Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations

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1 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians Quick Facts: Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $55,230 per year $26.55 per hour See How to Become One None None Number of Jobs, ,900 Job Outlook, % (Little or no change) Employment Change, ,500 What Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians Do Keep records of maintenance and repair work Avionics technicians typically do the following: Test electronic instruments, using circuit testers, oscilloscopes, and voltmeters Interpret flight test data to diagnose malfunctions and performance problems Assemble components, such as electrical controls and junction boxes, and install software Install instrument panels, using hand tools, power tools, and soldering irons Repair or replace malfunctioning components Keep records of maintenance and repair work Airframe mechanics can work on many of an aircraft s electrical systems. Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft. They also perform aircraft inspections as required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Duties Aircraft mechanics typically do the following: Examine replacement aircraft parts for defects Diagnose mechanical or electrical problems Read maintenance manuals to identify repair procedures Repair wings, brakes, electrical systems, and other aircraft components Replace defective parts using hand tools or power tools Test aircraft parts with gauges and other diagnostic equipment Inspect completed work to ensure that it meets performance standards Today s airplanes are highly complex machines that require reliable parts and service to fly safely. To keep an airplane in peak operating condition, aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians perform scheduled maintenance, make repairs, and complete inspections. They must follow detailed federal regulations set by the FAA that dictate maintenance schedules for a variety of different operations. Many mechanics are generalists and work on many different types of aircraft, such as jets, piston-driven airplanes, and helicopters. Others specialize in one section of a particular type of aircraft, such as the engine, hydraulics, or electrical system of a particular aircraft. In independent repair shops, mechanics usually inspect and repair many different types of aircraft. Most mechanics who work on civilian aircraft have either one or both of the FAA s Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) certificates. Mechanics who have these certificates are authorized to work on most parts of the aircraft, excluding flight instruments and major work on propellers. Maintaining a plane s electronic flight instruments is typically the job of specialized avionics technicians. The following are examples of types of aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians: Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) mechanics are certified generalist mechanics who can independently perform many maintenance and alteration tasks on aircraft. A&P mechanics repair and maintain most parts of an aircraft, including the engines, landing gear, brakes, and air conditioning systems. Some specialized activities require additional experience and certification.

2 Maintenance schedules for aircraft may be based on hours flown, days since the last inspection, trips flown, or a combination of these factors. Maintenance also may need to be done to address specific issues recognized by manufacturers. To complete maintenance, mechanics use precision instruments to measure wear and identify defects. They may use x rays, magnetic, or ultrasonic inspection equipment to discover cracks that cannot be seen on a plane s exterior. They check for corrosion, distortion, and cracks in the aircraft's main body, wings, and tail. They then repair the metal, fabric, wood, or composite materials that make up the airframe and skin. After completing all repairs, mechanics must test the equipment to ensure that it works properly. Aircraft equipped with digital monitoring systems can provide mechanics with valuable diagnostic information from electronic consoles. Mechanics must also keep records of all maintenance that they do on an aircraft. The A&P ratings are generally considered the initial and most basic ratings needed to be a professional mechanic. Many additional certifications and specializations can be pursued to expand the ability of a mechanic to perform additional duties. Some of these specializations are as follows: Avionics technicians are specialists who repair and maintain a plane s electronic instruments, such as radio communications, radar systems, and navigation aids. As the use of digital technology increases, more time is spent maintaining computer systems. The ability to repair and maintain many avionics and flight instrument systems is granted through the Airframe rating, but other licenses or certifications may be needed. Designated airworthiness representatives (DARs) examine, inspect, and test aircraft for airworthiness. They issue airworthiness certificates, which aircraft must have to fly. There are two types of DARs, manufacturing DARs and maintenance DARs. Inspection Authorized (IA) mechanics are mechanics who have both Airframe and Powerplant licenses and who may perform inspections on aircraft and return them to service. IA mechanics are able to do a wider variety of maintenance and alterations than any other type of maintenance personnel, such as comprehensive annual inspections or returning aircraft to service after a major repair. Repairmen certificate holders may or may not have the A&P or other certificates. Repairmen certificates are issued by certified repair stations to aviation maintenance personnel and the certificates allow them to do very specific duties. Repairmen certificates are valid only while the mechanic works at the issuing repair center and are not transferable to other employers. Work Environment Aircraft mechanics and avionics technicians held about 138,900 jobs in Approximately 88 percent were aircraft mechanics and the rest were avionics technicians. The majority worked for private companies and about 14 percent worked for the federal government. The industries that employed the most aircraft mechanics in 2012 were as follows: Support activities for air transportation 26% Scheduled air transportation 25 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 16 Federal government, excluding postal service 15 Nonscheduled air transportation 4 The industries that employed the most avionics technicians in 2012 were as follows: Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 30% Support activities for air transportation 27 Federal government, excluding postal service 13 Scheduled air transportation 12 Professional, scientific, and technical services 6 Mechanics and technicians work in hangars, in repair stations, or on airfields. They must meet strict deadlines while maintaining safety standards. Most mechanics and technicians work near major airports. Mechanics may work outside, on the airfield, or in climate-controlled shops and hangars. Civilian mechanics employed by the U.S. Armed Forces work on military installations. Injuries and Illnesses Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians experience rates of injuries and illnesses that are higher than the average across all occupations. Mechanics and technicians often lift heavy objects, handle dangerous chemicals, or operate large power tools. They frequently stand, lie, or kneel on the ground and may work on scaffolds or ladders. Noise and vibrations are common, especially when engines are being tested, and they often endure hot and cold temperatures. Work Schedules Mechanics and technicians usually work full time on rotating 8-hour shifts. Overtime and weekend work is common. Day shifts are usually reserved for mechanics with the most seniority. General aviation mechanics and technicians typically have more flexible schedules than those working for airlines. How to Become an Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanic or Technician Most aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians learn their trade at an FAA-approved Aviation Maintenance Technician School. Others enter with a high school education or and are trained on the job. Some workers enter the occupation after getting training in the military. Aircraft mechanics and avionics technicians are typically certified by the FAA. See the Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 65, subpart D and E, for the most current requirements for becoming a certified mechanic. Education and Training Aircraft mechanics and service technicians typically enter the occupation after attending a Part 147 FAA-approved Aviation Maintenance Technician School. These programs award a certificate of completion that the FAA recognizes as an alternate to the experience requirements stated in the regulations, and grants holders the ability to take the relevant FAA exams. Some aircraft mechanics and service technicians enter the occupation with a high school and receive on-the-job training to learn their skills and to be able to pass the FAA exams. Some workers enter the

3 occupation after getting training in the military. Aviation maintenance personnel who are not certified by the FAA work under supervision until they have enough experience and knowledge and become certified. Avionics technicians typically earn an associate s degree before entering the occupation. Aircraft controls, systems, and flight instruments have become increasingly digital and computerized. Maintenance workers who have the proper background in aviation flight instruments or computer repair are needed to maintain these complex systems. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Although aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians are not required to get licenses or certifications, most do, as these credentials often improve a mechanic s wages and chances for employment. The FAA requires that aircraft maintenance either be done by or under the supervision of a certified mechanic with the appropriate ratings or authorizations. The FAA offers separate certifications for body work (Airframe mechanics, or A ) and engine work (Powerplant mechanics, or P ), but employers may prefer to hire mechanics who have both Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) ratings. The A&P ratings generally certify that aviation mechanics meet basic knowledge and ability standards. Mechanics must be at least 18 years of age, be fluent in English, and have 30 months of experience to qualify for both the A and P ratings (A&P). If only one rating is sought by the mechanic, 18 months experience is required to take either the Airframe or the Powerplant exams. However, completion of a program at a Part 147 FAA-approved Aviation Maintenance Technician School can substitute for the experience requirement and shorten the time requirements to become eligible to take the FAA exams. Applicants must pass written, oral, and practical exams that demonstrate the required skills. Candidates must pass all the tests within 2 years. To keep their certification, mechanics must have completed relevant repair or maintenance work within the previous 24 months. To fulfill this requirement, mechanics may take classes from their employer, a school, or an aircraft manufacturer. Avionics technicians are typically certified through a repair station for the specific work being done or hold the Airframe rating to work on an aircraft s electronic and flight instrument systems. An Aircraft Electronics Technician (AET) certification is available through the National Center for Aerospace and Transportation Technologies. It certifies that aviation mechanics have a basic level of knowledge in the subject area, but it is not required by the FAA for any specific tasks. Avionics technicians who work on communications equipment may need to have the proper radio-telephone operator certification issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Other licenses and certifications are available to mechanics who wish to increase their skill set or advance their careers. The Inspection Authorization (IA) is available to mechanics who have had their A&P ratings for at least 3 years and meet other requirements. These mechanics are able to sign off on many major repairs and alterations. Mechanics can get many other certifications, such as Repairmen of light-sport aircraft, or Designated Airworthiness Representative (DAR). Important Qualities Agility. Mechanics and technicians need to climb on airplanes, balance, and reach without falling. Detail oriented. Mechanics and technicians need to adjust airplane parts to exact specifications. For example, they often use precision tools to tighten wheel bolts to an exact tension. Dexterity. Mechanics and technicians must possess dexterity to coordinate the movement of their fingers and hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble parts. Observational skills. Mechanics and technicians must recognize engine noises, read gauges, and otherwise collect information to determine whether an aircraft s systems are working properly. Troubleshooting skills. Mechanics and technicians diagnose complex problems and they need to evaluate options to correct those problems. Work Experience in a Related Occupation Avionics technicians may begin their careers as aircraft mechanics and service technicians. As aircraft mechanics and service technicians gain experience, they may study independently, attend formal classes, or otherwise choose to pursue additional certifications that grant the privileges to work on specialized flight instruments. Eventually, they may become dedicated avionics technicians who work exclusively on flight instruments. Advancement As aircraft mechanics gain experience, they may advance to lead mechanic, lead inspector, or shop supervisor. Opportunities are best for those who have an aircraft inspector's authorization (IA). Many specialist certifications are available that allow mechanics to do a wider variety of repairs and alterations. Mechanics with broad experience in maintenance and repair might become inspectors or examiners for the FAA. Additional business and management training may help aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians open their own maintenance facility. Pay Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians Median annual wages, May 2012 Avionics technicians $55,350 Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians $55,230 Aircraft mechanics and service technicians $55,210 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for aircraft mechanics and service technicians was $55,210 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent of aircraft mechanics earned less than $35,190, and the top 10 percent earned more than $76,660. In May 2012, the median annual wages for aircraft mechanics and service technicians in the top five industries in which these mechanics worked were as follows:

4 Scheduled air transportation $59,110 Federal government, excluding postal service 55,940 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 55,650 Nonscheduled air transportation 54,910 Support activities for air transportation 49,120 The median annual wage for avionics technicians was $55,350 in May The lowest 10 percent of avionics technicians earned less than $39,150, and the top 10 percent earned more than $73,770. In May 2012, the median annual wages for avionics technicians in the top five industries in which these technicians worked were as follows: Aerospace product and parts manufacturing $60,780 Professional, scientific, and technical services 59,750 Scheduled air transportation 58,530 Federal government, excluding postal service 54,090 Support activities for air transportation 50,040 Mechanics and technicians usually work full time on rotating 8-hour shifts. Overtime and weekend work is often required. Day shifts are usually reserved for mechanics with the most seniority. Union Membership Compared with workers in all occupations, aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians had a higher percentage of workers who belonged to a union in Total, all occupations 11% Avionics technicians 3% Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians 2% Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 2% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians is projected to show little or no change from 2012 to Air traffic is expected to gradually increase over the coming decade. However, new aircraft are generally expected to require less maintenance than older aircraft. Airlines may continue to outsource maintenance work to specialized maintenance and repair shops both domestically and abroad. Increased specialization will allow maintenance facilities to use their resources more efficiently and therefore limit growth in the number of aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians. Job Prospects Competition for aircraft and avionics equipment mechanic and technician jobs varies according to the type of job sought. In general, job opportunities will be best for mechanics who hold an A&P certificate and have knowledge about the most cutting edge technologies and composite materials. Familiarity with computers and digital systems will help provide the best opportunities. Bachelor s degree holders typically have an advantage when trying to enter the occupation and may find it easier to advance. Job Outlook Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians Percent change in employment, projected Employment projections data for Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians 138, , ,500 Avionics technicians ,100 17, Aircraft mechanics and service technicians , , ,000 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program

5 Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION 2012 MEDIAN PAY Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians Aerospace engineering and operations technicians operate and maintain equipment used in developing, testing, and producing new aircraft and spacecraft. Increasingly, these workers are using computer-based modeling and simulation tools and processes in their work. Associate s degree $61,530 Automotive Body and Glass Repairers Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and window glass. High school $37,680 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light trucks. High school $36,610 Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain many of the machines that businesses, households, and other consumers use. Some college, no degree $36,620 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Electrical and electronics engineering technicians help engineers design and develop computers, communications equipment, medical monitoring devices, navigational equipment, and other electrical and electronic equipment. They often work in product evaluation and testing, using measuring and diagnostic devices to adjust, test, and repair equipment. Associate s degree $57,850 Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a variety of electrical equipment in telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries. Postsecondary non-degree award $51,220 Electricians Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories. High school $49,840 Electro-mechanical Technicians Electro-mechanical technicians combine knowledge of mechanical technology with knowledge of electrical and electronic circuits. They install, troubleshoot, repair, and upgrade electronic and computer-controlled mechanical systems, such as robotic assembly machines. Associate s degree $51,820 Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries. High school $43,820 Mechanical Engineering Technicians Mechanical engineering technicians help mechanical engineers design, develop, test, and manufacture mechanical devices, including tools, engines, and machines. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations and estimates, and report their findings. Associate s degree $51,980 Network and Computer Systems Administrators Computer networks are critical parts of almost every organization. Network and computer systems administrators are responsible for the day-to-day operation of these networks. Bachelor s degree $72,560 Contacts for More Information For more information about aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians, visit Federal Aviation Administration Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association National Center for Aerospace & Transportation Technologies For additional career information about aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians, see the Occupational Outlook Quarterly article Sky-high careers: jobs related to airlines. Professional Aviation Maintenance Association Aviation Maintenance Magazine

6 O*NET Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians Avionics Technicians Automotive Body and Glass Repairers Quick Facts: Automotive Body and Glass Repairers 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $37,680 per year $18.12 per hour High school None Moderate-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,200 Job Outlook, % (As fast as average) Employment Change, ,900 What Automotive Body and Glass Repairers Do Grind, sand, buff, and prime refurbished and repaired surfaces Apply new finish to restored body parts Automotive body and glass repairers can repair most damage from vehicle collisions and make vehicles look and drive like new. Damage may be minor, such as replacing a cracked windshield, or major, such as replacing an entire door panel. After a major collision, the underlying frame of a car can become bent out of shape. Repairers restore the structural integrity of car frames back to manufacturer specifications. Repair technicians use many tools for their work. To remove damaged parts, such as bumpers and door panels, they use pneumatic tools, metal-cutting guns, and plasma cutters. For major structural repairs, such as aligning the body, they often use heavy-duty hydraulic jacks and hammers. For some work, they use common hand tools, such as metal files, pliers, wrenches, hammers, and screwdrivers. In some cases, repair technicians do an entire job by themselves. In other cases, especially in large shops, they use an assembly line approach in which they work as a team with each repair technician specializing. Automotive body and glass repairers inspect car frames for structural damage. Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and window glass. Duties Automotive body and glass repairers typically do the following: Review damage reports, prepare cost estimates, and plan work Inspect cars for structural damage Remove damaged body parts, including bumpers, fenders, hoods, grilles, and trim Realign car frames and chassis to repair structural damage Hammer out or patch dents, dimples, and other minor body damage Fit, attach, and weld replacement parts into place Install, repair, and weatherproof windows and windshields Although repair technicians sometimes prime and paint repaired parts, painting and coating workers generally perform these tasks. The following are occupational specialties: Automotive body and related repairers, or collision repair technicians, straighten metal panels, remove dents, and replace parts that cannot be fixed. Although they repair all types of vehicles, most work primarily on cars, sport utility vehicles, and small trucks. Automotive glass installers and repairers remove, repair, and replace broken, cracked, or pitted windshields and window glass. They also weatherproof newly installed windows and windshields with chemical treatments. Work Environment Automotive body and glass repairers held about 172,200 jobs in About 65 percent worked in automotive repair and maintenance shops, 16 percent worked for automobile dealers, and another 12 percent were selfemployed. Collision repair technicians typically work indoors in body shops, which are often noisy. Most shops are well ventilated to disperse dust and paint fumes.

7 Repair technicians sometimes work in awkward and cramped positions, and their work can be physically demanding. Automotive glass installers and repairers often travel to the customer s location to repair damaged windshields and window glass. Injuries and Illnesses Automotive body and related repairers have a higher rate of injuries and illnesses than the national average. Technicians commonly suffer minor injuries, such as cuts, burns, and scrapes. Following safety procedures, helps to avoid serious accidents. Work Schedules Most repair technicians work full time. When shops have to complete a backlog of work, overtime is common. This often includes repair technicians working evenings and weekends. How to Become an Automotive Body or Glass Repairer Most employers prefer to hire repair technicians who have completed a formal training program in automotive body repair or refinishing. Still, many new repair technicians begin work without formal training. Industry certification is increasingly important. Education High school, trade and technical school, and community college programs in collision repair combine hands-on practice and classroom instruction. Topics usually include electronics, physics, and mathematics, which provide a strong educational foundation for a career as a repair technician. Although not required, postsecondary education often provides the best preparation. Trade and technical school programs typically award certificates after 6 months to 1 year of study. Some community colleges offer 2-year programs in collision repair. Many of these schools also offer certificates for individual courses, so students can take classes part time or as needed. To keep up with rapidly changing automotive technology, repair technicians need to continue their education and training throughout their careers. Repair technicians are expected to develop their skills by reading technical manuals and by attending classes and seminars. Many employers regularly send workers to advanced training programs. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Although not required, certification is recommended because it shows competence and usually brings higher pay. In some instances, however, it is required for advancement beyond entry-level work. Certification from the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence is a standard credential for repair technicians. Many repair technicians get further certification through the Inter-Industry Conference on Auto Collision Repair. In addition, many vehicle and paint manufacturers have product certification programs that train repair technicians in specific technologies and repair methods. Important Qualities Critical-thinking skills. Repair technicians must be able to evaluate vehicle damage and determine necessary repair strategies for each vehicle they work on. In some cases, they must decide if a vehicle is totaled, or too damaged to justify the cost of repair. Customer-service skills. Repair technicians must discuss auto body and glass problems, along with options to fix them, with customers. Because self-employed workers depend on repeat clients for business, they must be courteous, good listeners, and ready to answer customers questions. Detail oriented. Repair technicians must pay close attention to detail. Restoring a damaged auto body to its original state requires workers to have a keen eye for even the smallest imperfection. Dexterity. Many repair technicians tasks, such as removing door panels, hammering out dents, and using hand tools to install parts, require a steady hand and good hand eye coordination. Mechanical skills. Repair technicians must know which diagnostic, hydraulic, pneumatic, and other power equipment and tools are appropriate for certain procedures and repairs. They must be skilled with techniques and methods necessary to repair modern automobiles. Time-management skills. Repair technicians must be timely in their repairs. For many people, their automobile is their primary mode of transportation. Training New workers typically begin their on-the-job training by helping an experienced repair technician with basic tasks. As they gain experience, they move on to more complex work. Some workers may become trained in as little as a 1 year, but generally, workers may need 2 years of hands-on training to become fully certified repair technicians. Basic automotive glass installation and repair can be learned in as little as 6 months, but becoming fully qualified can take up to 1 year. Formally educated workers often require significantly less on-the-job training and typically advance to independent work more quickly than those who do not have the same level of education. Pay Automotive Body and Glass Repairers Median annual wages, May 2012 Automotive body and related repairers $38,380 Automotive body and glass repairers $37,680 Total, all occupations $34,750 Automotive glass installers and repairers $32,650 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics

8 The median annual wage for automotive body and related repairers was $38,380 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $22,530, and the top 10 percent earned more than $65,390. The median annual wage for automotive glass installers and repairers was $32,650 in May The lowest 10 percent earned less than $20,590, and the top 10 percent earned more than $47,730. The majority of repair shops and auto dealers pay repair technicians on an incentive basis. In addition to receiving a guaranteed base salary, employers pay workers a set amount for completing various tasks. Their earnings depend on both the amount of work assigned and how fast they complete it. Trainees typically earn between 30 percent and 60 percent of skilled workers pay. They are paid by the hour until they are competent enough to be paid on an incentive basis. Most repair technicians work full time. When shops have to complete a backlog of work, overtime is common. This often includes repair technicians working evenings and weekends. Job Outlook Automotive Body and Glass Repairers Percent change in employment, projected Automotive glass installers and repairers 14% Automotive body and glass repairers 13% Automotive body and related repairers 13% Total, all occupations 11% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of automotive body and glass repairers is projected to grow 13 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. The growing number of vehicles in use should increase overall demand for collision repair services during the next decade. In some cases, demand may fluctuate throughout the year due to the seasonality of inclement weather in some regions. For example, the need for repair may be greater during the winter months in areas with snow and ice, because this may increase the chance of accidents. However, overall job growth will be limited because new repair technology allows fewer workers to do more work. The increasing safety features in cars are likely to reduce demand for automotive body and glass repair work. For example, sensor technology, such as back up and parking assist, may decrease collisions. This, in turn, may lessen the need for replacing car bumpers that might otherwise have been damaged in a collision. In addition, advances in automotive technology have raised the prices of new and replacement parts. This increases the likelihood that a damaged car is declared "totaled" where repairing the car costs more than its overall value. This scenario will also likely reduce demand for repair work. Job Prospects Job opportunities are projected to be very good for jobseekers with industry certification and formal training in automotive body repair and refinishing and in collision repair. Those without any training or experience will face strong competition for jobs. The need to replace experienced repair technicians who retire, change occupations, or stop working for other reasons also will provide some job opportunities. Employment projections data for Automotive Body and Glass Repairers, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Automotive body and glass repairers 172, , ,900 Automotive body and related repairers , , ,400 Automotive glass installers and repairers ,000 20, ,400 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program

9 Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of automotive body and glass repairers. OCCUPATION Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics JOB DUTIES Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light trucks. ENTRY LEVEL MEDIAN EDUCATION PAY High school $36,610 Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses, trucks, and anything else with a diesel engine. High school $42,320 Glaziers Glaziers install windows, skylights, and other glass products in storefronts and buildings. High school $37,610 Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries. High school $43,820 Painting and Coating Workers Contacts for More Information Painting and coating workers paint and coat a wide range of products, including cars, jewelry, and ceramics. For information about careers in automotive body and glass repair, visit Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges Automotive Service Association National Glass Association National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence Society of Collision Repair Specialists O*NET See How to Become One $32,850 Inter-Industry Conference on Auto Collision Repair National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation Automotive Body and Related Repairers Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers

10 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics Quick Facts: Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $36,610 per year $17.60 per hour High school None Long-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,100 Job Outlook, % (As fast as average) Employment Change, ,400 What Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics Do Explain to clients their automotive problems and the repairs done on their vehicles Service technicians work on traditional mechanical components, such as engines, transmissions, and drive belts. However, they also must be familiar with a growing number of electronic systems. Braking, transmission, and steering systems, for example, are controlled primarily by computers and electronic components. Other integrated electronic systems, such as accident-avoidance sensors, are becoming common as well. In addition, a growing number of technicians are required to work on vehicles that run on alternative fuels, such as ethanol and electricity. Service technicians use many different tools, including computerized diagnostic tools and power tools such as pneumatic wrenches, lathes, welding torches, and jacks and hoists. These tools usually are owned by their employers. An auto mechanic performs an oil change on a vehicle. Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light trucks. Duties Automotive service technicians and mechanics typically do the following: Identify mechanical problems, often by using computerized diagnostic equipment Test parts and systems to ensure that they are working properly Follow checklists to ensure that all critical parts are examined Perform basic care and maintenance, including changing oil, giving tuneups, checking fluid levels, and rotating tires Repair or replace worn parts, such as brake pads and wheel bearings Disassemble and reassemble parts Use testing equipment to ensure that repairs and maintenance are effective Service technicians also use many common handtools, such as sockets and ratchets, wrenches, and pliers. These tools generally are owned by service technicians. In fact, experienced workers often have thousands of dollars invested in their personal tool collection. For example, some invest in their own set of pneumatic tools tools, such as impact wrenches powered by compressed air. Service technicians sometimes specialize in a particular type of repair that may be subject to specific regulations or procedures. For instance, those focused on repairing air-conditioning system must follow federal and state regulations governing the handling, recycling, and disposal of refrigerants. In some shops, technicians may specialize. The following are examples of types of service technicians: Automotive air-conditioning repairers install and repair air conditioners and parts, such as compressors, condensers, and controls. They are trained in government regulations related to their work. Brake repairers adjust brakes, replace brake rotors and pads, and make other repairs on brake systems. Some technicians specialize in both brake and front-end work. Front-end mechanics align and balance wheels and repair steering mechanisms and suspension systems. They frequently use special alignment equipment and wheel-balancing machines. Transmission technicians and rebuilders work on gear trains, couplings, hydraulic pumps, and other parts of transmissions. Extensive knowledge of computer controls, the ability to diagnose electrical and hydraulic problems,

11 and other specialized skills are needed to work on these complex components. Drivability technicians use their extensive knowledge of engine management, emission, fuel, electrical, and ignition systems to diagnose issues that prevent engines from performing efficiently. They often use the onboard diagnostic system of a car and electronic testing equipment such as a multimeter to find where the malfunction may be. For information about technicians who work on large trucks and buses, see the profile on diesel service technicians and mechanics. For information about technicians who work on farm equipment, construction vehicles, and railcars, see the profile on heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians. For information about technicians who repair and service motorcycles, motorboats, and small all-terrain vehicles, see the profile on small engine mechanics. Work Environment Automotive service technicians and mechanics held about 701,100 jobs in Most worked full time for private companies, and about 14 percent were self-employed. The industries that employed the most automotive service technicians and mechanics in 2012 were as follows: Automotive repair and maintenance 32% Automobile dealers 29 Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 9 Government 4 Gasoline stations 3 Most service technicians work in well-ventilated and well-lit repair shops. Although automotive problems often can be identified and fixed with computers, technicians frequently work with greasy parts and tools, sometimes in uncomfortable positions. Work Schedules Most service technicians work full time, and many work evenings or weekends. Overtime is common. Injuries and Illnesses Automotive service technicians and mechanics have a higher rate of injuries and illnesses than the national average. Service technicians frequently must lift heavy parts and tools. As a result, minor workplace injuries, such as small cuts, sprains, and bruises, are common. However, the work is not generally dangerous if workers follow safety procedures and practices. How to Become an Automotive Service Technician or Mechanic A high school the is typically the minimum requirement for someone to work as an automotive service technician or mechanic. Because automotive technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated, some employers prefer automotive service technicians and mechanics who have completed a formal training program in a postsecondary institution. Industry certification is usually required once the person is employed. Education A high school the is typically the minimum requirement for someone to work as an automotive service technician or mechanic. High school courses in automotive repair, electronics, computers, mathematics, and English provide a good background for prospective service technicians. However, high school graduates often need further training to become fully qualified. Completing a vocational or other postsecondary training program in automotive service technology is considered the best preparation for entrylevel positions. Programs usually last 6 months to a year and provide intensive career preparation through classroom instruction and hands-on practice. Short-term certificate programs in a particular skill are also available. Some service technicians get an associate s degree. Courses usually include basic mathematics, computers, electronics, and automotive repair. Some programs add classes in customer service, English, and other necessary skills. Various automobile manufacturers and dealers sponsor associate s degree programs. Students in these programs typically spend alternating periods attending classes full time and working full time in service shops under the guidance of an experienced technician. Training Most service technicians must complete on-the-job training. How long it takes a new service technician to become fully qualified in the occupation depends on the person s educational background. A period of 2 to 5 years is typical. It then takes an additional 1 to 2 years of experience for service technicians to become familiar with all types of repairs. New workers generally start as trainee technicians, technicians helpers, or lubrication workers and gradually acquire and practice their skills by working with experienced mechanics and technicians. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires all technicians who buy or work with refrigerants to be licensed in proper refrigerant handling. No formal test preparation is required, but many trade schools, unions, and employer associations offer training programs designed for the EPA exam. Certification from the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence is the standard credential for service technicians. Certification demonstrates competence and usually brings higher pay. Many employers require their service technicians to become certified. Certification is available in eight different areas, including automatic transmission/transaxle, brakes, electrical/electronic systems, engine performance, engine repair, heating and air-conditioning, manual drive train and axles, and suspension and steering. For each area, technicians must have at least 2 years of experience (or relevant schooling and 1 year of experience) and pass an exam. To become a Master Automobile Technician, technicians must pass all eight exams.

12 Important Qualities Customer-service skills. Service technicians must discuss automotive problems along with options to fix them with their customers. Because workers may depend on repeat clients for business, they must be courteous, good listeners, and ready to answer customers questions. Detail oriented. Mechanical and electronic malfunctions are often due to misalignments or other easy-to-miss causes. Service mechanics must, therefore, account for such details when inspecting or repairing engines and components. Dexterity. Many tasks that service technicians do, such as disassembling engine parts, connecting or attaching components, and using handtools, require a steady hand and good hand eye coordination. Mechanical skills. Service technicians must be familiar with engine components and systems and know how they interact with each other. They often must take apart major parts for repairs and be able to put them back together properly. Troubleshooting skills. Service technicians must be able to use diagnostic equipment on engine systems and components in order to identify and fix problems in increasingly complicated mechanical and electronic systems. They must be familiar with electronic control systems and the appropriate tools needed to fix and maintain them. Pay Automotive repair and maintenance 33,230 Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 31,250 Gasoline stations 31,090 Many experienced technicians working for automobile dealers and independent repair shops receive a commission related to the labor cost charged to the customer. Under this system, weekly earnings depend on the amount of work completed. Some repair shops may pay technicians a fixed rate on an hourly basis instead. Most service technicians work full time, and many work evenings or weekends. Overtime is common. Job Outlook Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics Percent change in employment, projected Total, all occupations 11% Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10% Automotive service technicians and mechanics 9% Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics Median annual wages, May 2012 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020 Automotive service technicians and mechanics $36,610 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for automotive service technicians and mechanics was $36,610 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $20,810, and the top 10 percent earned more than $60,070. In May 2012, the median annual wages for automotive service technicians in the top five industries employing these technicians were as follows: Government $47,240 Automobile dealers 41,360 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of automotive service technicians and mechanics is projected to grow 9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. As the number of vehicles in use continues to rise, more entry-level service technicians will be needed to do basic maintenance and repair, such as replacing brake pads and changing oil. The increasing lifespan of late-model cars and light trucks will further increase demand for qualified workers. Job Prospects With some employers reporting difficulty finding workers with the right skills and education, job opportunities for qualified applicants should be very good. Jobseekers who have completed formal postsecondary training programs especially candidates with training in advanced automotive technology, such as hybrid fuel or computer systems should enjoy the best job prospects. Those without formal automotive training are likely to face strong competition for entry-level jobs. More numerous openings will be in automobile dealerships and independent repair shops, where most service technicians currently work.

13 Employment projections data for Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Automotive service technicians and mechanics , , ,400 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of automotive service technicians and mechanics. OCCUPATION Automotive Body and Glass Repairers JOB DUTIES Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and window glass. ENTRY LEVEL MEDIAN EDUCATION PAY High school $37,680 Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses, trucks, and anything else with a diesel engine. High school $42,320 Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries. High school $43,820 Small Engine Mechanics Contacts for More Information Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one type of equipment, such as motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment. For more details about work opportunities, contact local automobile dealers and repair shops or local offices of the state employment service. The state employment service also may have information about training programs. For information about certification, visit National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence O*NET High school $32,640 For information about careers, education, and training programs, visit Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges Automotive Youth Educational Systems National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics Automotive Master Mechanics Automotive Specialty Technicians

14 Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers Quick Facts: Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $36,620 per year $17.60 per hour Some college, no degree None None Number of Jobs, ,100 Job Outlook, % (Slower than average) Employment Change, ,100 What Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers Do Test newly installed systems to make sure they work properly Explain the basic functions of machines and equipment to customers Provide preventive maintenance, such as cleaning the internal parts of machines In most cases, machines do not break down entirely. Often just one broken part can keep a machine from working properly. Repairers fix machines by replacing these parts and other defective equipment because it is often less expensive than replacing the entire machine. They work with a number of advanced diagnostic tools and techniques, and use technology to test various processes and evaluate results. For example, they may remotely access a computer to run diagnostic tests. Although the work of computer, ATM, and office machine repairers is very similar, the exact tasks differ depending on the type of equipment. For example, computer repairers replace desktop parts, such as a motherboard, in case of hardware failure. ATM repairers may replace a worn magnetic head on a card reader to allow an ATM to recognize customers bank cards. Office machine repairers replace parts of office machines that break down from general wear and tear, such as the printheads of inkjet printers. Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers provide preventative maintenance such as cleaning the internal parts of machines. Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain many of the machines that businesses, households, and other consumers use. Duties Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers typically do the following: Travel to customers' locations in response to service requests Communicate with customers to determine the source of a problem Perform administrative tasks, such as completing work order forms Use a variety of tools, such as a multimeter, to help diagnose problems Replace malfunctioning machine parts, such as video cards in desktop computers or keypads on ATM machines Install large equipment, such as mainframe computers or ATMs Some repairers have assigned areas where they do preventive maintenance on a regular basis. Computer repairers service and repair computer parts, network connections, and computer equipment, such as an external hard drive or computer monitor. Computer repairers must be familiar with various operating systems and commonly used software packages. Some work from repair shops, while others travel to customers' locations. ATM repairers install and repair automated teller machines and, increasingly, electronic kiosks. They generally work with a network of ATMs and travel to ATM locations when they are alerted to a malfunction. Office machine repairers fix machinery at customers workplaces because these machines are usually large and stationary, such as office printers or copiers. Office machines often need preventive maintenance, such as cleaning, or replacement of commonly used parts as they break down from general wear and tear. Work Environment Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers held about 133,100 jobs in They mostly worked for private businesses, but about 14 percent were self-employed.

15 Computer and office machine repairers work in air-conditioned and wellventilated offices because computers and office machines are sensitive to extreme temperatures and humidity. ATM repairers work in various environments depending on the location of an ATM. Some ATMs are outdoors, while others are indoors, such as in lobbies of buildings. Some repairers, called field technicians, work onsite and have to travel to various locations to install, maintain, or repair a customer s equipment. Other repairers, called bench technicians, work in repair shops. In smaller companies, repairers may work both in repair shops and at customers' locations. Some companies provide only onsite repair and operate without a traditional shop. In the course of fixing machinery, repairers often must lift equipment and work in a variety of postures, although it is not usually strenuous. Work Schedules Most computer, ATM, and office machine repairers work full time. Some occasionally work evenings, weekends, and holidays to maintain machines that may break down. How to Become a Computer, ATM, or Office Machine Repairer Knowledge of electronics is essential for computer, ATM, and office machine repairers. Most workers take some postsecondary classes, although some who can demonstrate knowledge may be hired with a high school diploma. Strong communication and customer-service skills are important because these workers often interact with customers to figure out what needs to be repaired. Education Most computer, ATM, and office machine repairers take some classes after high school. This is especially important for ATM repairers who work on complex machines. Prospective workers may take postsecondary classes in computers and electronics, network hardware configuration, electrical engineering, machine repair, or computer/digital technology. In these classes students learn how to troubleshoot major issues, such as discovering which part is causing a machine to malfunction. A basic understanding of mechanical equipment is important because many of the parts that fail in office machines and ATMs, such as paper loaders, are mechanical. Those who do not take college classes may gain this knowledge though military training or high school vocational classes. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Various organizations offer certification for computer, ATM, and office machine repairers. For example, the Electronics Technicians Association International (ETA) offers more than 80 certification programs in numerous electronics specialties for varying levels of competence. Certification from equipment manufacturers is also available. To become certified, applicants must meet several prerequisites and pass a comprehensive written or online exam. Certifications show a level of competency, and they can make an applicant more attractive to employers or increase an employee s opportunity for advancement. Advancement Over time, repairers become experts in their specialty and may train entrylevel repairers. They may also move into management positions where they supervise other repairers. Important Qualities Analytical skills. Repairers often face problems with no standard solution. They must use logic, reasoning, and their experience to evaluate different possible solutions. Communication skills. Repairers must be able to communicate effectively with customers because they work closely with customers to understand the problems with a machine. Dexterity. Repairers must be able to make precise, coordinated movements with their fingers or hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects. Troubleshooting skills. Workers find, diagnose, and repair problems. They devise methods to run tests to determine the cause of problems. They solve the problem to repair the equipment. Pay Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers Median annual wages, May 2012 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020 Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers $36,620 Total, all occupations $34,750 Training Repairers typically have some experience with electronics before they are hired. However, because the tools they use vary by specialty, repairers usually get some company-specific training on the job to become familiar with diagnostic tools, such as proprietary software. As new tools and technology become available, repairers will typically attend classes that teach how to use and apply these tools. In some cases, entry-level repairers with limited knowledge and experience will get on-the-job training from more experienced mentors. Newly hired repairers may work on problems that are less complex, such as doing preventive maintenance on machines. However, with experience, they can advance to positions where they maintain more sophisticated systems. Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for computer, ATM, and office machine repairers was $36,620 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $22,490, and the top 10 percent earned more than $57,960. Most computer, ATM, and office machine repairers work full time. Some occasionally work evenings, weekends, and holidays to maintain machines that may break down.

16 Job Outlook Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers Percent change in employment, projected Total, all occupations 11% Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10% Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers 4% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of computer, ATM, and office machine repairers is projected to grow 4 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations. Remote diagnostic software will result in repairers becoming more productive, limiting overall employment growth. For example, when repairers are able to diagnose and troubleshoot problems remotely, the need for on-site service calls decreases. In some cases, replacing computers or other office equipment will be more cost-effective than having them repaired. However, office machine repairers will continue to see demand for their services as costly office equipment, such as high-volume printers, continue to break down and need preventive maintenance. Computer repairers will see continued demand for their services as computer parts need replacing or organizations need hardware upgrades. As companies modernize and use advanced technology in their day-to-day operations, computer repairers will continue to see employment opportunities. However, increasing use of electronic banking is causing a decline in the demand for new ATMs, which may result in a decreased need for ATM repairers. Job Prospects Job opportunities will be best for workers with training or experience in electronics. Employment projections data for Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers , , ,100 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of computer, ATM, and office machine repairers. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION 2012 MEDIAN PAY Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians Broadcast and sound engineering technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electrical equipment for radio and television broadcasts, concerts, sound recordings, movies and in office and school buildings. See How to Become One $41,200 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Electrical and electronics engineering technicians help engineers design and develop computers, communications equipment, medical monitoring devices, navigational equipment, and other electrical and electronic equipment. They often work in product evaluation and testing, using measuring and diagnostic devices to adjust, test, and repair equipment. Associate s degree $57,850 Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a variety of electrical equipment in telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries. Postsecondary non-degree award $51,220 Electricians Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories. High school $49,840 General Maintenance and Repair Workers General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems. High school $35,210

17 OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION 2012 MEDIAN PAY Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers Contacts for More Information Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom technicians, set up and maintain devices or equipment that carry communications signals, connect to telephone lines, or access the Internet. Electronics Technician Association International Postsecondary non-degree award $54,530 For more information about careers in computer repair, visit Association of Computer Repair Business Owners For more information about electronic careers and certification, visit O*NET Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics Quick Facts: Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $42,320 per year $20.35 per hour High school None Long-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,800 Job Outlook, % (As fast as average) Employment Change, ,600 What Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics Do Duties Diesel service technicians and mechanics typically do the following: Follow a checklist of inspection procedures Test drive vehicles to diagnose malfunctions Read and interpret diagnostic test results from diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope, which is used to measure the voltage produced by electronic components Raise trucks, buses, and heavy parts or equipment by using hydraulic jacks or hoists Inspect brake systems, steering mechanisms, transmissions, engines, and other parts of vehicles Do routine maintenance, such as changing oil, checking batteries, and lubricating equipment and parts Adjust and align wheels, tighten bolts and screws, and attach system components Diesel service technicians and mechanics may work on a vehicle s electrical system, make major engine repairs, or retrofit engines with emission control systems to comply with pollution regulations. Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses, trucks, and anything else with a diesel engine. Repair or replace malfunctioning components, parts, and other mechanical or electrical equipment Test-drive vehicles to ensure that they run smoothly Because of their efficiency and durability, diesel engines have become the standard in powering our nation s trucks and buses. Other heavy vehicles and mobile equipment, including bulldozers and cranes, also are powered by diesel engines, as are many commercial boats, passenger vehicles, pickups, and other work trucks. Diesel service technicians who service and repair these engines are commonly known as diesel mechanics.

18 Diesel mechanics handle many kinds of repairs. They may work on a vehicle s electrical system, make major engine repairs, or retrofit exhaust systems with emission control systems to comply with pollution regulations. Diesel engine maintenance and repair is becoming more complex as engines and other components use more electronic systems to control their operation. For example, fuel injection and engine timing systems rely heavily on microprocessors to maximize fuel efficiency and minimize harmful emissions. In most shops, workers often use hand-held or laptop computers to diagnose problems and adjust engine functions. In addition to using computerized diagnostic equipment, diesel mechanics use a variety of power and machine tools, such as pneumatic wrenches, lathes, grinding machines, and welding equipment. Hand tools, including pliers, socket and ratchets, and screwdrivers, are commonly used. Employers typically provide expensive power tools and computerized equipment, but workers generally acquire their own hand tools over time. For information on technicians and mechanics who work primarily on automobiles, see the profile on automotive service technicians and mechanics. For information on technicians and mechanics who work primarily on farm equipment, construction vehicles, and rail cars, see the profile on heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians. For information on technicians and mechanics who work primarily on motorboats, motorcycles, and small all-terrain vehicles, see the profile on small engine mechanics. Work Environment Diesel service technicians and mechanics held about 250,800 jobs in The majority worked for private companies, but about 10 percent worked for the government. The industries that employed the most diesel service technicians and mechanics in 2012 were as follows: Truck transportation 18% Government 10 Repair and maintenance 9 Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers Manufacturing 5 Diesel mechanics usually work in well-ventilated and sometimes noisy repair shops. They occasionally repair vehicles on roadsides or at worksites. Injuries and Illnesses Diesel service technicians and mechanics have a higher rate of injuries and illnesses than the national average. Diesel mechanics often lift heavy parts and tools, handle greasy or dirty equipment, and work in uncomfortable positions. Although cuts or burns are common, the work is generally not hazardous when workers follow basic safety precautions. Work Schedules Most diesel mechanics work full time. Overtime is common as many repair shops extend their service hours during evenings and weekends. In addition, 8 some truck and bus repair shops provide 24-hour maintenance and repair services. How to Become a Diesel Service Technician or Mechanic Many diesel mechanics learn informally on the job, but employers increasingly prefer applicants who have completed postsecondary training programs in diesel engine repair. Although not required, industry certification can be important for diesel mechanics. Education Most employers require a high school. High school or postsecondary courses in automotive repair, electronics, and mathematics provide a strong educational background for a career as a diesel mechanic. Many employers look for workers with postsecondary training in diesel engine repair. A large number of community colleges and trade and vocational schools offer programs in diesel engine repair that may lead to a certificate of completion or an associate s degree. Programs mix classroom instruction with hands-on training, including the basics of diesel technology, repair techniques and equipment, and practical exercises. Students also learn how to interpret technical manuals and electronic diagnostic reports. Graduates usually advance to journeyworker status, where they may then work with minimal supervision. Training Some diesel mechanics begin working without postsecondary education and are trained on the job. Trainees are assigned basic tasks, such as cleaning parts, checking fuel and oil levels, and driving vehicles in and out of the shop. After they learn routine maintenance and repair tasks and demonstrate competence, trainees move on to more complicated jobs. This process can last from 3 to 4 years, at which point a trainee is usually considered a journey-level diesel mechanic. Over the course of their careers, diesel mechanics must learn new techniques and learn about new equipment. Employers often send experienced mechanics to special training classes conducted by manufacturers and vendors to learn about the latest diesel technology. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Certification from the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) is the recognized industry credential for diesel and other automotive service technicians and mechanics. Although not required, this certification represents a diesel mechanic s competence, experience, and value to potential employers and clients. Diesel mechanics may be certified in specific repair areas, such as drive trains, electronic systems, or preventative maintenance and inspection. To earn certification, mechanics must have 2 years of work experience and pass one or more ASE exams. To remain certified, diesel mechanics must pass the test again every 5 years. Some diesel mechanics may be required to have a commercial driver s license if their job duties include test-driving buses or large trucks.

19 Important Qualities Customer-service skills. Diesel mechanics frequently talk to their customers about automotive problems and work that they have planned, started, or completed. They must be courteous, good listeners and ready to answer customers questions. Dexterity. Mechanics need a steady hand and good hand-eye coordination for many tasks, such as disassembling engine parts, connecting or attaching components, or using hand tools. Mechanical skills. Diesel mechanics must be familiar with parts and components of engines, transmissions, braking mechanisms, and other complex systems. They must also be able to disassemble, work on, and reassemble parts and machinery. Troubleshooting skills. Diesel mechanics must be able to identify mechanical and electronic problems, make repairs, and offer a proper maintenance strategy. They must be familiar with electronic control systems and the appropriate tools needed to fix and maintain them. Pay Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics Median annual wages, May 2012 Diesel service technicians and mechanics $42,320 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for diesel service technicians and mechanics was $42,320 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $26,820, and the top 10 percent earned more than $63,250. In May 2012, the median annual wages for diesel service technicians and mechanics in the top five industries in which these technicians and mechanics worked were as follows: Government $49,130 Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 42,950 Manufacturing 42,160 Repair and maintenance 38,880 Many diesel mechanics, especially those employed by truck fleet dealers and repair shops, receive a commission in addition to their base salary. Most diesel mechanics work full time. Overtime is common as many repair shops extend their service hours during evenings and weekends. In addition, some truck and bus repair shops provide 24-hour maintenance and repair services. Job Outlook Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics Percent change in employment, projected Total, all occupations 11% Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10% Diesel service technicians and mechanics 9% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of diesel service technicians and mechanics is projected to grow 9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. As more freight is shipped across the country, additional diesel-powered trucks will be needed. As a result, diesel mechanics will be needed to maintain and repair the nation s truck fleet. Demand for new workers in the freight trucking and automotive repair and maintenance industries is expected to drive overall diesel mechanic job growth. Some older vehicles will need to be retrofitted and modernized to comply with environmental regulations, creating additional jobs for diesel mechanics. Overall employment growth, however, may be dampened due to increasing durability of new truck and bus diesel engines. Also, continuing advances in repair technology, including computerized diagnostic equipment, will result in fewer mechanics doing the same amount of work, further reducing demand for mechanics. Job Prospects Job opportunities should be good for those who have completed formal postsecondary education and have strong technical skills, as employers sometimes report difficulty finding qualified workers. Workers without formal training often require more supervision and on-thejob instruction than others an expensive and time-consuming process for employers. Because of this, untrained candidates will face strong competition for jobs. Truck transportation 38,250

20 Employment projections data for Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists , , ,600 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of diesel service technicians and mechanics. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY LEVEL MEDIAN EDUCATION PAY Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft. They also may perform aircraft inspections as required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). See How to Become One $55,230 Automotive Body and Glass Repairers Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and window glass. High school $37,680 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light trucks. High school $36,610 Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries. High school $43,820 Small Engine Mechanics Contacts for More Information Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one type of equipment, such as motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment. For more information about careers and education for diesel service technicians and mechanics, visit Association of Diesel Specialists National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation For information about certification, visit National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence O*NET Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists High school $32,640

21 Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers Quick Facts: Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $51,220 per year $24.63 per hour Postsecondary non-degree award None See How to Become One Number of Jobs, ,700 Job Outlook, % (Little or no change) Employment Change, What Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers Do Reassemble and test equipment after repairs Maintain records of parts used, labor time, and final charges Electrical and electronics installers and repairers work on complex pieces of electronic equipment. Because automated electronic control systems are becoming more complex, repairers use software programs and testing equipment to diagnose malfunctions. Among their diagnostic tools are multimeters which measure voltage, current, and resistance and advanced multimeters, which measure the capacitance, inductance, and current gain of transistors. Repairers also use signal generators, which provide test signals, and oscilloscopes, which display signals graphically. In addition, repairers often use handtools such as pliers, screwdrivers, and wrenches to replace faulty parts and adjust equipment. The following are examples of types of electrical and electronics installers and repairers: Commercial and industrial equipment electrical and electronics repairers repair, test, adjust, or install electronic equipment, such as industrial controls, transmitters, and antennas. Electrical and electronics installers and repairers of transportation equipment install, adjust, or maintain mobile communication equipment, including sound, sonar, security, navigation, and surveillance systems on trains, watercraft, or other vehicles. Testers are used to find problems with electric motor operations. Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a variety of electrical equipment in telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries. Duties Electrical and electronics installers and repairers typically do the following: Prepare cost estimates for clients Refer to service guides, schematics, and manufacturer specifications Repair or replace defective parts, such as motors, fuses, or gaskets Powerhouse, substation, and relay electrical and electronics repairers inspect, test, maintain, or repair electrical equipment used in generating stations, substations, and in-service relays. These workers also may be known as powerhouse electricians, relay technicians, or power transformer repairers. Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers such as armature winders, generator mechanics, and electric golf cart repairers specialize in installing, maintaining, and repairing electric motors, wiring, or switches. Electronic equipment installers and repairers of motor vehicles install, diagnose, and repair sound, security, and navigation equipment in motor vehicles. These installers and repairers work with a range of complex electronic equipment, including digital audio and video players, navigation systems, and passive and active security systems. Electrical and electronics installers and repairers may also specialize, according to how and where they work:

22 Field technicians often travel to factories or a customer s site to repair broken down equipment. Because repairing components is a complex activity, workers in factories usually remove and replace defective units, such as circuit boards, instead of fixing them. Defective units are discarded or returned to the manufacturer or a specialized shop for repair. Bench technicians work in repair shops in factories and service centers, fixing components that cannot be repaired on a factory floor. These workers also locate and repair circuit defects, such as poorly soldered joints, blown fuses, or malfunctioning transistors. Work Environment Electrical and electronics installers and repairers held about 144,700 jobs in Employment in the detailed occupations that make up this group was distributed as follows: Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay 69,000 24,500 Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 20,700 Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 15,900 Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 14,600 Many electrical and electronics installers and repairers work in factories, which can be noisy and sometimes warm. Bench technicians work primarily in repair shops, which are quiet and well lit. Motor vehicle electronic equipment installers and repairers normally work in repair shops. Installers and repairers may have to lift heavy equipment and work in awkward positions. Injuries and Illnesses Electric motor, power tools, and related repairers and electrical and electronics installers and repairers of transportation equipment have a higher rate of injuries and illnesses than the national average. As a result, workers must follow safety guidelines and wear protective goggles and hardhats. When working on ladders or on elevated equipment, repairers must wear harnesses to avoid falls. Before repairing a piece of machinery, workers must follow procedures to ensure that others cannot start the equipment during the repair process. They must also take precautions against electric shock by locking off power to the unit under repair. Work Schedules Nearly all electrical and electronics installers and repairers work full time. How to Become an Electrical or Electronics Installer and Repairer Most electrical and electronics installers and repairers obtain specialized training at a technical college. Gaining voluntary certification is common and can be useful in getting a job. Education Electrical and electronics installers and repairers must understand electrical equipment and electronics. As a result, employers often prefer applicants who have taken courses in electronics at a community college or technical school. Training In addition to technical education, workers usually receive training on specific types of equipment. This may entail manufacturer-specific training in order for repairers to perform warranty work. Entry-level repairers usually begin by working with experienced technicians, who provide technical guidance, and work independently after developing their skills. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Various organizations offer certification. For example, the Electronics Technicians Association International (ETA) offers more than 50 certification programs in numerous electronics specialties for various levels of competence. The International Society of Certified Electronics Technicians (ISCET) also offers certification for several levels of competence. The ISCET focuses on a broad range of topics, including basic electronics, electronic systems, and appliance service. To become certified, applicants must meet prerequisites and pass a comprehensive exam. Important Qualities Color vision. Workers need to identify the color-coded components that are often used in electronic equipment. Communication skills. Field technicians work closely with customers, so they must listen to and understand customers problems and explain solutions in a simple, clear manner. Technical skills. Workers use a variety of mechanical and diagnostic tools to install or repair equipment. Troubleshooting skills. Electrical equipment and systems often involve intricate parts. Workers must be able to identify malfunctions and make the necessary repairs. Pay Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers Median annual wages, May 2012 Electrical and electronics installers and repairers $51,220 Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers $46,550 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics

23 The median annual wage for electrical and electronics installers and repairers was $51,220 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $28,240, and the top 10 percent earned more than $75,740. Median annual wages for electrical and electronics installers and repairers in May 2012 were as follows: $68,810 for electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay $52,650 for electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment $51,240 for electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment $36,240 for electric motor, power tool, and related repairers $31,340 for electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles Nearly all electrical and electronics installers and repairers work full time. Union Membership Compared with workers in all occupations, electrical and electronics installers and repairers had a higher percentage of workers who belonged to a union in Job Outlook Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers Percent change in employment, projected Total, all occupations 11% Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 4% Electrical and electronics installers and repairers 1% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Overall employment of electrical and electronics installers and repairers is projected to show little or no change from 2012 to Growth rates will vary by specialty. Employment of electrical and electronics installers and repairers of commercial and industrial equipment is projected to grow 3 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations. As competition increases, businesses strive to lower costs by increasing and improving automation. Equipment that needs service and repair would generally increase the demand for electrical workers, but improved reliability of equipment is expected to temper employment growth. Employment of motor vehicle electronic equipment installers and repairers is projected to decline 6 percent from 2012 to As motor vehicle manufacturers install more and better sound, security, entertainment, and navigation systems in new vehicles, and as newer electronic systems require progressively less maintenance, few aftermarket installers will be needed. Employment of electric motor, power tool, and related repairers is projected to decline 4 percent from 2012 to Improvements in electrical and electronic equipment design, as well as the increased use of disposable tool parts, will result in declining employment. Employment of electrical and electronics installers and repairers of transportation equipment is projected to show little or no change from 2012 to Declining employment in the rail transportation industry the largest employing segment of these specialists will dampen employment growth. Employment of powerhouse, substation, and relay electrical and electronics installers and repairers is projected to show little or no change from 2012 to Although the installation of new, energy-efficient technologies will likely spur demand for workers, privatization in the utilities industries should improve productivity and offset any employment gains. Job Prospects Overall job opportunities should be excellent for qualified workers with an associate s degree in electronics along with certification. Employment projections data for Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Change, Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Electrical and electronics installers and repairers 144, , Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ,700 19, Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment ,900 16, Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment ,000 71, ,300 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program

24 Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Change, Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay ,500 24, Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles ,600 13, SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of electrical and electronics installers and repairers. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION 2012 MEDIAN PAY Electricians Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories. High school $49,840 Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft. They also may perform aircraft inspections as required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). See How to Become One $55,230 Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain many of the machines that businesses, households, and other consumers use. Some college, no degree $36,620 Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom technicians, set up and maintain devices or equipment that carry communications signals, connect to telephone lines, or access the Internet. Postsecondary non-degree award $54,530 Elevator Installers and Repairers Elevator installers and repairers install, fix, and maintain elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and other lifts. High school $76,650 General Maintenance and Repair Workers General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems. High school $35,210 Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians Broadcast and sound engineering technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electrical equipment for radio and television broadcasts, concerts, sound recordings, movies and in office and school buildings. See How to Become One $41,200 Contacts for More Information For information about electrical and electronics installers and repairers, including careers and certification, visit Electronics Technicians Association International International Society of Certified Electronics Technicians O*NET Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers

25 General Maintenance and Repair Workers Quick Facts: General Maintenance and Repair Workers 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $35,210 per year $16.93 per hour High school None Long-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,325,100 Job Outlook, % (As fast as average) Employment Change, ,200 What General Maintenance and Repair Workers Do Do routine preventive maintenance to ensure that machines continue to run smoothly Assemble and set up machinery or equipment Plan repair work using blueprints or diagrams Do general cleaning and upkeep of buildings and properties Order supplies from catalogs and storerooms Meet with clients to estimate repairs and costs Keep detailed records of their work General maintenance and repair workers are hired for maintenance and repair tasks that are not complex enough to need the specialized training of a licensed tradesperson, such as a plumber or electrician. They are also responsible for recognizing when a job is above their skill level and requires the expertise of electricians; carpenters; heating, airconditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers; and plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. Workers may fix plaster or drywall. They may fix or paint roofs, windows, doors, floors, woodwork, and other parts of buildings. They also maintain and repair specialized equipment and machinery in cafeterias, laundries, hospitals, stores, offices, and factories. Workers are responsible for the upkeep of many homes and apartment buildings. General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems. Duties General maintenance and repair workers typically do the following: Maintain and repair machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings Troubleshoot and fix faulty electrical switches Inspect and diagnose problems and figure out the best way to correct them They get supplies and repair parts from distributors or storerooms to fix problems. They use common hand and power tools such as screwdrivers, saws, drills, wrenches, and hammers to fix, replace, or repair equipment and parts of buildings. Work Environment General maintenance and repair workers held about 1.3 million jobs in The industries that employed the most general maintenance and repair workers in 2012 were as follows: Real estate and rental and leasing 19% Manufacturing 15 State and local government, excluding education and hospitals 10 Health care and social assistance 8 Educational services; state, local, and private 8

26 General maintenance and repair workers often carry out many different tasks in a single day, at any number of locations. They may work inside a single building, such as a hotel or hospital, or be responsible for the maintenance of many buildings, such as those in an apartment complex or college campus. General maintenance and repair workers may have to stand for long periods or lift heavy objects. These workers may work in uncomfortably hot or cold environments, work in uncomfortable or cramped positions, or on ladders. The work involves a lot of walking, climbing, and reaching. Injuries and Illnesses Workers risk electrical shocks, falls, cuts, and bruises. As a result, general maintenance workers had a rate of injuries and illnesses that is much higher than the national average. Work Schedules Most general maintenance workers work full time, including evenings or weekends. Some are on call for emergency repairs. How to Become a General Maintenance and Repair Worker Jobs in this field typically do not require any formal education beyond high school. General maintenance and repair workers often learn their skills on the job. They start by doing simple tasks and watching and learning from skilled maintenance workers. Education Many maintenance and repair workers may learn some basic skills in high school shop or technical education classes, postsecondary trade or vocational schools, or community colleges. Courses in mechanical drawing, electricity, woodworking, blueprint reading, mathematics, and computers are useful. Maintenance and repair workers often do work that involves electrical, plumbing, heating, and airconditioning systems or painting and roofing tasks. Workers need a good working knowledge of many repair and maintenance tasks. Practical training, available at many adult education centers and community colleges, is another option for workers to learn tasks such as drywall repair and basic plumbing. Training General maintenance and repair workers usually start by watching and learning from skilled maintenance workers. They begin by doing simple tasks, such as fixing leaky faucets and replacing light bulbs. After gaining experience, general maintenance and repair workers move on to more difficult tasks, such as overhauling machinery or building walls. Some learn their skills by working as helpers to other types of repair or construction workers, including machinery repairers, carpenters, or electricians. Because a growing number of new buildings rely on computers to control their systems, general maintenance and repair workers may need to know basic computer skills, such as how to log onto a central computer system and navigate through a series of menus. Companies that install computercontrolled equipment usually give onsite training for general maintenance and repair workers. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Licensing requirements vary by state and locality. For more complex tasks, workers may need to be licensed in a particular specialty, such as electrical or plumbing work. Advancement Some maintenance and repair workers decide to train in one specific craft and become craft workers, such as electricians, heating and air-conditioning mechanics, or plumbers. Other maintenance workers open their own repair or contracting business. However, those that want to become a project manager or own their own business may need some postsecondary education or a degree in construction management. For more information, see the profile on construction managers. Within small organizations, promotion opportunities may be limited. Important Qualities Customer-service skills. These workers interact with customers on a regular basis. They need to be friendly and able to address customers questions. Dexterity. Many technician tasks, such as repairing small devices, connecting or attaching components, and using hand tools, require a steady hand and good hand eye coordination. Troubleshooting skills. Workers find, diagnose, and repair problems. They do tests to figure out the cause of problems before fixing equipment. Pay General Maintenance and Repair Workers Median annual wages, May 2012 Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $38,750 Maintenance and repair workers, general $35,210 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for general maintenance and repair workers was $35,210 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $20,920, and the top 10 percent earned more than $57,260. Most general maintenance workers work full time, including evenings and weekends. Some are on call for emergency repairs.

27 Job Outlook General Maintenance and Repair Workers Percent change in employment, projected Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 12% Total, all occupations 11% Maintenance and repair workers, general 9% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of general maintenance and repair workers is projected to grow 9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Employment will increase as the real estate market continues to improve. Increasing home sales may drive demand for remodeling and maintenance work. In addition, maintenance and repair workers will be needed to upgrade and renovate the large inventory of foreclosed and distressed properties caused by the recession. Demographic changes may also affect the demand for general maintenance and repair workers. Because homeowners typically prefer to remain in their homes as they age, demand may increase for workers as the large babyboom population nears retirement. These older homeowners will invest in projects and renovations to accommodate their future living needs and allow them to remain in their homes following retirement. Because many general maintenance and repair workers are employed in industries related to real estate, employment opportunities may be sensitive to fluctuations in the economy. Some workers may experience periods of unemployment when the overall level of construction and real estate development falls. However, maintenance and repairs continue during economic downturns as people opt to repair rather than replace equipment. Job Prospects Employment growth and the need to replace workers who leave the occupation each year will likely result in good job prospects. Many job openings are expected as experienced workers retire. Those with experience in repair- or maintenance-related fields should continue to have the best job prospects. Employment projections data for General Maintenance and Repair Workers, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Maintenance and repair workers, general ,325,100 1,450, ,200 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of general maintenance and repair workers. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION 2012 MEDIAN PAY Boilermakers Boilermakers assemble, install, and repair boilers, closed vats, and other large vessels or containers that hold liquids and gases. High school $56,560 Carpenters Carpenters construct and repair building frameworks and structures such as stairways, doorframes, partitions, and rafters made from wood and other materials. They also may install kitchen cabinets, siding, and drywall. High school $39,940 Construction Managers Construction managers plan, coordinate, budget, and supervise construction projects from development to completion. Bachelor s degree $82,790 Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a variety of electrical equipment in telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries. Postsecondary non-degree award $51,220 Electricians Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories. High school $49,840

28 OCCUPATION Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers JOB DUTIES Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers often called HVACR technicians work on heating, ventilation, cooling, and refrigeration systems that control the temperature and air quality in buildings. ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION Postsecondary non-degree award 2012 MEDIAN PAY $43,640 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters Contacts for More Information Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to and in businesses, homes, and factories. United Handyman Association High school $49,140 For more information, visit Handyman Association of America O*NET Maintenance and Repair Workers, General Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers Quick Facts: Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $43,640 per year $20.98 per hour Postsecondary non-degree award None Long-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,600 Job Outlook, % (Faster than average) Employment Change, ,900 What Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers Do Duties Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers typically do the following: Use blueprints or design specifications to install or repair HVACR systems Connect systems to fuel and water supply lines, air ducts, and other components Install electrical wiring and controls and test for proper operation Inspect and maintain customers HVACR systems Test individual components to determine necessary repairs Repair or replace worn or defective parts Determine HVACR systems energy use and make recommendations to improve efficiency Travel to worksites HVACR technicians repair heating, cooling, and refrigeration systems. Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers often called HVACR technicians work on heating, ventilation, cooling, and refrigeration systems that control the temperature and air quality in buildings. Heating and air conditioning systems control the temperature, humidity, and overall air quality in homes, businesses, and other buildings. By providing a climate-controlled environment, refrigeration systems make it possible to store and transport food, medicine, and other perishable items. Although HVACR technicians are trained to both install and maintain heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems, many focus on either installation or maintenance. Some also may specialize in certain types of HVACR equipment, such as water-based heating systems, solar panels, or commercial refrigeration.

29 HVACR technicians use many different tools. For example, they often use screwdrivers, wrenches, pipe cutters, and other basic hand tools when installing systems. Technicians also use more sophisticated tools, such as carbon monoxide testers, voltmeters, combustion analyzers, and acetylene torches to test or install system components. When working on air conditioning and refrigeration systems, technicians must follow government regulations regarding the conservation, recovery, and recycling of refrigerants. This includes the proper handling and disposal of fluids and pressurized gases. Some HVACR technicians sell service contracts to their clients, providing regular maintenance of heating and cooling systems. The service usually includes the cleaning of ducts, replacing filters, and checking refrigerant levels. Other craft workers sometimes help install or repair cooling and heating systems. For example, on a large air conditioning installation job, especially one in which workers are covered by union contracts, duct work might be done by sheet metal workers and duct installers, electrical work by electricians, and pipe work by plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. Boiler systems are often installed by a boilermaker. In addition, home appliance repairers usually service window air conditioners and household refrigerators. Work Environment Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers held about 267,600 jobs in 2012, of which 61 percent were employed in the plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors industry. About 9 percent were self-employed. HVACR technicians mostly work in residential homes, schools, stores, hospitals, office buildings, or factories. Some technicians are assigned to specific job sites at the beginning of each day. Others travel to several different locations making service calls. Although most technicians work indoors, some may have to work on outdoor heat pumps, even in bad weather. Technicians often work in awkward or cramped spaces, and some work in buildings that are uncomfortable because the air conditioning or heating system is broken. Work Schedules The majority of HVACR technicians work full time, with occasional evening or weekend shifts. During peak heating and cooling seasons, they often work overtime or irregular hours. Although the majority of technicians work for construction contractors, about 9 percent are self-employed workers who have the ability to set their own schedules. Technicians who service refrigeration, heating, and air conditioning equipment generally have stable employment throughout the year, particularly as a growing number of manufacturers and contractors now provide or even require year-round service contracts. Injuries and Illnesses HVACR technicians have a one of the highest rates of injuries and illnesses of all occupations. Potential hazards include electrical shock, burns, muscle strains, and other injuries from handling heavy equipment. Appropriate safety equipment is necessary when handling refrigerants because they are hazardous, and contact can cause skin damage, frostbite, or blindness. When working in tight spaces, inhalation of refrigerants is also a risk. As of 2012, several newly introduced refrigerants are highly flammable, requiring additional care. How to Become a Heating, Air Conditioning, or Refrigeration Mechanic and Installer Because HVACR systems are increasingly complex, employers generally prefer applicants with postsecondary education or those who have completed an apprenticeship. Some states and localities require technicians to be licensed. Education A growing number of HVACR technicians receive postsecondary instruction from technical and trade schools or community colleges that offer programs in heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration. These programs generally last from 6 months to 2 years and lead to a certificate or an associate s degree. High school students interested in becoming an HVACR technician should take courses in shop, math, and physics. Knowledge of plumbing or electrical work and a basic understanding of electronics is also helpful. Training Some HVACR technicians learn their trade on the job, although this is becoming much less common. Those who do usually begin by assisting experienced technicians with basic tasks, such as insulating refrigerant lines or cleaning furnaces. In time, they move on to more difficult tasks, including cutting and soldering pipes or checking electrical circuits. Some technicians receive their training through an apprenticeship. Applicants for apprenticeships must have a high school general equivalency degree (GED). Math and reading skills are essential. Apprenticeship programs usually last 3 to 5 years. Each year, apprentices must have at least 2,000 hours of on-the-job training and a minimum of 144 hours of related technical education. Over the course of the apprenticeship, technicians become familiar with subjects such as safety practices, blueprint reading, and how to use tools. They also learn about the numerous systems that heat and cool buildings. To enter an apprenticeship program, a trainee must meet the following requirements: Be at least 18 years old Have a high school Pass a basic math test Pass substance abuse screening Have a valid driver s license Apprenticeship programs frequently are run by joint committees representing local chapters of various organizations, including the following: Air Conditioning Contractors of America Associated Builders and Contractors Mechanical Contractors Association of America National Association of Home Builders, Home Builders Institute Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association Sheet Metal Workers International Association United Association of Apprentice and Journeymen of the United States and Canada

30 Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Whether having learned the occupation through postsecondary education or through other means, HVACR technicians may take several different tests that measure their skills. These tests require different levels of experience. Technicians with relevant coursework and less than 2 years of experience may take the entry-level certification exams. These exams test basic competency in residential heating and cooling, light commercial heating and cooling, and commercial refrigeration. Technicians can take the exams at technical and trade schools. HVACR technicians who have at least 1 year of installation experience and 2 years of maintenance and repair experience can take a number of specialized exams. These exams certify their competency in working with specific types of equipment, such as oil-burning furnaces or compressedrefrigerant cooling systems. Many organizations offer certifying exams. For example, the North American Technician Excellence offers the Industry Competency Exam; HVAC Excellence offers a Secondary Employment Ready Exam, a Secondary Heat exam, and a Heat Plus exam; the National Occupational Competency Testing Institute offers a secondary exam; and the Refrigeration Service Engineers Society offers two levels of certification. Certifications can be helpful because they show that the technician has specific competencies. Some employers actively seek out industry-certified HVACR technicians. Some states and localities require HVACR technicians to be licensed. Although specific licensing requirements vary, all candidates must pass an exam. In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires all technicians who buy or work with refrigerants to be certified in proper refrigerant handling. To become certified, technicians must pass a written exam specific to one of three specializations: Type I servicing small appliances; Type II high-pressure refrigerants; and Type III low-pressure refrigerants. Many trade schools, unions, and employer associations offer training programs designed to prepare students for the EPA exam. Important Qualities Customer-service skills. HVACR technicians often work in customers homes or business offices, so it is important that they are friendly, polite, and punctual. Repair technicians must sometimes deal with unhappy customers whose heating or air conditioning is not working. Detail oriented. HVACR technicians must carefully maintain records of all work performed. The records must include what work was performed and the time it took, and list specific parts and equipment that were used. Mechanical skills. HVACR technicians install and work on complicated climate-control systems. Workers must understand the HVAC components and be able to properly assemble, disassemble, and if needed, program them. Physical strength. Workers may have to lift and support heavy equipment and components, often without help. Time-management skills. HVACR technicians often have a set number of daily maintenance calls. They should be able to keep a schedule and complete all necessary repairs or tasks. Troubleshooting skills. Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems involve many intricate parts. To repair malfunctioning systems, technicians must be able to identify problems and then determine the best way to repair it. Pay Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers Median annual wages, May 2012 Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers $43,640 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers was $43,640 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $27,330, and the top 10 percent earned more than $68,990. Apprentices usually earn about half of the wage paid to experienced workers. As they gain experience and improve their skills, apprentices receive periodic raises until they reach the wage of experienced workers. The majority of HVACR technicians work full time, with occasional evening or weekend shifts. During peak heating and cooling seasons, they often work overtime or irregular hours. Although the majority of technicians work for construction contractors, about 9 percent are self-employed workers who have the ability to set their own schedules. Job Outlook Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers Percent change in employment, projected Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 21% Total, all occupations 11% Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers is projected to grow 21 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than the average for all occupations. Commercial and residential building construction will drive employment growth as the construction industry continues to recover from the recent recession. The growing number of sophisticated climate-control systems is also expected to increase demand for qualified HVACR technicians. Climate-control systems generally need replacement after 10 to 15 years. As a result, many homes and commercial buildings that were constructed

31 between 2002 and 2006 will need replacement climate-control systems, further spurring demand for technicians. The growing emphasis on energy efficiency and pollution reduction will also require more HVACR technicians as climate-control systems are retrofitted, upgraded, or replaced entirely. In addition, regulations prohibiting the discharge and production of older types of refrigerant pollutants will result in the need to modify or replace many existing air conditioning systems. Job Prospects school or through an apprenticeship. Candidates familiar with computers and electronics, as well as those who have developed troubleshooting skills, will have the best job opportunities as employers continue to have difficulty finding qualified technicians to work on complex new systems. Technicians who specialize in installation work may experience periods of unemployment when the level of new construction activity declines. Maintenance and repair work, however, usually remains relatively stable. Businesses and homeowners depend on their climate-control or refrigeration systems year round, and must keep them in good working order, regardless of economic conditions. Job opportunities for HVACR technicians are expected to be excellent, particularly for those who have completed training at an accredited technical Employment projections data for Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers , , ,900 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers. OCCUPATION Boilermakers JOB DUTIES Boilermakers assemble, install, and repair boilers, closed vats, and other large vessels or containers that hold liquids and gases. ENTRY LEVEL MEDIAN EDUCATION PAY High school $56,560 Electricians Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories. High school $49,840 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to and in businesses, homes, and factories. High school $49,140 Sheet Metal Workers Contacts for More Information Sheet metal workers fabricate or install products that are made from thin metal sheets, such as ducts used for heating and air conditioning. For details about apprenticeships or other work opportunities, contact the offices of the state employment service, the state apprenticeship agency, local contractors, or local union-management HVACR apprenticeship committees. Apprenticeship information is available from the U.S. Department of Labor s toll-free help line, 1 (877) , or Employment and Training Administration. For information about career opportunities, training, and certification, visit Air Conditioning Contractors of America Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute Associated Builders and Contractors Carbon Monoxide Safety Association Green Mechanical Council HVAC Excellence Mechanical Contractors Association of America High school National Association of Home Builders, Home Builders Institute National Occupational Competency Testing Institute NCCER North American Technician Excellence Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association Radiant Professionals Alliance $43,290

32 Refrigeration Service Engineers Society Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the United States and Canada O*NET Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics and Installers Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians Quick Facts: Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $43,820 per year $21.07 per hour High school None Long-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,300 Job Outlook, % (As fast as average) Employment Change, ,200 What Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians Do Inspect, repair, and replace defective or worn parts, such as bearings, pistons, and gears Overhaul and test major components, such as engines, hydraulics, and electrical systems Disassemble and reassemble heavy equipment and components Travel to worksites to repair large equipment, such as cranes Heavy vehicles and mobile equipment are critical to many industrial activities, including construction and railroad transportation. Various types of equipment, such as tractors, cranes, and bulldozers, are used to haul materials, till land, lift beams, and dig earth to pave the way for development and construction. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians repair and maintain engines, hydraulic systems, transmissions, and electrical systems of agricultural, industrial, construction, and rail equipment. They ensure the performance and safety of fuel lines, brakes, transmissions, and other systems. Technicians inspect, repair, and replace defective or worn parts. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians, also called mechanics, inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries. Duties Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians typically do the following: Read and understand operating manuals, blueprints, and drawings Perform scheduled maintenance, such as cleaning and lubricating parts Diagnose and identify malfunctions, using computerized tools and equipment Service technicians use diagnostic computers and equipment to identify problems and make adjustments or repairs. For example, technicians may use an oscilloscope to measure the voltage produced by electronic components. Technicians also use many different power and machine tools, including pneumatic wrenches, lathes, and welding equipment. A pneumatic tool such as an impact wrench is an air tool powered by compressed air. Service technicians also use many different hand tools, such as screwdrivers, pliers, and wrenches, to work on small parts and in hard-to-reach areas. They generally purchase these tools over the course of their careers, often investing thousands of dollars in their collections. After locating malfunctions, service technicians repair, replace, and recalibrate components such as hydraulic pumps or spark plugs. This may involve disassembling and reassembling major equipment or making adjustments through an onboard computer program. The following are types of heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians: Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians service and repair farm equipment, such as tractors and harvesters. They also work on smaller

33 consumer-grade lawn and garden tractors. Most work for dealer repair shops, where farmers increasingly send their equipment for maintenance. Mobile heavy equipment mechanics repair and maintain construction and surface mining equipment, such as bulldozers, cranes, graders, and excavators. Many work for equipment wholesale and distribution shops and large construction and mining companies. Those working for the federal government may work on tanks and other military equipment. Rail car repairers specialize in servicing railroad locomotives, subway cars, and other rolling stock. They usually work for railroad, public and private transit companies, and rail car manufacturers. For information about technicians and mechanics who work primarily on automobiles, see the profile on automotive service technicians and mechanics. For information about technicians and mechanics who work primarily on large trucks and buses, see the profile on diesel service technicians and mechanics. For information about technicians and mechanics who primarily work on motorboats, motorcycles, and small all-terrain vehicles, see the profile on small engine mechanics. Work Environment Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians held about 176,300 jobs in Most technicians worked for private companies, but about 7 percent worked for state and local government. Industries employing the largest numbers of heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians in 2012 were as follows: Farm and garden machinery and equipment merchant wholesalers 14% Government 11 Rail transportation 7 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 6 Heavy and civil engineering construction 6 Service technicians usually work indoors in noisy repair shops. They often lift heavy parts and tools, handle greasy and dirty equipment, and stand or lie in awkward positions. It is often too expensive to transport heavy or mobile equipment to a repair shop. As a result, some service technicians travel to worksites to make repairs, often driving long distances. Generally, more experienced service technicians specialize in field service. They drive trucks that are specially equipped with replacement parts and tools. These workers spend considerable time outdoors. Work Schedules Most heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians work full time, and many work evenings or weekends. Overtime is common. Farm equipment mechanics work varies by time of the year. During busy planting and harvesting seasons, for example, mechanics often work six or seven 12-hour days per week. In the slower winter months, however, they may work less than full time. How to Become a Heavy Vehicle or Mobile Equipment Service Technician Although a high school diploma is the typical education needed for entry, employers increasingly prefer to hire heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians who have some postsecondary education. The majority of workers, however, still learn informally on the job. Education High school or postsecondary courses in automobile repair, mathematics, and physics provide a strong foundation for a service technician s career. Postsecondary programs and degrees in diesel technology or heavy equipment mechanics provide the most comprehensive training for new service technicians. Offered by vocational schools and community colleges, these programs cover the basics of diagnostic techniques, electronics, and other related subjects. Most programs last 1 to 2 years and lead to certificates of completion. Other programs, which lead to associate s degrees, generally take 2 years to complete. Education significantly reduces the amount of on-the-job training new service technicians need. Training Entry-level workers with no formal background in heavy vehicle repair often receive a few months of on-the-job training before they begin doing routine service tasks and minor repairs. Trainees advance to more complex work as they show competence, and usually become fully qualified after 3 to 4 years of work. Many employers send new technicians to training sessions conducted by equipment manufacturers. Training sessions may focus on particular components and technologies or types of equipment. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Some manufacturers offer certification in specific repair methods or equipment. Although not required, certification can demonstrate a mechanic s competence and usually brings higher pay. Important Qualities Dexterity. Many tasks, such as disassembling engine parts, connecting or attaching components, and using hand tools, require a steady hand and good hand-eye coordination. Mechanical skills. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians must be familiar with engine components and systems and know how they interact with each other. They must often disassemble major parts for repairs and be able to reassemble them. Physical strength. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians must be able to lift and move heavy equipment, tools, and parts without risking injury. Troubleshooting skills. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians must be familiar with diagnostic equipment, which can help find the source of malfunctions when they are difficult to identify.

34 Pay Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians Median annual wages, May 2012 Total, all occupations 11% Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines 10% Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians 10% Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians 9% Rail car repairers 2% Rail car repairers $48,500 Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines $46,050 Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians $43,820 Total, all occupations $34,750 Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians $34,760 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians was $43,820 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $27,730, and the top 10 percent earned more than $62,960. In May 2012, median annual wages for heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technician occupations were as follows: $48,500 for rail car repairers $46,050 for mobile heavy equipment mechanics $34,760 for farm equipment mechanics and service technicians Most heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians work full time, and many work evenings or weekends. Overtime is common. Farm equipment mechanics work varies by time of the year. During busy planting and harvesting seasons, for example, mechanics often work six or seven 12-hour days per week. In the slower winter months, however, they may work less than full time. Union Membership Compared with workers in all occupations, heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians had a higher percentage of workers who belonged to a union in Job Outlook Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians is projected to grow 9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. As the stock of heavy vehicles and mobile equipment continues to increase, more service technicians will be needed to maintain them. In particular, demand for heavy equipment used in construction, mining, and energy exploration will result in employment growth for service technicians. Growth rates will vary by specialty. Employment of farm equipment mechanics and service technicians is projected to grow 10 percent, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Demand for farm equipment repairers will be primarily driven by the need for agricultural products to feed a growing population. Demand for other products, such as biofuels, will also increase repairer employment. Employment of mobile heavy equipment mechanics is projected to grow 10 percent, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Employment growth of mobile heavy equipment mechanics will be spurred by increased construction activity. Population and business growth will result in the construction of more houses, office buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures. Employment of rail car repairers is projected to show little to no change. However, rail car repairers will continue to be needed to repair rail cars used for freight shipping and transportation. Job Prospects Most job opportunities will come from the need to replace workers who retire or leave the occupation. Those with certificates from vocational schools or 2-year degrees from community colleges should have very good job opportunities, as employers strongly prefer these candidates. Those without formal training will have difficulty finding jobs. The majority of job openings are expected to be in sectors that sell, rent, or lease heavy vehicles and mobile equipment, where a large proportion of service technicians are employed. The construction and mining industries, which use large numbers of heavy equipment, are sensitive to fluctuations in the economy. As a result, job opportunities for service technicians in these sectors will vary with overall economic conditions. Job opportunities for farm equipment mechanics are seasonal, and are generally best during warmer months. Percent change in employment, projected

35 Employment projections data for Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics , , ,200 Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians ,800 39, ,400 Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines , , ,300 Rail car repairers ,200 21, SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY LEVEL MEDIAN EDUCATION PAY Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft. They also may perform aircraft inspections as required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). See How to Become One $55,230 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light trucks. High school $36,610 Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses, trucks, and anything else with a diesel engine. High school $42,320 Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers maintain and repair factory equipment and other industrial machinery, such as conveying systems, production machinery, and packaging equipment. Millwrights install, dismantle, repair, reassemble, and move machinery in factories, power plants, and construction sites. High school $45,840 Small Engine Mechanics Contacts for More Information Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one type of equipment, such as motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment. For more details about job openings for heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians, consult local heavy and mobile equipment dealers and distributors, construction contractors, and government agencies. Local offices of the state employment service also may have information on job openings and training programs. National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence O*NET Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines High school $32,640 For general information about careers and training programs, visit Associated Equipment Distributors Rail Car Repairers Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians

36 Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights Quick Facts: Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $45,840 per year $22.04 per hour High school None See How to Become One Number of Jobs, ,600 Job Outlook, % (Faster than average) Employment Change, ,400 What Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights Do Clean and lubricate equipment or machinery Check the performance of machinery Test malfunctioning machinery to determine whether major repairs are needed Adjust equipment and reset or calibrate sensors and controls Millwrights typically do the following: Install or repair machinery and equipment Adjust and align machine parts Replace defective parts of machinery as needed Take apart existing machinery to clear floor space for new machinery Move machinery and equipment Industrial machinery mechanics and machinery maintenance workers maintain and repair complex machines, such as an automobile assembly line s conveyor belts, robotic welding arms, and hydraulic lifts. Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers adjust and calibrate equipment. Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers maintain and repair factory equipment and other industrial machinery, such as conveying systems, production machinery, and packaging equipment. Millwrights install, dismantle, repair, reassemble, and move machinery in factories, power plants, and construction sites. Duties Industrial machinery mechanics typically do the following: Read technical manuals to understand equipment and controls Disassemble machinery and equipment when there is a problem Repair or replace broken or malfunctioning components Perform tests and run initial batches to make sure that the machine is running smoothly Adjust and calibrate equipment and machinery to optimal specifications Machinery maintenance workers typically do the following: Detect minor problems by performing basic diagnostic tests Industrial machinery mechanics, also called industrial machinery repairers or maintenance machinists, keep machines in good working order. To do this, they must be able to detect and correct errors before the machine, or the products it produces, are damaged. Machinery mechanics use technical manuals, their understanding of industrial equipment, and careful observation to discover the cause of a problem. For example, after hearing a vibration from a machine, a mechanic must decide whether it is the result of worn belts, weak motor bearings, or some other problem. Mechanics often need years of training and experience to be able to diagnose all of the problems they find in their work. They may use computerized diagnostic systems and vibration analysis techniques to help figure out the source of problems. After diagnosing a problem, the industrial machinery mechanic may take the equipment apart to repair or replace the necessary parts. Mechanics are expected to have electrical, electronics, and computer programming skills so they can repair sophisticated equipment. Once a repair is made, mechanics test a machine to ensure that it is running smoothly. Industrial machinery mechanics also do preventive maintenance. In addition to handtools, mechanics commonly use lathes, grinders, or drill presses. Many also are required to weld. Machinery maintenance workers do basic maintenance and repairs on machines. They are responsible for cleaning and lubricating machinery, performing basic diagnostic tests, checking performance, and testing damaged machine parts to determine whether major repairs are necessary.

37 Maintenance workers must follow machine specifications and adhere to maintenance schedules. They perform minor repairs, generally leaving major repairs to machinery mechanics. All maintenance workers use a variety of tools to do repairs and preventive maintenance. For example, they may use a screwdriver or socket wrenches to adjust a motor s alignment, or they might use a hoist to lift a heavy printing press off the ground. Millwrights have a wide range of skills that aid in their work of installing, maintaining, and disassembling industrial machines. Putting together a machine can take a few days or several weeks. Millwrights perform repairs that include replacing worn or defective parts of machines. Millwrights also may be involved in taking apart existing machines, a common situation when a manufacturing plant needs to clear floor space for new machinery. To do this, each part of the machine must be carefully taken apart, categorized, and packaged. Millwrights use a variety of hand tools, such as hammers and levels, as well as equipment for welding, brazing, and cutting. They also use measuring tools, such as micrometers, measuring tapes, lasers, and other precisionmeasuring devices. On large projects, they commonly use cranes and trucks. When millwrights and managers determine the best place for a machine, millwrights bring the parts to the desired location using forklifts, hoists, winches, cranes, and other equipment. Work Environment Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights held about 447,600 jobs in Most worked in factories, power plants, or at construction sites. Injuries and Illnesses Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers suffer common injuries, such as cuts, bruises, and strains. They also work in awkward positions, including on top of ladders or in cramped conditions under large machinery. To avoid injuries, workers must follow safety precautions and use protective equipment, such as hardhats, safety glasses, steel-toed shoes, and earplugs. Even so, industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers experience rates of injuries and illnesses that are much higher than the national average. Work Schedules Most industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers are employed full time during regular business hours. However, mechanics may be on call and work night or weekend shifts. Overtime is common, particularly for mechanics. Millwrights typically are employed on a contract basis and can spend only a few days or weeks at a single site. As a result, workers often have variable schedules and may experience downtime between jobs. How to Become an Industrial Machinery Mechanic or Maintenance Worker or Millwright Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights typically need a high school diploma. However, industrial machinery mechanics need a year or more of training after high school, whereas maintenance workers typically receive on-the-job training that lasts a few months to a year. Millwrights mostly go through an apprenticeship program that lasts about 4 years. Programs are usually a combination of technical instruction and onthe-job training. Others learn their trade through a 2-year associate s degree program in industrial maintenance. A high school is the typical education needed to become a millwright. Education Employers of industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights generally require them to have at least a high school a General Educational Development (GED) certificate. However, employers increasingly prefer to hire workers with some education in industrial technology from a community or technical college. Employers also prefer to hire workers who have taken high school or postsecondary courses in mechanical drawing, mathematics, blueprint reading, computer programming, or electronics. Industrial machinery mechanics usually need a year or more of education and training after high school to learn the necessary mechanical and technical skills. Although mechanics used to specialize in one area, such as hydraulics or electronics, many factories now require every mechanic to understand electricity, electronics, hydraulics, and computer programming. These skills allow mechanics to troubleshoot a much larger range of machine problems. Some mechanics complete a 2-year associate s degree program in industrial maintenance. Others may start as helpers or in other factory jobs and learn the skills of the trade on the job or take courses offered through their employer. Employers may offer onsite technical training or send workers to local technical schools in addition to on-the-job training. Classroom instruction focuses on subjects such as shop mathematics, blueprint reading, the use of hand tools, welding, electronics, and computer training. In addition to technical instruction, mechanics train on the specific machines that they will repair. They can get this training on the job, through dealers or manufacturers representatives, or in a classroom. A high school diploma is the typical education needed to become a millwright. However, there are 2-year associate s degree programs in industrial maintenance that also provide good preparation for prospects. Employers may give workers classroom instruction in addition to on-the-job training. Training Most millwrights learn their trade through a 3- or 4-year apprenticeship. For each year of the program, apprentices must have at least 144 hours of related technical instruction and 2,000 hours of paid on-the-job training. On the job, apprentices learn to set up, clean, lubricate, repair, and start machinery. During technical instruction, they are taught welding, mathematics, how to read blueprints, how to use electronic devices, pneumatics (using air pressure), and how to use grease and fluid properly. Many also receive computer training. After completing an apprenticeship program, millwrights are considered fully qualified and can usually perform tasks with less guidance. Apprenticeship programs are often sponsored by employers, local unions, contractor associations, and the state labor department. The basic qualifications for entering an apprenticeship program are as follows: Minimum age of 18 High school Physically able to do the work

38 Machinery maintenance workers typically receive on-the-job training that lasts a few months to a year. They learn how to perform routine tasks, such as setting up, cleaning, lubricating, and starting machinery. This training may be offered on-the-job, by professional trainers hired by the employer, or by representatives of equipment manufacturers. Important Qualities Manual dexterity. When handling very small parts, workers must have a steady hand and good hand eye coordination. Mechanical skills. Workers must be able to reassemble large, complex machines after finishing a repair. Technical skills. Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights use technical manuals and sophisticated diagnostic equipment to figure out why machines are not working. Troubleshooting skills. Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights must observe and properly diagnose and fix problems that a machine may be having. Pay Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights Median annual wages, May 2012 Millwrights are sometimes employed on a contract basis and can spend only a few days or weeks at a single site, as that is what it takes to assemble or disassemble an industrial machine. As a result, workers often have variable schedules and may experience downtime between jobs. Union Membership Compared with workers in all occupations, industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights had a higher percentage of workers who belonged to a union in Job Outlook Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights Percent change in employment, projected Industrial machinery mechanics 19% Millwrights 18% Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights 17% Total, all occupations 11% Maintenance workers, machinery 11% Millwrights $49,510 Industrial machinery mechanics $46,920 Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights $45,840 Maintenance workers, machinery $40,620 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights was $45,840 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $29,020, and the top 10 percent earned more than $69,990. In May 2012, median annual wages for industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights were as follows: $49,510 for millwrights $46,920 for industrial machinery mechanics $40,620 for machinery maintenance workers Most industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers are employed full time during regular business hours. However, mechanics may be on call or assigned to work evenings, nights, or weekends. Overtime is common, particularly for mechanics. Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Overall employment of industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights is projected to grow 17 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than the average for all occupations. Employment growth will vary by specialty. Employment of industrial machinery mechanics is projected to grow 19 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than the average for all occupations. Increased adoption of sophisticated manufacturing machinery will require more highly-skilled mechanics to keep machines in good working order. Employment of machinery maintenance workers is projected to grow 11 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Increased automation, including the use of many new computer-controlled machines in factories and manufacturing plants, should spur demand for maintenance workers in order to keep machines operating well. Employment of millwrights is projected to grow 18 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than the average for all occupations. The use of machinery in manufacturing will require millwrights to install and disassemble this equipment, as well as perform some repair work. Job Prospects Overall, applicants with a broad range of skills in machine repair should have very good job prospects. Faster-than-average employment growth and the need to replace many older workers who are expected to retire over the coming decade should result in numerous job openings.

39 Those that complete apprenticeships and educational programs designed for industrial machinery repair should have the best job prospects. Employment projections data for Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Change, Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights 447, , ,400 Industrial machinery mechanics , , ,300 Maintenance workers, machinery ,000 98, ,900 Millwrights ,400 46, ,200 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY LEVEL MEDIAN EDUCATION PAY Electrical and Electronics Engineers Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics engineers design and develop electronic equipment, such as broadcast and communications systems from portable music players to global positioning systems (GPS). Bachelor s degree $89,630 Electricians Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories. High school $49,840 General Maintenance and Repair Workers General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems. High school $35,210 Machinists and Tool and Die Makers Machinists and tool and die makers set up and operate a variety of computer-controlled and mechanically-controlled machine tools to produce precision metal parts, instruments, and tools. High school $40,910 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to and in businesses, homes, and factories. High school $49,140 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers Contacts for More Information Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers weld or join metal parts. They also fill holes, indentions, or seams of metal products, using hand-held metal joining equipment. For information about industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers, visit APICS Association for Maintenance Professionals National Association of Manufacturers Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals High school $36,300 For information about millwrights and the precision machined products industry, training, and apprenticeships, visit Precision Machined Products Association

40 For further information on apprenticeship programs, write to the Apprenticeship Council of your state's labor department or to local firms that employ machinery mechanics and repairers. You can also find information about registered apprenticeships, together with links to state apprenticeship programs, on the U.S. Department of Labor website: Employment and Training Administration. Apprenticeship information is available as well from the U.S. Department of Labor toll-free help line: (877) O*NET Industrial Machinery Mechanics Millwrights Maintenance Workers, Machinery Line Installers and Repairers Quick Facts: Line Installers and Repairers 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $58,210 per year $27.99 per hour High school None Long-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,400 Job Outlook, % (Slower than average) Employment Change, ,300 What Line Installers and Repairers Do String power lines between poles, towers, and buildings Climb poles and transmission towers and use truck-mounted buckets to get to equipment Operate power equipment when installing and repairing poles, towers, and lines Follow safety standards and procedures Telecommunications line installers and repairers typically do the following: Line installers and repairers use a truck-mounted bucket to access equipment. Line installers and repairers (also known as line workers) install or repair electrical power systems and telecommunications cables, including fiber optics. Duties Electrical power-line installers and repairers typically do the following: Drive work vehicles to job sites Install, maintain, or repair the power lines that move electricity Identify defective devices, voltage regulators, transformers, and switches Inspect and test power lines and auxiliary equipment Drive work vehicles to job sites Install, maintain, or repair telecommunications equipment Inspect or test lines or cables Lay underground cable, including fiber optic lines, directly in trenches Install aerial cables, including under lakes or across rivers Operate power equipment when installing and repairing poles, towers, and lines Set up service for customers Every time you turn on your lights, call someone on the phone, watch cable television, or access the Internet, you are connecting to complex networks of physical power lines and cables that provide you with electricity and connect you with the outside world. Line installers and repairers, also known as line workers or linemen, are the people who install and maintain these networks. Line installers and repairers typically specialize, and the areas in which they specialize depend on the network and industry in which they work: Electrical power-line installers and repairers install and maintain the power grid the network of power lines that moves electricity from generating plants to customers. They routinely work with high-voltage electricity, which requires extreme caution. This can range from hundreds of thousands of volts for the long-distance transmission lines that make up the power grid to less than 10,000 volts for distribution lines that supply electricity to homes and businesses.

41 Line workers who maintain the interstate power grid work in crews that travel to locations throughout a large region to service transmission lines and towers. Workers employed by local utilities work mainly with lower voltage distribution lines, maintaining equipment such as transformers, voltage regulators, and switches. They also may work on traffic lights and street lights. Telecommunications line installers and repairers install and maintain the lines and cables used by network communications companies. Depending on the service provided local and long-distance telephone, cable television, or Internet telecommunications companies use different types of cables, including fiber-optic cables. Unlike metallic cables that carry electricity, fiber-optic cables are made of glass or plastic and transmit signals using light. Working with fiber optics requires special skills, such as the ability to splice and finish off optical cables. Additionally, workers test and troubleshoot cables and networking equipment. Because these systems are so complicated, many line workers also specialize by duty: Line installers install new cable. They may work for construction contractors, utilities, or telecommunications companies. Workers generally start a new job by digging underground trenches or erecting utility poles and towers to carry the wires and cables. They use a variety of construction equipment, including digger derricks, which are trucks equipped with augers and cranes used to dig holes in the ground and set poles in place. Line installers also use trenchers, cable plows, and directional bore machines, which are used to cut openings in the earth to lay underground cables. Once the poles, towers, tunnels, or trenches are ready, line installers string cable along poles and towers or through tunnels and trenches. Line repairers are employed by utilities and telecommunications companies that maintain existing power and telecommunications lines. Maintenance needs may be identified in a variety of ways, including remote monitoring, aerial inspections, and by customer reports of service outages. Line repairers often must replace aging or outdated equipment, so many of these workers have installation duties in addition to their repair duties. When a problem is reported, line repairers must identify the cause and fix it. This usually involves diagnostic testing and repair work. To work on poles, line installers usually use bucket trucks to raise themselves to the top of the structure, although all line workers must be adept at climbing poles and towers when necessary. Workers use special safety equipment to keep them from falling when climbing utility poles and towers. Storms and other natural disasters can cause extensive damage to power lines. When power is lost, line repairers must work quickly to restore service to customers. Work Environment Line installers and repairers held about 249,400 jobs in Nearly twothirds worked in the telecommunications and construction industries. The industries that employed the most line installers and repairers in 2012 were as follows: Wired telecommunications carriers 29% Electric power generation, transmission and distribution 23 Utility system construction 18 Building equipment contractors 11 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 6 The work of line installers and repairers can be physically demanding. Line installers must be comfortable working at great heights and in confined spaces. Despite the help of bucket trucks, all line workers must be able to climb utility poles and transmission towers and balance while working on them. Their work often requires that they drive utility vehicles, travel long distances, and work outdoors. They often must work under challenging weather conditions, including in snow, wind, rain, and extreme heat and cold, in order to keep electricity flowing. Injuries and Illnesses Line workers encounter serious hazards on their jobs and must follow safety procedures to minimize danger. For example, workers must wear safety equipment when entering underground manholes and test for the presence of gas before going underground. Specifically, electric power-line workers have hazardous jobs. A worker can be electrocuted if he or she comes in contact with a live cable on a highvoltage power line. When workers engage live wires, they use electrically insulated protective devices and tools to minimize their risk. Power lines are typically higher than telephone lines, increasing the risk of severe injury from a fall. To prevent injuries, line installers use fallprotection equipment when working on poles or towers. Safety procedures and training have significantly reduced the danger for line workers. However, the occupation is still among the most dangerous. As a result, telecommunications and electrical line workers have a rate of injuries and illnesses that is higher than the national average. Work Schedules Although most work full time during regular business hours, some line installers and repairers must work evenings and weekends. In emergencies or after storms and other natural disasters, workers may have to work long hours for several days in a row. How to Become a Line Installer or Repairer To become proficient, most line installers and repairers require technical instruction and long-term on-the-job training. Apprenticeships are common. Education Most companies require line installers and repairers to have a high school. Employers prefer candidates with basic knowledge of algebra and trigonometry. In addition, technical knowledge of electricity or electronics obtained through military service, vocational programs, or community colleges can also be helpful. Many community colleges offer programs in telecommunications, electronics, or electricity. Some programs work with local companies to offer 1-year certificates that emphasize hands-on field work. More advanced 2-year associate s degree programs provide students with a broad knowledge of the technology used in telecommunications and electrical utilities. These programs offer courses in electricity, electronics, fiber optics, and microwave transmission. Training Electrical line installers and repairers often must complete apprenticeships or other employer training programs. These programs, which can last up to 5

42 years, combine on-the-job training with technical instruction and are sometimes administered jointly by the employer and the union representing the workers. For example, the National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee offers apprenticeship programs in four specialty areas. The basic qualifications to enter an apprenticeship program are as follows: Minimum age of 18 High school education or One year of algebra Qualifying score on an aptitude test Pass substance abuse screening Line installers and repairers who work for telecommunications companies typically receive several years of on-the-job training. They also may be encouraged to attend training from equipment manufacturers, schools, unions, or industry training organizations. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Although not mandatory, certification for line installers and repairers is also available from several associations. For example, the National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee offers certification for line installers and repairers in several specialty areas. In addition, The Fiber Optic Association (FOA) offers two levels of fiber optic certification for telecommunications line installers and repairers. Workers who drive company vehicles usually need a commercial driver s license. Advancement Entry-level line workers generally begin with an apprenticeship, which includes both classroom training and hands-on work experience. As they learn additional skills from more experienced workers, they may advance to more complex tasks. In time, they advance to more sophisticated maintenance and repair positions in which they are responsible for increasingly large portions of the network. After 3 to 5 years of working, qualified line workers reach the journey level. A journey-level line worker is no longer considered an apprentice and can perform most tasks without supervision. Journey-level line workers also may qualify for positions at other companies. Workers with many years of experience may become first-line supervisors or trainers. Important Qualities Color vision. Workers who handle electrical wires and cables must be able to distinguish colors because the wires and cables are often color coded. Mechanical skills. Line installers and repairers must have the knowledge and skills to repair or replace complex electrical and telecommunications lines and equipment. Physical stamina. Line installers and repairers often must climb poles and work at great heights with heavy tools and equipment. Therefore, installers and repairers should be able to work for long periods without tiring easily. Physical strength. Line installers and repairers must be strong enough to lift heavy tools, cables, and equipment on a regular basis. Teamwork. Because workers often rely on their fellow crew members for their safety, teamwork is critical. Technical skills. Line installers use sophisticated diagnostic equipment on circuit breakers, switches, and transformers. They must be familiar with electrical systems and the appropriate tools needed to fix and maintain them. Troubleshooting skills. Line installers and repairers must be able to diagnose problems in increasingly complex electrical systems and telecommunication lines. Pay Line Installers and Repairers Median annual wages, May 2012 Electrical power-line installers and repairers $63,250 Line installers and repairers $58,210 Telecommunications line installers and repairers $51,410 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for line installers and repairers was $58,210 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $30,340, and the top 10 percent earned more than $83,590. The median annual wage for electrical power-line installers and repairers was $63,250 in May The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,500, and the top 10 percent earned more than $89,020. In May 2012, median annual wages for electrical power-line installers and repairers in the top five industries in which these installers and repairers worked were as follows: Natural gas distribution $85,390 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution 65,690 Local government, excluding schools and hospitals 59,760 Utility system construction 55,930 Building equipment contractors 51,440 The median annual wage for telecommunications line installers and repairers was $51,410 in May The lowest 10 percent earned less than $27,620, and the top 10 percent earned more than $76,540. In May 2012, median annual wages for telecommunications line installers and repairers in the top five industries in which these installers and repairers worked were as follows: Other telecommunications $65,160 Wired telecommunications carriers 61,860 Building equipment contractors 42,460 Cable and other subscription programming 37,800

43 Utility system construction 35,640 Although most work full time during regular business hours, some line installers may work on evenings and weekends. In emergencies or after storms and other natural disasters, workers may have to work long hours for several days in a row. Union Membership Compared with workers in all occupations, line installers and repairers had a higher percentage of workers who belonged to a union in Job Outlook Line Installers and Repairers Percent change in employment, projected Total, all occupations 11% Electrical power-line installers and repairers 9% Line installers and repairers 7% Telecommunications line installers and repairers 6% Employment of line installers and repairers is projected to grow 7 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations. Employment growth will vary by specialty. Employment of telecommunications line installers and repairers is projected to grow 6 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations. As the population grows and customers increasingly demand enhanced connectivity, installers will continue to build out and provide newer and faster telephone, cable, and Internet services. In addition, the growth of the Internet will require more long-distance fiber-optic lines, including interstate and undersea cables. Employment of electrical power-line installers and repairers is projected to grow 9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Employment growth will be largely due to the growing population and expansion of cities. With each new housing development or office park, new electric power lines are installed and will require maintenance. In addition, the interstate power grid will continue to grow in complexity to ensure reliability. Job Prospects Good job opportunities are expected overall. Highly skilled workers with apprenticeship training or a 2-year associate s degree in telecommunications, electronics, or electricity should have the best job opportunities. Employment opportunities should be particularly good for electrical powerline installers and repairers, as many workers in this field are expected to retire. Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment projections data for Line Installers and Repairers, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Line installers and repairers , , ,300 Electrical power-line installers and repairers , , ,200 Telecommunications line installers and repairers , , ,100 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of line installers and repairers. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION 2012 MEDIAN PAY Electrical and Electronics Engineers Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics engineers design and develop electronic equipment, such as broadcast and communications systems from portable music players to global positioning systems (GPS). Bachelor s degree $89,630

44 OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION 2012 MEDIAN PAY Electricians Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories. High school $49,840 Power Plant Operators, Distributors, and Dispatchers Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers control the systems that generate and distribute electric power. High school $68,230 Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers Contacts for More Information Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom technicians, set up and maintain devices or equipment that carry communications signals, connect to telephone lines, or access the Internet. For information about apprenticeships or job opportunities for line installers and repairers, contact local electrical contractors, a local chapter of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, a local joint unionmanagement apprenticeship committee, or the nearest office of your state employment service or apprenticeship agency. Apprenticeship information is available from the U.S. Department of Labor s toll-free help line, 1 (877) or the Employment and Training Administration. For more information about line installers and repairers, visit International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Telecommunications Industry Association For information about certification, visit The Fiber Optic Association National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee O*NET Postsecondary non-degree award $54,530 American Public Power Association Center for Energy Workforce Development Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers

45 Medical Equipment Repairers Quick Facts: Medical Equipment Repairers 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $44,570 per year $21.43 per hour Associate s degree None Moderate-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,300 Job Outlook, % (Much faster than average) Employment Change, ,800 What Medical Equipment Repairers Do Medical equipment repairers, also known as biomedical equipment technicians (BMET), repair a wide range of electronic, electromechanical, and hydraulic equipment used in hospitals and health practitioners offices. They may work on patient monitors, defibrillators, medical imaging equipment (x rays, CAT scanners, and ultrasound equipment), voicecontrolled operating tables, and electric wheelchairs, as well as work on medical equipment that dentists and eye doctors use. If a machine has problems or is not functioning to its potential, the repairer may have to adjust the mechanical or hydraulic parts, or adjust the software in order to recalibrate the equipment. To do their work, medical equipment repairers use a variety of tools. Most use hand tools, such as screwdrivers, wrenches, and soldering irons. Others use electronic tools, such as multimeters (an electronic measuring device that combines several measures) and computers, depending on the repair. Much of the equipment that they maintain and repair use specialized software, and repairers use that software to calibrate the machines. Medical equipment repairers often test and calibrate equipment. Medical equipment repairers install, maintain, and repair patient care equipment. Duties Medical equipment repairers typically do the following: Test and calibrate parts and equipment Repair and replace parts Perform preventive maintenance and service Keep records of maintenance and repairs Review technical manuals and regularly attend training sessions Explain and demonstrate how to operate medical equipment Manage replacement of medical equipment Many doctors, particularly specialty practitioners, rely on complex medical devices to run tests and diagnose patients, and they must be confident that the readings are accurate. Therefore, medical equipment repairers sometimes perform routine scheduled maintenance to ensure that sophisticated equipment, such as x rays and CAT scanners, are in good working order. For less complicated equipment, such as electric hospital beds, workers make repairs as needed. In a hospital setting, medical equipment repairers must be comfortable working around patients because repairs occasionally must take place while equipment is being used. When this is the case, the repairer must take great care to ensure that their work activities do not disturb patients. Although some medical equipment repairers are trained to fix a variety of equipment, others specialize in repairing one or a small number of machines. Work Environment Medical equipment repairers held about 42,300 jobs in About 15 percent were self-employed. The industries that employed the most medical equipment repairers in 2012 were as follows: Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 26% Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 15 Hospitals; state, local, and private 14 Ambulatory health care services 7 Health and personal care stores 6

46 Medical equipment repairers work for wholesale suppliers and at hospitals, electronic repair and maintenance shops, and health and personal care stores. Because repairing vital medical equipment is urgent, the work can be stressful. Medical equipment repairers who work as contractors often have to travel sometimes long distances to perform needed repairs. Repairers often must work in a patient-caring environment, which has the potential to expose them to diseases and other health risks. Work Schedules Although medical equipment repairers usually work during the day, they are sometimes expected to be on call, including evenings and weekends. Most work full time, but some repairers have variable schedules. How to Become a Medical Equipment Repairer Employers generally prefer candidates who have an associate s degree in biomedical technology or engineering. Depending on the area of specialization, repairers may need a bachelor s degree, especially for advancement. Education Education requirements for medical equipment repairers vary, depending on a worker s experience and area of specialization. However, the most common education is an associate s degree in biomedical equipment technology or engineering. Those who repair less-complicated equipment, such as hospital beds and electric wheelchairs, may learn entirely through on-the-job training, sometimes lasting up to 1 year. Others, particularly those who work on more sophisticated equipment, such as CAT scanners and defibrillators, may need a bachelor s degree. Training New workers generally start by observing and helping experienced repairers for 3 to 6 months. As they learn, workers tend to work more independently while still under supervision. Each piece of equipment is different, so medical equipment repairers must learn each one separately. In some cases, this requires studying a machine s technical specifications and operating manual. Medical device manufacturers also may provide technical training. Medical equipment technology is rapidly evolving, and new devices are frequently introduced. Repairers must continually update their skills and knowledge of new technologies and equipment through seminars and selfstudy. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Although not mandatory, certification can demonstrate competence and professionalism, making candidates more attractive to employers. It can also increase a repairer s opportunities for advancement. Most employers, particularly in hospitals, often pay for their in-house medical repairers to become certified. Some associations offer certifications for medical equipment repairers. For example, the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) offers certification in three specialty areas Certified Biomedical Equipment Technician (CBET), Certified Radiology Equipment Specialists (CRES), and Certified Laboratory Equipment Specialist (CLEB). Important Qualities Communication skills. Medical equipment repairers must effectively communicate technical information by telephone, in writing, and in person when speaking to clients, supervisors, and co-workers. Dexterity. Many tasks, such as connecting or attaching parts and using hand tools require a steady hand and good hand eye coordination. Mechanical skills. Medical equipment repairers must be familiar with medical components and systems and how they interact. Often, repairers must disassemble and reassemble major parts for repair. Physical stamina. Standing, crouching, and bending in awkward positions are common when making repairs to equipment. Therefore, workers should be physically fit enough as to not tire. Technical skills. Technicians use sophisticated diagnostic tools when working on complex medical equipment. They must be familiar with both the equipments internal parts and the appropriate tools needed to fix them. Time-management skills. Because repairing vital medical equipment is urgent, workers must make good use of their time and perform repairs quickly. Troubleshooting skills. As medical equipment becomes more intricate, problems become more difficult to identify. Therefore, repairers must be able to find and solve problems that are not immediately apparent. Pay Medical Equipment Repairers Median annual wages, May 2012 Medical equipment repairers $44,570 Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $38,750 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for medical equipment repairers was $44,570 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $26,550, and the top 10 percent earned more than $72,080. In May 2012, the median annual wages for medical equipment repairers in the top five industries in which these repairers worked were as follows: Hospitals; state, local, and private $48,870 Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 46,610 44,980

47 Ambulatory health care services 43,830 Health and personal care stores 35,050 Although medical equipment repairers usually work during the day, they are sometimes expected to be on call, including evenings and weekends. Most work full time, but some repairers have variable schedules. Job Outlook Medical Equipment Repairers Percent change in employment, projected Medical equipment repairers 30% Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 12% Total, all occupations 11% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of medical equipment repairers is projected to grow 30 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. Employment growth will stem from both greater demand for healthcare services and the increasing types and complexity of the equipment these workers maintain and repair. A significant factor in the greater demand for healthcare services is the aging population. As people age, they usually need more medical care. With the expected increase in the number of older adults and with people living longer, health professionals are prescribing more medical tests that use new, complex equipment. Changes in technology are bringing hospitals and health professionals more types of equipment and more complex equipment. Medical equipment repairers will be needed to maintain and repair CAT scans, electrocardiograms, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasounds, x-ray machines, and other new equipment. They also will be needed to maintain and repair the sophisticated machines that private practitioners and technicians use to diagnose and treat problems with eyes, teeth, and other parts of the body. Some repairers will be needed to maintain and repair less complex health equipment, such as electric beds and wheelchairs. Job Prospects A combination of rapid employment growth and the need to replace workers who leave the occupation each year will result in excellent job opportunities over the coming decade. Candidates who have an associate s degree in biomedical equipment technology or engineering should have the best job prospects. Job opportunities should be even better for those who are willing to relocate, because often there are relatively few qualified applicants in rural areas. Employment projections data for Medical Equipment Repairers, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Medical equipment repairers ,300 55, ,800 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of medical equipment repairers. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY LEVEL MEDIAN EDUCATION PAY Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain many of the machines that businesses, households, and other consumers use. Some college, no degree $36,620 Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians Contacts for More Information Medical laboratory technologists (commonly known as medical laboratory scientists) and medical laboratory technicians collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances. For more information about medical equipment repairers, including a listing of schools offering related programs of study and information about certification, visit Federation of Medical Equipment Support Associations Medical Equipment & Technology Association O*NET See How to Become One $47,820 Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Medical Equipment Repairers

48 Small Engine Mechanics Quick Facts: Small Engine Mechanics 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $32,640 per year $15.69 per hour High school None See How to Become One Number of Jobs, ,200 Job Outlook, % (Slower than average) Employment Change, ,800 What Small Engine Mechanics Do engine mechanics determine mechanical, electrical, and fuel problems and make necessary repairs. Mechanics tasks vary in complexity and difficulty. Many jobs, such as maintenance inspections and repairs, involve minor adjustments or the replacement of a single part. Others, including piston calibration and spark plug replacement, may require taking an engine apart completely. Some highly skilled mechanics use computerized equipment for tasks, such as customizing and tuning racing motorcycles and motorboats. Mechanics use a variety of hand tools, including screwdrivers, wrenches, and pliers, for many common tasks. Some mechanics also may regularly use compression gauges, ammeters, and voltmeters to test engine performance. For more complicated procedures, they commonly use pneumatic power tools or diagnostic equipment. A pneumatic tool such as an impact wrench is an air tool powered by compressed air. Although employers usually provide the more expensive tools and testing equipment, mechanics are often expected to buy their own hand tools. Some mechanics have thousands of dollars invested in their tool collections. Motorcycle mechanics specialize in working on motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, dirt bikes, and all-terrain vehicles. Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one type of equipment, such as motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment. Duties Small engine mechanics typically do the following: Discuss equipment issues, maintenance plans, and work performed with customers Perform routine engine maintenance, such as lubricating parts and replacing spark plugs Test and inspect engines for malfunctioning parts Repair or replace worn, defective, or broken parts Reassemble and reinstall components and engines following repairs Keep records of inspections, test results, work performed, and parts used Small engine mechanics regularly work on power equipment ranging from snowmobiles to chainsaws. When equipment breaks down, mechanics use many strategies to diagnose the source and the extent of the problem. Small The following are types of small engine mechanics: Motorcycle mechanics specialize in working on motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, dirt bikes, and all-terrain vehicles. They service engines, transmissions, brakes, and ignition systems and make minor body repairs, among other tasks. Most work is for individual dealers, servicing and repairing specific makes and models. Motorboat mechanics and service technicians maintain and repair the mechanical and electrical components of boat engines. Most of their work, whether on small outboard engines or large diesel-powered inboard motors, is performed at docks and marinas where the repair shop is located. Motorboat mechanics also may work on propellers, steering mechanisms, marine plumbing, and other boat equipment. Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics service and repair outdoor power equipment, such as lawnmowers, edge trimmers, garden tractors, and portable generators. In certain parts of the country, mechanics may work on snowblowers and snowmobiles, but this work is both highly seasonal and regional. For information about technicians and mechanics who work primarily on automobiles, see the profile on automotive service technicians and mechanics. For information about technicians who work primarily on large trucks and buses, see the profile on diesel service technicians and mechanics.

49 For information about technicians and mechanics who work primarily on farm equipment, construction vehicles, and rail cars, see the profile on heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians. Work Environment Small engine mechanics held about 68,200 jobs in Although the majority worked for equipment dealers and repair shops, about 11 percent were self-employed. Industries that employed the most small engine mechanics in 2012 were as follows: Motor vehicle and parts dealers 34% Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers 16 Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 12 Personal and household goods repair and maintenance 10 Merchant wholesalers, durable goods 4 Small engine mechanics generally work in well-ventilated but noisy repair shops. They sometimes make onsite repair calls, which may require working in poor weather conditions. When repairing onboard engines, motorboat mechanics may work in cramped and uncomfortable positions. Work Schedules Most small engine mechanics work full time during regular business hours. However, seasonal work hours often fluctuate. Most mechanics are busiest during the spring and summer, when demand for work on equipment from lawnmowers to boats is the highest. During the peak seasons, some mechanics work considerable overtime hours. In contrast, some mechanics are not busy during the winter, when demand for small engine work is low. As a result, during these months they work only part time. Many employers schedule major repair work such as an engine rebuild to be performed during the off-season, to try to keep work consistent. How to Become a Small Engine Mechanic Small engine mechanics typically enter the occupation with a high school diploma and learn their trade through on-the-job training. As motorized power equipment becomes more sophisticated, employers increasingly prefer to hire mechanics who have completed postsecondary education programs. Education Small engine mechanics typically begin work with a high school diploma and learn on the job. Generally, employers look for candidates who have completed courses in small engine repair, automobile mechanics, and science. Some employers may hire applicants with less education if they have adequate reading, writing, and math skills. Some motorcycle and marine equipment mechanics complete postsecondary education programs in small engine repair. Employers may prefer to hire these workers because they usually require significantly less on-the-job training. Because of the limited number of postsecondary programs, however, employers often have difficulty finding qualified workers. Important Qualities Customer-service skills. Mechanics must discuss equipment problems and repairs with their customers. They should be courteous, good listeners, and ready to answer customers questions. In addition, self-employed workers frequently depend on repeat clients for business. Detail oriented. Mechanical and electronic malfunctions often are due to misalignments or other easy-to-miss errors. Mechanics must account for those types of problems when inspecting or repairing engines and components. Dexterity. Many tasks, such as disassembling engine parts, connecting or attaching components, and using hand tools, require a steady hand and good hand eye coordination. Mechanical skills. Mechanics must be familiar with engine components and systems and know how they interact with each other. They must frequently disassemble major parts for repairs and be able to reassemble them properly. Troubleshooting skills. Mechanics, especially marine equipment and motorcycle specialists, must be able to identify problems in increasingly complicated mechanical and electronic systems using diagnostic equipment. They must be familiar with electronic control systems and the appropriate tools needed to fix and maintain them. Training Trainees work closely with experienced mechanics while learning basic tasks, such as replacing spark plugs or disassembling engine components. As they gain experience, trainees move on to more difficult tasks, such as advanced computerized diagnosis and engine overhauls. Achieving competency may take anywhere from several months to 3 years, depending on a mechanic s specialization and ability. Because of the increased complexity of boat and motorcycle engines, motorcycle and marine equipment mechanics often need more on-the-job training than outdoor power equipment mechanics. Employers frequently send mechanics to training courses run by motorcycle, motorboat, and outdoor power equipment manufacturers and dealers. Courses may last up to 2 weeks, teaching mechanics the most up-to-date technology and techniques. Often, these courses are a prerequisite for warranty and manufacturer-specific work. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Certification from the Equipment & Engine Training Council is the recognized industry credential for small engine mechanics. Some manufacturers offer certification in specific repair methods or equipment. Although not required, certification can demonstrate a mechanic s competence and usually brings higher pay. Pay Small Engine Mechanics Median annual wages, May 2012 Motorboat mechanics and service technicians $35,530 Total, all occupations $34,750 Motorcycle mechanics $33,140

50 Small engine mechanics $32,640 Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics $30,510 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for small engine mechanics was $32,640 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $20,490, and the top 10 percent earned more than $51,040. Median annual wages for specialty occupations in May 2012 were as follows: $35,530 for motorboat mechanics and service technicians $33,140 for motorcycle mechanics $30,510 for outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics Most small engine mechanics work full time during regular business hours. However, seasonal work hours often fluctuate. Most mechanics are busiest during the spring and summer, when demand for work on equipment from lawnmowers to boats is the highest. During the peak seasons, some mechanics work considerable overtime hours. In contrast, some mechanics are not busy during the winter, when demand for small engine work is low. As a result, during these months they work only part time. Many employers schedule major repair work such as an engine rebuild to be performed during the off-season, to try to keep work consistent. Mechanics employed in large shops often receive benefits, such as health insurance, sick leave, and paid vacation time. Conversely, those in small repair shops usually receive few benefits. Some employers pay for workrelated training and help mechanics purchase new tools. Job Outlook Small Engine Mechanics Percent change in employment, projected Total, all occupations 11% Motorcycle mechanics 6% Small engine mechanics 6% Motorboat mechanics and service technicians 5% Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics 5% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of small engine mechanics is projected to grow 6 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations. Small engines have become more sophisticated and now release fewer pollutants into the atmosphere. Diagnostic equipment which mechanics use to troubleshoot issues with small engines can become too costly for selfemployed businesses. Employment of self-employed small engine mechanics is projected to decline from 2012 to 2022, contributing to the slower-than-average growth for employment of small engine mechanics. Since the number of registered motorcycles has increased steadily in recent years, there will continue to be a need for motorcycle repair services. Most new jobs will be in the motorcycle dealer industry, as service operations are an important aspect of business for many firms in this industry. In addition, as boat engines and engines and parts for outdoor power equipment have become more sophisticated and efficient, there will continue to be demand for repair services as people are less able to repair and service their own equipment. Job Prospects Job opportunities are expected to be better for candidates with postsecondary education. Those without postsecondary education can expect to face strong competition for jobs. Employment projections data for Small Engine Mechanics, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Small engine mechanics 68,200 72, ,800 Motorboat mechanics and service technicians ,800 22, ,100 Motorcycle mechanics ,800 17, ,000 Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics ,500 32, ,700 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program

51 Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of small engine mechanics. OCCUPATION Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics JOB DUTIES Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light trucks. ENTRY LEVEL MEDIAN EDUCATION PAY High school $36,610 Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses, trucks, and anything else with a diesel engine. High school $42,320 Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians Contacts for More Information Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries. High school $43,820 and marinas. Local offices of the state employment service also may have information about employment and training opportunities. For more information on motorboat mechanics and training programs, visit Association of Marine Technicians For more information on outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics and training programs, visit Equipment & Engine Training Council To learn about job opportunities for small engine mechanics, contact local motorcycle, motorboat, and lawn and garden equipment dealers; boatyards; O*NET Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics Motorboat Mechanics and Service Technicians Motorcycle Mechanics

52 Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers Quick Facts: Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $54,530 per year $26.22 per hour Postsecondary non-degree award None Moderate-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,200 Job Outlook, % (Slower than average) Employment Change, ,400 What Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers Do Inspect and service equipment, wiring, and phone jacks Repair or replace faulty, damaged, or malfunctioning equipment Test repaired, newly installed, or updated equipment to ensure that it works properly Adjust or calibrate equipment settings to improve its performance Keep records of maintenance, repairs, and installations Demonstrate and explain the use of equipment to customers Telephone, computer, and cable telecommunications systems rely on equipment to process and transmit vast amounts of data. Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers often called telecom technicians install and service this equipment. Telecom technicians use many different tools to inspect equipment and diagnose problems. For instance, to locate distortions in signals, they may employ spectrum analyzers and polarity probes. They also commonly use hand tools, including screwdrivers and pliers, to take equipment apart and repair it. Many technicians also work with computers, specialized hardware, and other diagnostic equipment. They follow manufacturer s instructions or technical manuals to install or update software and programs for devices. Those who work at a client s location must track hours worked, parts used, and bills collected. Installers who set up and maintain lines outdoors are classified as line installers and repairers. Installers set up a small television antenna. Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom technicians, set up and maintain devices or equipment that carry communications signals, connect to telephone lines, or access the Internet. Duties Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers typically do the following: Install communications equipment in offices, private homes, and buildings that are under construction Set up, rearrange, or replace routing and dialing equipment The specific tasks of telecom technicians vary depending on their specialization and where they work. The following are examples of types of telecommunications equipment installers and repairers: Central office technicians set up and maintain switches, routers, fiber optic cables, and other equipment at switching hubs, called central offices. These hubs send, process, and amplify data from thousands of telephone, Internet, and cable connections. Technicians receive alerts on equipment malfunctions from auto-monitoring switches and are able to correct the problems remotely. Headend technicians perform similar work to central office installers and repairers, but work at distribution centers for cable and television companies, called headends. PBX installers and repairers set up and service private branch exchange or PBX switchboards. This equipment relays incoming, outgoing, and interoffice telephone calls at a single location. Some systems

53 use computers to run Internet access, network applications, and telephone communications, and support Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP technology. PBX installers connect telecom equipment to communications cables. They test the connections to ensure that adequate power is available and communication links work properly. They install frames, supports, power systems, alarms, and telephone sets. Because switches and switchboards are computerized, PBX installers also install software or program the equipment. Station installers and repairers sometimes known as home installers and repairers set up and repair telecommunications equipment in customers homes and businesses. For example, they set up modems to install telephone, Internet, or cable television services. When customers have problems, station repairers test the customer s lines to determine if the problem is inside or outside. If the problem is inside, they try to repair it. If the problem is outside, they refer the problem to line repairers. Work Environment Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers held about 217,200 jobs in The industries that employed the most telecommunications equipment installers and repairers in 2012 were as follows: Wired telecommunications carriers 55% Building equipment contractors 12 Other telecommunications 6 Cable and other subscription programming 5 Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite) 4 Central office technicians generally work in climate-controlled central offices or electronic service centers. PBX and station installers and repairers travel frequently to installation and repair sites, such as homes and offices. Equipment installation may require climbing on rooftops and into attics, and climbing ladders and telephone poles. Telecom technicians occasionally work in cramped, awkward positions where they often stoop, crouch, crawl, or reach high to do their work. Sometimes they must lift or move heavy equipment and parts. They also may work on equipment while it is powered, so they need to take necessary precautions. Injuries and Illnesses Telecom technicians have a higher rate of injuries and illnesses than the national average. Although minor falls, burns, and electrical shocks are common, the work is generally not dangerous when safety precautions are taken. To reduce risk of injury, workers wear hardhats and harnesses when working on ladders or on elevated equipment. To prevent electrical shocks, technicians also may lock off power to equipment under repair. Work Schedules Most telecom technicians work full time. Some businesses offer 24-hour repair services. Telecom technicians in these companies work shifts, including evenings, holidays, and weekends. Some are on call around the clock in case of emergencies. How to Become a Telecommunications Equipment Installer or Repairer Except Line Installer Telecom technicians typically need some postsecondary education in electronics, telecommunications, or computer technology and receive onthe-job training. Industry certification is required for some positions. Education Postsecondary education in electronics, telecommunications, or computers is typically needed for telecom technicians. Technical programs with courses in basic electronics, telecommunications, and computer science offered in community colleges and technical schools may be particularly helpful. Most programs lead to a certificate or an associate s degree in electronics repair, computer science, or related subjects. Some employers prefer to hire candidates with an associate s degree, particularly for positions such as central office technicians, headend technicians, and those working with commercial communications systems. Training Once hired, telecom technicians receive on-the-job training, typically lasting a few months. Training involves a combination of classroom instruction and hands-on work with an experienced technician. In these settings, workers learn the equipment s internal parts and the tools needed for repair. Technicians who have completed postsecondary education often require less on-the-job instruction than those who have not. Large companies may send new employees to training sessions to learn about equipment, procedures, and technologies offered by equipment manufacturers or industry organizations. Because technology in this field is rapidly evolving, telecom technicians must continue learning about new equipment over the course of their careers. They may attend manufacturers training classes, study equipment manuals, or obtain hands-on experience with the latest equipment. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Some technicians must be certified to perform certain tasks or to work on specific equipment. Certification requirements vary by employer and specialization. Organizations such as the Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers and the Telecommunications Industry Association offer certifications for telecom technicians. Some manufacturers also provide certifications for working with specific equipment. Advancement Advancement opportunities often depend on previous work experience and training. Repairers with extensive knowledge of equipment may be qualified to become manufacturer s sales workers.

54 Important Qualities Color vision. Installers and repairers must be able to distinguish different colors because the wires they work with are color-coded. Customer-service skills. Because many telecom technicians work in customers homes and offices, they should be friendly and polite. In addition, they often explain how to maintain and operate equipment to people who have little or no technical knowledge. Dexterity. Many telecom technician tasks, such as repairing small devices, connecting components, and using hand tools, require a steady hand and good hand eye coordination. Mechanical skills. Telecom technicians must be familiar with the devices they install and repair, their internal parts, and the appropriate tools needed to use, install, or fix them. They must also be able to understand manufacturer s instructions when installing or repairing equipment. Troubleshooting skills. When telecommunications equipment malfunctions, technicians troubleshoot and devise solutions to problems that are not immediately apparent. Pay Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers Median annual wages, May 2012 Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers $54,530 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for telecommunications equipment installers and repairers was $54,530 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $30,840, and the top 10 percent earned more than $75,040. In May 2012, the median annual wages for telecommunications equipment installers and repairers in the top five industries employing these workers were as follows: Other telecommunications $65,540 Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite) 56,590 Wired telecommunications carriers 56,410 Cable and other subscription programming 49,270 Building equipment contractors 44,450 Some businesses offer 24-hour repair services. Telecom technicians in these companies work shifts, including nights, holidays, and weekends. Some are on call around the clock in case of emergencies. Union Membership Compared with workers in all occupations, telecommunications equipment installers and repairers had a higher percentage of workers who belonged to a union in Job Outlook Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers Percent change in employment, projected Total, all occupations 11% Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10% Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers 4% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of telecommunications equipment installers and repairers is projected to grow 4 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations. Consumers, businesses, and governments will continue to demand Internet, cable, or wireless services that provide faster and better connections. Building, maintaining, and upgrading the networks and equipment that support them should create some jobs. However, overall employment growth of telecom technicians may be offset by a decline in maintenance work. Modern equipment is more reliable, sturdier, easier to repair remotely, and more resistant to damage from the elements, limiting the need for telecom repair technicians. Job Prospects Although job opportunities will vary by specialty, those with postsecondary electronics or telecommunications education and strong customer-service and computer skills should have the best job prospects. Technologies such as video on demand and broadband Internet require high data transfer rates in telecommunications systems. Central office, PBX installers, and headend technicians will be needed to service and upgrade switches and routers to handle increased usage and volume, resulting in very good job opportunities. However, station installers and repairers can expect strong competition for most positions. Prewired buildings, the reliability of existing telephone lines, and increasing wireless technology usage may reduce the need for general installation and maintenance work. Most telecom technicians work full time.

55 Employment projections data for Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Change, Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers , , ,400 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of telecommunications equipment installers and repairers except line installers. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY LEVEL MEDIAN EDUCATION PAY Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians Broadcast and sound engineering technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electrical equipment for radio and television broadcasts, concerts, sound recordings, movies and in office and school buildings. See How to Become One $41,200 Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain many of the machines that businesses, households, and other consumers use. Some college, no degree $36,620 Line Installers and Repairers Contacts for More Information Line installers and repairers (also known as line workers) install or repair electrical power systems and telecommunications cables, including fiber optics. For information on career, training, and certification opportunities for telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, visit Communications Workers of America International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers National Coalition for Telecommunication Education and Learning Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers Telecommunications Industry Association O*NET High school Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers $58,210

56 Wind Turbine Technicians Quick Facts: Wind Turbine Technicians 2012 Median Pay Entry-Level Education Work Experience in a Related Occupation On-the-job Training $45,970 per year $22.10 per hour Some college, no degree None Long-term on-the-job training Number of Jobs, ,200 Job Outlook, % (Much faster than average) Employment Change, What Wind Turbine Technicians Do Wind turbine service technicians install and repair the various components of these structures. Although some windtechs are involved in building new wind turbines, most of their work is maintaining them, particularly the nacelles, which contain the equipment that generates electricity. Maintenance schedules are largely determined by hours of operation, but can also vary by manufacturer. Most manufacturers now recommend annual maintenance, which involves visual inspections of components and lubricating parts. For turbines that operate year round, typical maintenance may occur one to three times a year. Still, turbines are monitored electronically 24 hours a day from a central office. If a problem is detected, windtechs must travel to the worksite and perform as-needed service. Windtechs use safety harnesses and a variety of hand and power tools to do their work. They also use computers to diagnose electrical malfunctions. Wind turbines integrate most monitoring equipment into the nacelle, which can be viewed on site. Wind turbine monitoring can take place on the ground. Wind turbine service technicians, also known as windtechs, install, maintain, and repair wind turbines. Duties Wind turbine service technicians typically do the following: Inspect the exterior and physical integrity of towers Climb towers to inspect or repair turbine equipment Collect turbine data for testing or research and analysis Perform routine maintenance on wind turbines Test electrical components and systems, as well as mechanical and hydraulic systems Troubleshoot mechanical, hydraulic, or electrical malfunctions Service underground transmission systems, wind field substations, or fiber optic sensing and control systems Replace worn or malfunctioning components Work Environment Wind turbine service technicians (windtechs) held about 3,200 jobs in The industries that employed the most wind turbine service technicians in 2012 were as follows: Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance 29% Electric power generation, transmission and distribution 29 Utility system construction 13 Windtechs generally work outdoors, often at great heights. When performing maintenance, working in confined spaces is common. In addition, workers must climb ladders sometimes over 260 feet tall in order to reach the equipment they are servicing, which is often located in confined areas. For example, when repairing blades, windtechs rappel or descend by sliding down a rope from the nacelle to the section of the blade that needs servicing. For major service or repairs, additional windtechs and other specialists may be needed to complete the job. Wind turbines are large mechanical devices that convert wind energy into electricity. They are located in areas where there is a lot of wind. The structure is made up of three major components: a tower, three blades, and a nacelle, which is composed of an outer case, brakes, generator, and gearbox.

57 Work Schedules Windtechs generally work full time during regular business hours. However, they may be on call to handle emergencies during evenings and weekends. When a wind turbine is not functioning, technicians must make the necessary repairs as quickly as possible. For those operating the turbine, lost power generation becomes lost revenue. Windtechs often must travel to rural areas, where many wind farms are located. How to Become a Wind Turbine Technician Most wind turbine service technicians (windtechs) learn their trade by attending a technical school. After completing a 2-year technical program, employers usually provide on-the-job training, typically lasting over 12 months. Education Most windtechs learn their trade by attending technical schools. Associate s degree programs for wind turbine service technicians usually take 2 years and are offered at vocational technical schools and community colleges. Many technical schools have onsite wind turbines that students can work on as part of their studies. In addition to practical coursework, other areas of focus that reflect the various skill sets needed to do the job include the following: Safety/first aid/cpr training Electrical maintenance Hydraulic maintenance Braking systems Mechanical systems, including blade inspection and maintenance Computers and programmable logic control systems Physical fitness Training In addition to an associate s degree, windtechs typically receive over 12 months of on-the-job training related to the specific wind turbines they will maintain and service. Part of this training is manufacturer training. Other training may include an internship with a wind turbine servicing contractor. Some windtechs are former electricians. Regardless of experience, all candidates must complete wind turbine training in addition to any other construction training they may already have. For example, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers offers intensive courses that provide wind turbine-related training specifically for journey electricians. Other windtechs learn their trade through a windtech apprenticeship. For each year of the program, apprentices must have at least 144 hours of related technical instruction and 2,000 hours of paid on-the-job training. With prior experience or training, the time may be shortened to 1 year. Apprentice training focuses on safety, first aid, and CPR training; electrical, hydraulic, and mechanical systems maintenance; braking systems; and computers and programmable logic control systems. Unions and individual contractors offer apprenticeship programs. The basic qualifications for workers to enter an apprenticeship program are the following: Minimum age of 18 High school Physically and mentally able to do the job One year of high school or algebra with a grade of at least a C Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations Although not mandatory, certification can demonstrate a base level of knowledge and professionalism. The Electronics Technicians Association International (ETAI) offers certification for small wind tower installation. The ETAI will soon have certification for those interested in large commercial wind tower installation. Important Qualities Mechanical skills. Windtechs must understand and be able to maintain and repair all mechanical, hydraulic, braking, and electrical systems of a turbine. Physical stamina. Service technicians must be able to climb high, often with tools and equipment, to reach the turbines. Some tower ladders may be 260 feet high or taller. Physical strength. Windtechs must lift and climb with heavy equipment and parts and tools. Some weigh in excess of 45 pounds. Troubleshooting skills. Windtechs must diagnose and repair problems. When a turbine stops generating electricity, technicians must determine the cause and then make the necessary repairs. Unafraid of heights and confined spaces. Service technicians often must repair turbines that are at least 260 feet high. In addition, technicians must work in confined spaces in order to access mechanical components of the turbine. Pay Wind Turbine Technicians Median annual wages, May 2012 Wind turbine service technicians $45,970 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020 Total, all occupations $34,750 Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics The median annual wage for wind turbine service technicians (windtechs) was $45,970 in May The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $33,170, and the top 10 percent earned more than $66,960. In May 2012, the median annual wages for wind turbine service technicians in the top three industries employing these technicians were as follows: Electric power generation, transmission and distribution $48,720

58 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance 45,870 Utility system construction 44,130 The starting pay for apprentices is 60 percent of what fully trained windtechs earn. They receive pay increases as they learn to do more. Windtechs generally work full time during regular business hours. However, they may be on call to handle emergencies during evenings and weekends. Job Outlook Wind Turbine Technicians Percent change in employment, projected Wind turbine service technicians 24% Total, all occupations 11% Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10% Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Employment of wind turbine service technicians (windtechs) is projected to grow 24 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast growth will result in only about 800 new jobs over the 10-year period. As wind electricity generation continues to grow, more windtechs will be needed to install and maintain new turbines. Furthermore, development of taller towers with larger blades reduces the cost of wind power generation, making it more competitive with coal, natural gas, and other forms of power generation. In addition, the Renewable Electricity Standard calls for 25 percent of U.S. electric power generation to come from renewable sources by 2025, which should further drive employment growth. The most consistent winds are found offshore, and several offshore wind projects are currently being explored. If approved and developed, many more technicians will be needed. However, the high cost of building wind towers in the ocean may inhibit new offshore projects from being approved. Job Prospects Job prospects for qualified windtechs are expected to be excellent. The number of wind turbines being installed is increasing, which should result in consistent and growing demand for windtechs. In fact, some areas have reported a shortage of qualified workers. Because many people prefer not to work in confined spaces or at great heights, competition for jobs is often light. Job opportunities will vary by individual state s incentive programs and the prospects for consistent wind. For instance, coastal and Midwest states, where wind is generally more prevalent, are more likely to have wind farms and thus more job opportunities. Employment projections data for Wind Turbine Technicians, Change, Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2012 Projected Employment, 2022 Percent Numeric Wind turbine service technicians ,200 4, SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program Similar Occupations This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of wind turbine technicians. OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION 2012 MEDIAN PAY Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a variety of electrical equipment in telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries. Postsecondary non-degree award $51,220 Electricians Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories. High school $49,840 Elevator Installers and Repairers Elevator installers and repairers install, fix, and maintain elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and other lifts. High school $76,650

59 OCCUPATION Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers JOB DUTIES Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers often called HVACR technicians work on heating, ventilation, cooling, and refrigeration systems that control the temperature and air quality in buildings. ENTRY- LEVEL EDUCATION Postsecondary non-degree award 2012 MEDIAN PAY $43,640 Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers maintain and repair factory equipment and other industrial machinery, such as conveying systems, production machinery, and packaging equipment. Millwrights install, dismantle, repair, reassemble, and move machinery in factories, power plants, and construction sites. High school $45,840 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters Contacts for More Information Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to and in businesses, homes, and factories. For details about apprenticeships or other work opportunities in this trade, contact the offices of the state employment service, the state apprenticeship agency, local electrical contractors or firms that employ windtechs, or local union-management apprenticeship committees. Apprenticeship information is available from the U.S. Department of Labor's toll-free help line, 1 (877) , and Employment and Training Administration. For more information about union apprenticeship and training programs for electricians, visit International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers High school For more information about other educational opportunities, visit American Wind Energy Association O*NET Wind Turbine Service Technicians $49,140

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