly, a frog hopped out of the pond and asked, Why are you crying, little princess? She told him about her golden ball. The ugly frog said, I can help you get your ball but what will you give me in return? I will give you anything you want! promised the princess. The frog immediately dived into the water and fetched the ball for her. The princess was very happy. The frog reminded her, Remember that you promised me anything. Well, I want to be your friend, eat from your plate, and sleep in your palace! The princess hated the idea but she agreed and ran back to the palace.

Použité zdroje V tomto učebním materiálu byly použity úryvky z následujících pohádek: 1 Old Sultan. [online]. [cit. 2013-05-19]. Dostupné z: http://shortstoriesshort.com/story/old-sultan-2/ 2 The Frog Prince. [online]. [cit. 2013-05-19]. Dostupné z: http://shortstoriesshort.com/story/the-frog-prince/

Literatura Obsah tohoto digitálního učebního materiálu je volně inspirován knihou Meaning and the English Verb od Geoffreye Leeche. LEECH, Geoffrey N. Meaning and the English verb. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004, ix, 141 p. ISBN 05-827-8457-3.

Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že tento učební materiál, až na položky uvedené na předchozí straně, je mým duševním vlastnictvím, včetně veškeré grafiky. Učební materiál byl vytvořen pomocí legálního software: Operační systém Archlinux Sázecí systém L A TEX 2ε Vektorový program Inkscape Mgr., 2013.