SOC 49-3023: Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul automotive vehicles. Introduction Automotive technicians diagnose and repair cars and light trucks, maintain the overall good health of vehicles, and keep them running safely and smoothly. Automotive technicians must have extensive knowledge about automotive systems in order to make quick and accurate diagnoses. The term mechanic once reflected the ability to perform all levels of automotive work and a comprehensive knowledge of all problems and repairs. With increasing complexity of engines and computerized technology, it is unlikely that automotive repair workers can know all the mechanical and technical aspects of such a wide variety of car makes and models. While automotive repair was once considered strictly mechanical, it has increasingly become technological in nature, dependent upon a comprehensive understanding of computer and electronic systems that run vehicles. It is not uncommon for cars and trucks today to have DVD players, global positioning systems (GPS), and wireless internet access. Automotive systems such as brakes, steering, and transmissions are also increasingly run by incorporate computerized technology. The vast majority of automotive technicians today maintain and repair gas-powered vehicles. In the near future, there is expected to be growing demand for alternative-fuel vehicles using electric fuel cells, natural gas, and solar power, which will change repair needs, and in turn, the knowledge and skill levels required of automotive technicians. Most automotive technicians who service and repair alternative-fuel vehicles work in dealerships and are certified technicians for particular classes of vehicle or alternative fuel systems. Nature of the Work Automotive repair is highly skilled work; technicians must have considerable breadth of knowledge about automotive systems and be able to apply this understanding in solving complex and challenging problems. Repair may involve routine engine tune-ups, as well as work on electrical systems, alignment and suspension, brakes, steering, transmission, air conditioning and heating, engine-cooling, and other systems. Many automotive technicians specialize in one or more areas and some have certification for particular specialties. Automotive technicians speak with customers to learn about the symptoms that their vehicles are exhibiting. In some cases, repair shops will employ a service writer who has customer contact and writes the repair order based on a diagnosis of the problem and the estimated time needed to make the repair. Diagnosing automotive problems normally begins by testing the systems to isolate potential problems. Technicians will often have to test drive the vehicle to help identify the problem. In addition, they may also utilize electronic diagnostic equipment, electronic components, and computer-based technical reference materials. Manufacturers provide benchmarks to compare test levels. Automotive technicians use a variety of tools, including screwdrivers, pliers, and wrenches, as well as a number of power tools such as lathes, machining tools, and welding and flame-cutting equipment. Because many car components are in hard-to-reach places, automotive technicians must sometimes maneuver themselves in uncomfortable positions for extended periods of time. In addition to diagnosis and repair work, automotive technicians may also complete service orders, records or other paperwork, and review warranty or insurance claims. Automotive technicians work in small and large independent automotive repair shops, gas stations, dealerships, automotive tool and repair chains, and to a lesser degree, in oil-change and wheel-and-tire garages. Others may work for municipal facilities, repairing government vehicles. Public and private transportation agencies employ automotive technicians to repair public buses, shuttles, vans, taxis and limousines. Those 13
who have heavy-duty, diesel-powered vehicle, or extensive automotive experience may work in specialized garages, repairing motor homes, large commercial trucks, and tractor trailers. Automotive technicians may have the opportunity to join a union. Work hours tend to be a standard Monday Friday week, with many automotive technicians working roughly from 7:00 9:00 a.m. until 4:00 6:00 p.m. However, many dealerships and some repair shops are also open on Saturdays or during evening hours to accommodate customers. Overtime is fairly common in busy facilities, and according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, nearly 30 percent of automotive technicians exceed 40 hours per week. Because many automotive technicians are self-employed, they may stay late to complete the servicing of cars, do paperwork, and prepare for the following day. Job Requirements Skills/Characteristics Finding a good automotive technician is of concern to most car owners. Not only do customers look for high quality work to ensure their cars performance and their safety, they must also place their trust in the repair facility. Auto shop owners tend to focus their business around reliability, efficiency, and providing customers with outstanding service in order to build this trust and ensure loyalty. Automotive technicians must be able to adapt to deadline-intensive work and adhere to established schedules, working on several cars per day. Technicians must also be willing and able to upgrade their skills to learn about new repair and diagnostic techniques and to stay current on components relevant to each new model and make of car. This complex work requires good reasoning and analytical ability, mechanical aptitude, and sound reading and writing ability. Familiarity with computers is also becoming increasingly important in automotive repair work. Because the key component of the work is problem-solving, automotive technicians must be motivated and have a willingness to learn and work collaboratively. The ability to effectively communicate is very important and a sense of humor is welcomed in most garages. Punctuality is extremely important, as tardiness impacts coworkers who must take on extra work to repair cars prior to customer pick-up. Morale in the shop can be greatly affected by a lack of dedication and respect among technicians. Teamwork is critical in repair shops. 45% 36% 27% 18% 9% 0% Knowledge, Skills & Abilities Knowledge Mechanical Computers/electronics Engineering and technology Customer/personal service Education and training Physics Skills Repairing Troubleshooting Installation Equipment selection Equipment maintenance Active learning Abilities Extent flexibility Problem sensitivity Information ordering Deductive reasoning Visualization Inductive reasoning Top Employing Industries (California) 14
Training/Experience Automotive technology programs are offered in community colleges, public and private vocational and technical schools, and in some high schools. Many employers prefer that their automotive technicians be trained in accredited community college programs. Another excellent training alternative is automotive apprenticeships. Community colleges offer various automotive certificate programs as well as associate degrees. Certificate programs train students and certify proficiency in various levels of general automotive repair and specialty areas. In addition to general education requirements, courses completed for an AS degree in automotive technology convey advanced knowledge of automotive systems. Different schools have different entrance requirements, but most require a high school diploma or GED and minimum grade requirements. Community college certificate programs may take a few semesters or quarters, and AS degree programs tend to be two years, if taken full time. Private vocational and technical automotive technology training programs can range from three months to two years, full-time. Automotive apprenticeships are a great way for those interested in an automotive career to get started. Not only do apprentices get paid for their work, they also attend automotive classes at an accredited training program. Automotive repair apprenticeship programs generally last about four years, and depending upon the program, costs may be paid for by the union. Pay for apprentices generally increases gradually over the course of the apprenticeship, and once an apprenticeship has been completed, the automotive technician will receive earnings that are commensurate with the journey level at the apprenticeship facility. Employment Recruitment/Hiring It is widely agreed by those hiring automotive technicians that it is very difficult to find qualified, reliable candidates. Because it is possible to enter this field without any training, candidates have varied qualifications, experience, and skills. The characteristics of self-discipline, punctuality, initiative, and a willingness to learn and work as part of a team are cited as significant challenges for employers seeking ideal job candidates. Individuals wishing to enter the field are strongly encouraged to gain formal training in a credible automotive technology program or apprenticeship, as these programs prepare candidates for their career by providing the necessary skills, while emphasizing the appropriate characteristics by emulating an automotive repair work environment. The number of women working as automotive technicians is small, but female applicants are encouraged to apply. Some employers work with community training organizations to identify atrisk youth and English-language learners for onthe-job training to prepare them for entering the profession. Opportunities are frequently listed in newspapers, and to a much lesser degree, through job-search Web sites, though many candidates approach repair shop owners directly in search of job openings. Many candidates also find jobs through word-of-mouth or through their automotive technology training programs, which often help with job placement. Unlike many other skilled occupations, those who seek to become automotive technicians can work their way up the career ladder from entry-level positions. A great deal of training occurs on the job, so those interested can often learn as they go and work their up to an automotive technician position. While this scenario has been fairly common the last several decades, there is a growing trend requiring technicians to receive formal training, due primarily to the increasing complexity of engines and the use of technology in cars. Licensure/Certification The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) tests and certifies automotive technicians who have at least two years of fulltime automotive work experience and who voluntarily seek certification in eight specialty areas, including engine repair, automatic transmission/transaxle, manual drive train and axles, suspension and steering, brakes, electrical/electronics systems, heating and air conditioning, and engine performance. When all eight tests are successfully completed, the automotive technician will become an ASE-certified master automobile 15
technician. Technicians can also seek advanced ASE certification as an advanced engine performance specialist. Those who wish to become service writers can also take a test to become an ASEcertified service consultant. Automotive Service Excellence certifications must be renewed by exam every five years. Though ASE certification is not mandatory, these credentials indicate a level of professionalism, initiative, and commitment to the profession. Some automotive technicians are licensed by the California State Bureau of Automotive Repair to become licensed smog check technicians, which must be renewed every two years. Others who would like to become licensed in brake and lamp repair by the Bureau of Automotive Repair can take the state exams and seek licensure, which must be renewed every four years. Because automotive technicians test drive vehicles, they must have a valid California driver license and a clean driving record with the Department of Motor Vehicles. Benefits/Challenges Automotive technology occupations, like other skilled professions, are often considered blue collar, a connotation that is ultimately negative. As a result, automotive technicians may not be fully recognized for the knowledge and expertise necessary for their work. Generally speaking, there is a lack of public awareness about the complexity, training, and experience required for technicians to maintain and repair vehicles. Organizations and automotive industry leaders are working hard nationwide to change these misperceptions about automotive professions. Efforts to improve the professional image and value of automotive technicians have come about through the tightening of automotive training standards, the promotion of a more diversified workforce, and the widespread use of the term technician. Accreditation and national certification of automotive technology training programs and licensure and certification of automotive technicians and automotive repair shops contribute to the professionalism and legitimacy the industry deserves. Local shop owners interviewed for the purpose of this study widely cited one of their primary concerns to be their relationships with their customers, whom many have known for years. The work of a dedicated automotive technician, service manager, or shop owner is not unlike that of a doctor: they may have a file of a car s service history; they treat a vehicle s problems based upon an initial diagnosis; they provide advice about maintaining the health of vehicles; and at times they must share bad news to customers about cars that are not reparable. Entry-level technicians may have access to a shop s tools, but as a technician s responsibilities increase and they become qualified to perform higher-level repair work, auto technicians must often purchase their own tools. A quality set of maintenance tools can $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 Education Distribution 30.0% 66.8% 3.2% Occupational Wages 16
be prohibitively expensive, ranging from $3,000 to $40,000. It must be noted, however, that the accumulation of tools commonly occurs over the course of several years, as automotive technicians gradually increase their skill level. One added benefit of attending an accredited training program is that tool manufacturers sometimes offer tools to students at a significant discount. Automotive repair work can be physically demanding, both in the strength needed to lift and use heavy parts and tools, and the agility and stamina needed when working on complex problems that require holding the body in unnatural poses. Back and neck problems and joint injuries, such as those of the knee and wrist, are sometimes the result of many years of working on cars. Automotive technicians can expect to receive minor burns, bruises, cuts, and scrapes on a regular basis and may occasionally experience fume and exhaust inhalation. Another risk includes exposure to various chemicals and cleaning products. Career Ladders/Lattices Increased experience often results in greater responsibility, either in specializing in difficult repairs, in the supervision of other automotive technicians, or as a service manager. Those who are savvy in business and management may choose to open their own automotive repair shop. Some technicians who no longer wish to do hands-on work may become service writers or service advisors, who have a consultative role and the majority of customer contact. Some automotive technicians become representatives and consultants for tool and automotive parts companies or enter other aspects of the automotive industry. In addition, some may work as instructors for automotive technology training programs. 17
Ivan Edmonds Shop Foreman 1. Please tell us about your current position and how you arrived there. I had three years experience working on tanks as a tank mechanic in the military. When I was discharged, I went to an automotive technology school in Savannah, Georgia, for two years. I then moved back to California and worked for a couple of years as an RV technician. After that, I entered the apprenticeship program at the Mazda dealership, where I worked as an auto technician for 1 1 / 2 or 2 years, then reached journeyman level and did that work for seven years. I ve been a shop foreman now for about three years. 2. Please describe your typical workday so that a job seeker might get a sense of what you actually do. In the morning, I review the work orders and assign work out to other techs. We have a computer system that automatically distributes the work orders to the techs, but I have to monitor it because the computer doesn t distinguish the level of difficulty in making assignments. A lot of my work has to do with supervision duties. I work on cars throughout the day as well, which must be done in a timely manner. We use the computer to read service bulletins and find out about specs for each model to determine where problems might exist in a car. We mostly service Mazdas, but because we also sell used cars, we need to repair them as well. People come in who have warranties and also those who have older cars who have been coming to us for years. The day starts at 8:00 a.m. and we punch out at 4:30 p.m. 3. Which aspects of your education and/or training made you more capable or marketable in this field? Apprenticeship programs can last up to four years, but mine was short because I received credit for the automotive classes I had taken at Savannah Tech. I had had five years of experience as a technician when I entered the apprenticeship, so I knew a lot going in. Going through an apprenticeship is a great way to learn. In this profession, schooling is not required, but it is helpful. You can get your foot in the door by working in a gas station changing oil, mounting tires, and doing minor repair work. 4. What are the most exciting aspects of your job? What do you like most about your job? I like interacting with the customers. I take pride in my work and I like having a problem to fix and figuring it out. 5. What do you dislike or find challenging about your job? This is really hard work. Sometimes I have to be a contortionist to reach something. Sometimes I lift a lot of weight and do a lot of bending. Some guys develop back problems over the years; it can take a physical toll on you. The work is mentally challenging, too. It s nothing too tough to handle, but I have to find ways to figure things out and get the work done. You have to get used to having grease on your hands and always having cuts and scrapes. The work isn t too tough as long as there is someone there to teach and you re willing to learn. Speed is important in this work, but I m not going to rush something or negate something just to get the job done quicker. You want to get it right. 6. What advice would you give to a person seeking a job in your field? Take a class. You can take simple automotive courses to get a basic understanding of what goes on. If you re thinking about this profession, you can take classes at night while working. Gradually, 19
you can take classes to move up in your skill level. You learn by doing in this work. You must be willing to learn. 7. What qualities make someone a star performer in this occupation? Having a good, positive attitude is key. It s important to be receptive to advice, to not take offense if someone shows you a different way to do things. Taking the time to learn is important. Being reliable and on time is one of the things I require. You ve got to be on time. Ultimately, the job is what you make of it, and an individual can have any kind of personality in this work. You have to care about what you do and want to do the work. 20
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