Simeulue Island Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Gina Rae LaCerva and Dr. Brian G. McAdoo
|
|
- Raymond Jordan
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Simeulue Island Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Gina Rae LaCerva and Dr. Brian G. McAdoo Vassar College Department of Geology Poughkeepsie, NY USA
2 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 2 of 12 Summary This report provides background information on the rehabilitation and conservation efforts concerning the mangrove ecosystems on Simeulue Island, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The tsunamis of December 2004 and March 2005 highlight their importance to costal dwelling communities. There has been a growing interest in the question of whether mangrove forests are effective buffers to tsunami wave energy and if they can be used to protect human establishments. By examining some past rehabilitation efforts in the Indo-Asian region we examine the conditions necessary for successful rehabilitation efforts and ultimately conclude that successful rehabilitation effort can help to protect coastal populations if located in the right place. We hope that this document will be a useful tool for organizations working on mangrove rehabilitation and protection efforts.
3 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 3 of 12 Background and Ecology Simeulue Island is located just off the Sumatra mainland and was 30 km from the epicenter of the December 26 th earthquake (Figures 1 and 2). Despite its proximity to the epicenter, of Simeulue s population of 76,000 people, only 7 people died as the result of the tsunami. This was due largely to the local smong legend which recalls the deadly 1907 tsunami that hit the island. The residents knew what to do, and their quick evacuation from the lowlands following the earthquake undoubtedly saved many lives. Other factors influencing Simeulue s low death toll included propagation properties of the tsunami itself, and the ability of mangrove swamps to buffer some of the energy. Figure 1. Location map.
4 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 4 of 12 Figure 2. Simeulue Island. There are currently a number of organizations (both non-governmental and UN) working on the island, and many have become interested in how to protect coastal inhabitants from future tsunamis. Mangrove conservation and rehabilitation is a potentially powerful tool to tsunami mitigation. Organizations such as Wetlands International are dedicated to preserving and rehabilitating the world s wetland ecosystems, including mangrove forests. They would like to initiate a project at the village of Alus-Alus which is exposed to the open ocean with very little vegetative buffer. It is their hope that an introduced mangrove forest can help shelter the community from future tsunamis. Other isolated mangrove plantings are present at Salur, but it is unclear who was in charge of that project. Mangroves forests are a type of estuary ecosystem. They grow in intertidal zones characterized by the alternation of tides and the presence of freshwater, at least occasionally (Baran 433). Of the Earth s tropical coastlines, 60-75% contain mangrove ecosystems and the Indo-Pacific region contains the largest number of tree species, with between present. Some of the more prevalent and understood species, all of which can be found on Simeulue are: Avicennia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, and Nypa. A typical mangrove forest will contain a particular progression of these, the species composition changing as one moves from the land towards the sea. While variations in this zonation occur species composition varies widely, depending on a complex set of
5 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 5 of 12 physical conditions, disturbances, and inter-species competition general schemes tend to exist by region. The following zonation pattern is common to Southeast Asia and is present on Simeulue (from sea to land): Avicennia at the water s edge, Rhizophora further inland, then Bruguiera and Ceriops, and finally, if a sandier substrate exists, Nypa (Figure 3). Ceriops Bruguiera Rhizophora mean high tide mean Avicennia low tide Figure 3. General mangrove zonation. Actual species composition may vary due to a complex set of physical, biological, and climatological factors. (source: Mangroves grow on low energy shores sheltered from wave action the minimal water movement allows the seeds to put down roots and are very dependant upon tidal action. Tidal changes help to exclude competitively superior species, transport nutrients, export wastes, disperse seedlings and prevent soil salinities from reaching lethal levels. Patches of mangroves can grow on rocky substrate or sand, and extensive forests are found on fine-grained sediment with high organic content and low oxygen levels, trapped by the mangrove roots. As an adaptation to these conditions, the roots send up extensions to the surface called pneumatophores, which allow the roots to receive oxygen. Mangroves are unique in that they can grow in this highly salient environment where most vascular plants cannot survive. Many species have salt glands that secrete or store salt, which helps to bring fresh water up into the tree. Other adaptations include prop roots (also called stilt roots) protrude from the main trunk of the tree to help stabilize the tree within the mud substrate and contribute to sediment accumulation (siltation) by further slowing water movement (Figure 4). These ecosystems are thus often associated with the production of new coastal land.
6 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 6 of 12 Figure 4. Prop roots protruding from the main branches of a Rhizophora tree (foreground and background). Mangrove forests play many important roles both environmentally and economically. They have an incredible rich and diverse flora and fauna association. By stabilizing coastal sediments, thus reducing erosion, they create habitats rich in organic matter making them important nurseries to shellfish, shrimp, spiny lobster, blue crabs, and baby fish, all of which attract migratory birds. Environmental services include preventing excess nutrients from entering the ocean and protecting the coastline from wind, typhoons/hurricanes, monsoons and sea storm surges, which reduces the need for maintaining sea dikes (Hoang 1998). Mangrove forests also provide wood resources and several studies support the idea that coastal fish communities can thrive in this estuarine environment, although controversy remains about the degree of dependence and importance (Baran 1999). We were not able to find any studies, which show how or if they mitigate tsunami wave destruction, but surveys of structural damage and interviews with tsunami survivors indicate wave velocities are slower, but flow depth and amplitude are not affected. This was especially true at Labuhan Bajau, where buildings remained standing, and relatively undamaged, despite wave heights of up to 2 meters. It is possible that damaged or fragmentary mangrove stands may actually cause more damage because as they are not as well buffered, they can be more easily ripped out, and increase the debris coming on land. Rehabilitation: Past Efforts and Challenges Site Considerations. There is a tremendous amount of literature on rehabilitation projects undertaken over the past decade. The need for rehabilitation of a mangrove
7 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 7 of 12 ecosystem implies that the area under consideration has been altered or degraded in some way that it is no longer functioning in a desired way. As a result, efforts tend to focus on areas that have been destroyed by human activity, such as places used for intensive shrimp farming and other aquaculture (which generally have a short lifespan but seriously degrade the environment), fuel wood gathering, or access to the sea (fishermen). Recovery of these disturbed forests are ideal for rehabilitation because they already contain many of the physical requirements of a site. It is also then desirable to use seedlings from surrounding tree species. Not all rehabilitation efforts require a preexisting mangrove site, though, and there are some key physical factors to consider when sighting a project: a gentle slope, tides that can regularly inundate young plants but not to the extent that they drown, stable soil at sufficient depth for planting, and sheltered sites because young seedlings cannot withstand strong winds or fierce currents (Field 1999). Moreover the presence of seagrass may indicate an appropriate site. In areas that have experienced a high level of erosion, perhaps due to the loss of mangrove forest, it has been estimated that a m intertidal mangrove belt must be planted in order to re-initiate the sedimentation process, thus restoring a favorable habitat for a larger mangrove forest (Winterwerpt et al, 2005). One must also be aware of the microbial community that accompanies healthy mangrove stands. A complex symbiotic relationship works to recycle nutrients, and while it isn t completely understood, it is very important to consider nutrient inputs when recreating a functioning and healthy mangrove ecosystem (Holguin et al, 2001). The rate of sedimentation at the site is a critical factor to measure, as it has been shown that excess input of sediment to mangroves stifles growth, and can even cause death of trees owing to root smothering (Field 1999; Ellison 1999). Incoming rivers may become overloaded with sediment if there is extensive logging occurring upstream. Rapid clearcutting leads to dangerous amounts of sediment that is swept into mountain streams and eventually brought to the ocean. Thus the health of a mangrove forest can be directly linked to the health of other kinds of forests that occur at some distance from the coast. Another example of rapid environmental change that may be detrimental to mangroves is tectonic action. Sudden subsidence or uplift of the ground during earthquakes (as occurred on Simeulue on December 26 th and March 28 th ) may remove the mangroves from the intertidal zone and eventually kill a forest. Liquefaction of the earth could cause trees to topple. As the landscape changes the tidal range it may be necessary to replant with a species that can grow successfully at slightly higher elevations in areas where the tide no longer reaches with the same intensity (Ellison 1999). In fact, uplifted reef flats may be good places to plant mangroves, as they are slowly being covered with sediment and often meet many of the physical requirements for seedlings, including shallow tidal movement (Figure 2). It was noticed that the uplifted reef at Linggi had small mangrove seedlings naturally beginning to take root (Figure 5).
8 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 8 of 12 Figure 5. An Avicennia mangrove plant naturally beginning to take root on an uplifted reef flat at Linggi. Institutional issues. Recovery time estimates for damaged forests is on the order of years, which presumable is about the amount of time needed for a successful forest to be grown. This means that there must be commitment for that time period to maintaining the site (Nybakken 1997). Because rehabilitation projects must be managed regular aerial photos, cataloging of physical conditions and species composition, etc. overlapping bureaucracies and a lack of clear lines of accountability have led to neglect. This partially explains why the most successful projects are community-based and supported locally. Although ultimately the needs and desires of the local population will determine the success and longevity of a mangrove ecosystem, political will and support at any level of government advances rehabilitation and conservation efforts (Field 1999; Primavera 2000). Alus-Alus. Mangrove rehabilitation efforts at Alus-Alus will be challenging indeed (Figure 6). This high-energy beach environment has never been a mangrove habitat, hence rehabilitation here is really an attempt at natural engineering. By trying to convert a high-energy beach into a low energy environment with a step-by-step build out towards the ocean may disturb a natural balance that is a function of many factors including offshore bathymetry, dominant wind and wave direction, etc. This area does not contain any of the optimal conditions for creating a mangrove ecosystem. There is significant wave action, large tidal changes, a sandy substrate, significant lateral sediment
9 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 9 of 12 transport, and it is very windy. Due to the base-level changes the island experienced in March, many of the rivers on Simeulue are undergoing down-cutting as are the shorelines as new high tide marks are being established. Alus-Alus showed both of these characteristics resulting in increased erosion. Although the site does have freshwater, the exposed beach and rough water do not make a hospitable environment for seedlings. Furthermore, all the successful rehabilitation efforts in the past, even those where the mangrove area was extended artificially, initially had some area of naturally occurring mangroves. We were unable to find any reports about transforming high-energy beaches into low-energy mangrove systems, so such an attempt may be without precedence. Most importantly, this is a project that must be managed, monitored, and maintained for many years. Figure 6. Alus-Alus, site of a proposed mangrove forestation project. Note the high energy environment. Recommendations Considering these factors, we suggest planting efforts be focused on uplifted reef flats. Over the next 100 years, these uplifted zones will slowly subside, and sediment trapped by the mangroves may keep up with this subsidence, making an effective buffer against the next tsunami. Figure 7 shows areas of intertidal (green) and subtidal (red) reef as classified by satellite images. Following the uplift that resulted from the December and March earthquakes, the intertidal regions may now be supertidal, and better suited for species such as the Bruguiera that are viable in this zone. Subtidal reef is now intertidal in places (depending on the degree of uplift), and is the ideal location for mangrove planting efforts. These areas are low-energy and are naturally becoming covered with fine-grained sediment.
10 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 10 of 12 Figure 7. South Simeulue Island. Reds show subtidal reef that may be intertidal following the March 28 th, 2005 earthquake uplift, and green areas were intertidal pre-march 28 th, and now may be supertidal. We feel that the areas in red have the highest potential for successful mangrove plantings. Notice that Alus-Alus shows an expansive zone of subtidal reef- field observations suggest that if there is reef present here, it has little effect on buffering the wave action. It may be possible that the area was misclassified. Mangrove forests are disappearing rapidly, and Indonesia has lost much of its forests over the past decade. Thus, in a place like Simeulue, which still has many good forests intact, it is vital to stress to the population the importance of maintaining this resource. We observed healthy mangroves at Labuhan Bajau, Latiung, Linggi, and Teluk Dalan, many of which had already recovered from tsunami-related damage, even expanding upon uplifted reef patches, and this was only a small survey covering a limited area of the island (Figure 4). The greatest pressure on mangrove seems to occur in countries with brackish water shrimp and fish culture ponds, places that have a high demand for mangrove timber and areas with population pressures for living space and ocean-access, all of which cause people to clear-cut mangrove forests (Primavera 2000). Moreover, mangroves in the vicinity of other types of logging (hardwoods, etc.) are at risk of burial and suffocation by influxes of excess sediment. It will be important when determining policy to infer which of these pressures is most prevalent in Simeulue. Issues to be aware of include: governmental promotion of aquaculture as a path to development, low economic rent for
11 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 11 of 12 mangroves (in other words, its monetary value is based only on the price received for its tradable products, without taking into account the services it provides, i.e. protects against wave action), conflicting governmental policies, and ineffective government management (Primavera 2000). In our opinion, in the case of Simeulue, it is better to spend energy and efforts educating the public about the benefits of healthy mangrove systems and protecting existing forests than trying to introduce mangroves to areas that never had any. These education efforts will not fall on deaf ears: we found that many of the communities, such as the people of Linggi, already recognize the worth of healthy mangroves. More Information: There are many other factors to take into consideration that could not be covered in this short review. For information on a case study involving sustainable management in Indonesia with the addition of aquaculture please see Atsuo Ida s article in Mangrove Management and Conservation, which has supplementary references and points to some published manuals that may be helpful. Also see Field s article which considers the most important factors of rehabilitation.
12 Mangrove Rehabilitation Assessment Page 12 of 12 References: Baran E. and Hambrey J. Mangrove conservation and coastal management in Southeast Asia: What impact on fishery resources? Marine Pollution Bulletin 37, no.8-12 (1999) p Ellison J.C. Impacts of sediment burial on mangroves Marine Pollution Bulletin 37, no.8-12 (1999) p Field C.D. Rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems: An overview Marine Pollution Bulletin 37, no.8-12 (1999) p Hoang Tri N.; Adger W.; Kelly P. Natural resource management in mitigating climate impacts: the example of mangrove restoration in Vietnam Global Environmental Change, Volume 8, Number 1, April 1998, pp (13) Holguin G. ; Vazquez P. ; Bashan Y.; The role of sediment microorganisms in the productivity, conservation, and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems: An overview Biology and Fertility of Soils 33, no.4 (2001) p Ida, Atsuo. Sustainable mangrove management in Indonesia: Case study on mangrove planting and aquaculture, in Mangrove Management and Conservation. ed. Marta Vannucci,: United Nations University Press: New York pp Nybakken, James. Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers pp Primavera J.H., Development and conservation of Philippine mangroves: Institutional issues ; Ecological Economics 35, no.1 (2000) p Winterwerpt, Johan C, William G. Borst, and Mindert B. de Vriest Pilot Study on the Erosion and Rehabilitation of a Mangrove Mud Coast Journal of Coastal Research 21 no March 2005
Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon. fact SHEET
Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon fact SHEET Policy & Management Applications of Blue Carbon Coastal Blue Carbon - An Important Wetland Ecosystem Service Coastal Blue Carbon refers to the
More informationAquatic Biomes, Continued
Aquatic Biomes, Continued Introduction Extent of Marine biomes Issues & challenges Factors influencing distribution Dynamics in time & space Depth Tour of marine biomes Issues (by biome) Freshwater biomes
More informationMost informed people realize that cumulative impacts have had
Welcome to the First Issue of Rivers & Coast! The goal of the new Rivers & Coast newsletter is to keep readers well informed of current scientific understanding behind key environmental issues related
More informationThe concepts developed in this standard include the following: Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of the Earth.
Name Date Grade 5 SOL 5.6 Review Oceans Made by SOLpass - www.solpass.org solpass100@comcast.net Reproduction is permitted for SOLpass subscribers only. The concepts developed in this standard include
More informationRESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAGOONS
RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAGOONS by Hany Elwany, Ph.D. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Headwaters to Oceans Conference 25 October 2003 CE Ref #03-22 San Diego County Lagoons
More informationAP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 4 (a) Based on the rate cited above, calculate the expected increase in sea level, in meters, during the next 50 years. One point can be earned
More informationWONDERFUL, WATERFUL WETLANDS
WONDERFUL, WATERFUL WETLANDS OBJECTIVES The student will do the following: 1. List characteristics of wetlands. SUBJECTS: Science, Language Arts TIME: 60 minutes 2. Describe the functions of a wetland.
More informationThe CRM Cycle. CRM plan preparation and adoption. Issue identification and baseline assessment. Action plan and project implementation
The CRM Cycle Issue identification and baseline assessment CRM plan preparation and adoption Action plan and project implementation Information management, education and outreach Local legislation Regulation
More informationNATURAL RESOURCE RESTORATION LESSON PLAN Fix It!
NATURAL RESOURCE RESTORATION LESSON PLAN Fix It! Theme Repairing Damaged Resources Links to Overview Essays and Resources Needed for Student Research http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/corals http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/topics/coasts/restoration/
More informationProtective Role of Mangroves
MANGROVE PLANTING FOR COASTLINE PROTECTION TO PLANT OR NOT TO PLANT Protective Role of Mangroves by TAN KIM HOOI & ONG JIN EONG The Dilemma Destruction and degradation of mangroves blamed for loss of lives
More informationCommunities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
More informationPost-Wildfire Clean-Up and Response in Houston Toad Habitat Best Management Practices
Post-Wildfire Clean-Up and Response in Houston Toad Habitat Best Management Practices Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide guidance and recommendations for minimizing potential impacts to
More informationHow To Help Oceans
The World Bank & the Ocean A Healthy & Productive Ocean to Help Reduce Poverty Why oceans matter to the World Bank NUTRITION Seafood provides 16% of the world s animal protein 1 billion people in developing
More informationAriana Sutton-Grier, Holly Bamford & Kateryna Wowk University of Maryland and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Future of our coasts: Potential for natural and hybrid infrastructure Ariana Sutton-Grier, Holly Bamford & Kateryna Wowk University of Maryland and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Green
More informationAssessment of environmental vulnerability of Maputo bay using Remote Sensing data and GIS
Assessment of environmental vulnerability of Maputo bay using Remote Sensing data and GIS Introduction In tropical countries we can identify two types of ecosystems in risk along the cost: mangrove and
More informationHow To Restore Mangrove In Indonesia
post-tsunami mangrove rehabilitation in north sumatera and riau provinces a photo essay The first 18 months of the project focused on mangrove areas in; Langkat Regency - North Sumatera (503 hectares)
More informationCOST AND MAINTENANCE OF LIVING SHORELINES
COST AND MAINTENANCE OF LIVING SHORELINES Photo: C. Verlinde, University of Florida Sea Grant Extension Debbie L. DeVore South Florida Coastal Program Coordinator What are Living Shorelines? Shoreline
More informationCoral Triangle Initiative (CTI) on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Securities
2008/MRCWG/022 Agenda Item: 10 Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Securities Purpose: Information Submitted by: Indonesia 21 st Marine Resource Conservation Working Group
More informationEcological Restoration of a Brackish Marsh at Parcel 11, Estate Carolina, St. John
Ecological Restoration of a Brackish Marsh at Parcel 11, Estate Carolina, St. John Gary Ray, Ph.D. Virgin Forest Restorations For Coral Bay Community Council Aerial of Parcel 11 Brackish Marsh Ecological
More informationAppendix A. The Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA)
Appendix A. The Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1. Chapter 10.5 (commencing with Section 2850) is added to Division 3 of the Fish and
More informationebb current, the velocity alternately increasing and decreasing without coming to
Slack water (slack tide): The state of a tidal current when its velocity is near zero, especially the moment when a reversing current changes its direction and its velocity is zero. The term is also applied
More informationPROCEDURE. See: Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands (http:// www.miseagrant.umich.edu/wetlands/index.html)
Activity: Students review a selection of career profiles and play a lively classroom game to find out more about marine and aquatic science professionals. Grade Level: 4-8 Subjects: Science, social studies
More informationEcosystem Services in the Greater Houston Region. A case study analysis and recommendations for policy initiatives
Ecosystem Services in the Greater Houston Region A case study analysis and recommendations for policy initiatives Ecosystem Services Ecosystems provide services through their natural processes that we
More informationSEMESTER AT SEA COURSE SYLLABUS University of Virginia, Academic Sponsor
Voyage: Fall 2015 Discipline: Biology Course Title: Introduction to Marine Biology Division: Lower Division Faculty Name: Dr Christine Dudgeon Credit Hours: 3; Contact Hours: 38 Pre-requisites: SEMESTER
More information4-H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency Program A Member s Guide
4-H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency Program A Member s Guide OVERVIEW The 4 H Marine Biology and Oceanography Proficiency program helps you learn what you need to know about your 4 H project.
More information3.1. Succession, Recovery, and Renewal in Natural Communities. A35 Starting Point. What Happens to a Vacant Lot?
3.1 Succession, Recovery, and Renewal in Natural Communities Here is a summary of what you will learn in this section: Ecosystems change in predictable ways known as succession. Ecosystems can establish
More informationChapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Section 1: Community Ecology Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems Click on a lesson name to select. 3.1 Community Ecology Communities A biological
More informationUsing the Carbon Market to Provide Financial Support for Coastal Restoration and Protection. fact SHEET
Using the Carbon Market to Provide Financial Support for Coastal Restoration and Protection fact SHEET Using the Carbon Market to Provide Financial Support for Coastal Restoration and Protection Coastal
More informationProtecting Floodplain. While Reducing Flood Losses
Protecting Floodplain Natural and Beneficial i Functions While Reducing Flood Losses Jon Kusler Association of State Wetland Managers 518 872 1804; jon.kusler@aswm.org Report available at: http://aswm.org/pdf_lib/nbf.pdf
More informationAssessment of Impact of the December 26, 2004 Tsunami In Aceh Province Indonesia
Assessment of Impact of the December 26, 2004 Tsunami In Aceh Province Indonesia Jay H. Samek, David L. Skole, and Walter Chomentowski December 30, 2004 Center for Global Change and Earth Observations
More informationTERMS OF REFERENCE. for an ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. for a PROPOSED RESORT DEVELOPMENT
TERMS OF REFERENCE for an ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT for a PROPOSED RESORT DEVELOPMENT at BIG AND LITTLE PELICAN CAY PORTLAND BIGHT, ST. CATHERINE, JAMAICA TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND 4 1. Executive
More informationMangrove loss faster than land-based forests
ESL ENGLISH LESSON (60-120 mins) 10 th August 2010 Mangrove loss faster than land-based forests Mangrove forests are disappearing faster than land-based forests according to a new United Nations report
More informationCreating Green Jobs within the Environment and Culture sector.
Creating Green Jobs within the Environment and Culture sector. Matilda Skosana Environmental Programmes (ILO Definition): 1. DEFINITION OF GREEN JOB. Jobs are green when they help reduce negative environmental
More informationHow To Plan A Buffer Zone
Backyard Buffers Protecting Habitat and Water Quality What is a buffer? A buffer (also called a riparian buffer area or zone) is the strip of natural vegetation along the bank of a stream, lake or other
More informationSANTA BARBARA COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN LOMPOC AREA
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN LOMPOC AREA A. LAND USE ELEMENT INTERPRETIVE GUIDELINES B. COMMUNITY BENEFITS C. COUNTY ACTION ITEMS Adopted by the Board of Supervisors November 9, 1999 A. Santa
More informationIn the Caribbean, August and September are peak months during the hurricane season that lasts from June 1 through November 30.
Hurricane Fact sheet What is a hurricane? A hurricane is a tropical storm with winds that have reached a constant speed of 74 miles per hour more. Hurricane winds blow in a large spiral around a relative
More informationLong Term Challenges for Tidal Estuaries
A view from a former tidal river manager expert with experience from 6 decades living at, with and from the Tidal River Elbe chairman of the European Interreg Project TIDE (Tidal River Development) Land
More informationSeagrasses. What are seagrasses? Why seagrass isn t seaweed!
Seagrasses What are seagrasses? Seagrasses are plants that grow underwater but they are not the same as seaweeds (algae). Some species of seagrass look very much like terrestrial (land) grass, with straplike
More informationEstuary monitoring by communities
Estuary monitoring by communities Mangrove habitats a case study Anne-Maree Schwarz NIWA Sharon Parker, Michael Grose Waikaraka Estuary Managers Introduction Flow chart of actions Example timetable These
More informationBolinas Lagoon Ecosystem Restoration Feasibility Project Marin County Open Space District
Bolinas Lagoon Ecosystem Restoration Feasibility Project Marin County Open Space District With Funding from the California State Coastal Conservancy & the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers July 2006 Bolinas
More informationLesson Overview. Biodiversity. Lesson Overview. 6.3 Biodiversity
Lesson Overview 6.3 6.3 Objectives Define biodiversity and explain its value. Identify current threats to biodiversity. Describe how biodiversity can be preserved. THINK ABOUT IT From multicolored coral
More informationCoastal Erosion Risk Mitigation Strategies applied in a Small Island Developing State: The Barbados Model
Coastal Erosion Risk Mitigation Strategies applied in a Small Island Developing State: The Barbados Model BY Dr. Leo Brewster, Director Coastal Zone Management Unit, Barbados Presented At UNFCCC Expert
More informationWhat is the Ecological Role of an Estuary?
Estuary Values and Changes Activity 1 of Two To most people, an estuary (es-chew-airy) is a place where fresh water meets the sea. In its broader meaning, an estuary is that part of the mouth of a stream
More informationRestoring Ecosystems. Ecosystem Restoration Services
Restoring Ecosystems Ecosystem Restoration Services 2 Ecosystem Restoration Services AECOM s integrated approach sciencebased planning, with innovative design and execution delivers sustainable and cost-effective
More informationSindh Coastal Communities Development Project
Sindh Coastal Communities Development Project International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Mangrove plantation and restoration 2 2.1. Community mangrove plantation
More informationSection E2 Coastal Engineering: Reconstruction Management and Mitigation
271 Section E2 Coastal Engineering: Reconstruction Management and Mitigation 272 Objectives To familiarize the assessor with the process that should be followed in organizing any reconstruction efforts.
More informationwww.irishseedsavers.ie Natural surface water on earth includes lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, seas and oceans.
www.irishseedsavers.ie POND LIFE FACT SHEET Natural surface water on earth includes lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, seas and oceans. A pond is a small body of fresh water shallow enough for sunlight
More informationAQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES A) Name three general types of aquatic ecosystems and describe the salinity for each. Give an example for each. 1) 2) 3) B) MATCHING In the space provided, write the letter
More informationTHE NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ORDINANCE (CAP. 84 - LAWS OF SARAWAK, 1958 Ed.)
THE NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ORDINANCE (CAP. 84 - LAWS OF SARAWAK, 1958 Ed.) THE NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT (PRESCRIBED ACTIVITIES) ORDER, 1994 (Made under section 11A(1)) (Incorporating
More informationCOASTAL DAMAGE INSPECTION SOUTHWEST VITI LEVU, FIJI AFTER CYCLONE SINA
COASTAL DAMAGE INSPECTION SOUTHWEST VITI LEVU, FIJI AFTER CYCLONE SINA Brendan J. Holden SOPAC Technical Secretariat July 1992 SOPAC Technical Report 148 Prepared for: South Pacific Applied Geoscience
More informationSelf assessable codes temporary amendments extension Post flooding and cyclone impacts and fish habitat recovery 1 February 2013 31 October 2015
Self assessable codes temporary amendments extension Post flooding and cyclone impacts and fish habitat recovery 1 February 2013 31 October 2015 Temporary amendments extension to fisheries self assessable
More informationBiodiversity Concepts
Biodiversity Concepts WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. For any kind of animal or plant each individual is not exactly the same as any other; nor are species or ecosystems.
More informationimgkid.com OIL SPILLS
OIL SPILLS imgkid.com OIL SPILLS An oil spill occurs when liquid petroleum hydrocarbon is released into the environment. The term applies to spills in the ocean or coastal waters, rivers, or on land. Oil
More informationApproved Natural Disaster Recovery Round Green Army projects
Approved Natural Disaster Recovery Round Green Army projects Project Title Project Description State Territory Belmont Wetlands East Coast This project will reduce erosion and revegetate and control weeds
More informationCAPS Landscape Metrics November 2011
CAPS Landscape Metrics November 2011 This appendix describes the landscape metrics available in CAPS. These metrics are weighted and combined separately for each community, using the community model listed
More information7.1 How and why are some eco-systems threatened with destruction?
Topic 7: Oceans on the Edge 7.1 How and why are some eco-systems threatened with destruction? How are human activities degrading and destroying marine ecosystems on a global scale? Mangrove removal- over
More informationLaida Beach Dune System Development
Dunas Laida - Dune regeneration on Laida beach (Urdaibai) LIFE04 NAT/ES/000031 Project description Environmental issues Beneficiaries Administrative data Read more Contact details: Project Manager: Xabier
More informationHuman Impact to Wetlands
Human Impact to Wetlands Oregon State Standards 3.2 3.2P.1 3.3S.1 3.3S.2 3.3S.3. 4.2 4.2L.1 4.3 4.3S.1 4.3S.2 4.3S.3 5.1 5.1L.1 5.2 5.2L.1 5.3 5.3S.3 5.3S.2 5.3S.3 Vocabulary Wetland Riparian Biodiversity
More informationMadagascar: Makira REDD+
project focus Madagascar: Makira REDD+ Madagascar is considered to be one of the top five biodiversity hotspots in the world due to more than 75% of all animal and plant species being endemic while less
More informationEcosystems and Food Webs
Ecosystems and Food Webs How do AIS affect our lakes? Background Information All things on the planet both living and nonliving interact. An Ecosystem is defined as the set of elements, living and nonliving,
More informationHurricanes and Storm Surge www.hcfcd.org/tropicalweather
Hurricanes and Storm Surge www.hcfcd.org High-level winds fl ow outward Strong surface winds spiral inward EYE Calm, sometimes cloudfree, sinking air Air sinks in calm area at the storm s eye THUNDERSTORMS
More informationImpacts of Global Warming on North Carolina s Coastal Economy
Impacts of Global Warming on North Carolina s Coastal Economy IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON NORTH CAROLINA S COASTAL ECONOMY Key Findings Global warming is projected to have significant impacts on North
More informationHazards of the Jamaican Coastline ERODING BEACHES: A RESPONSE TO RISING SEA LEVEL?
Hazards of the Jamaican Coastline ERODING BEACHES: A RESPONSE TO RISING SEA LEVEL? This is the fourth in a series of articles on Hazards of the Jamaican Coastline contributed by the Marine Geology Unit,
More informationFlooding Fast Facts. flooding), seismic events (tsunami) or large landslides (sometime also called tsunami).
Flooding Fast Facts What is a flood? Flooding is the unusual presence of water on land to a depth which affects normal activities. Flooding can arise from: Overflowing rivers (river flooding), Heavy rainfall
More informationFuture of our coasts: Potential for natural and hybrid infrastructure to enhance ecosystem and community resilience Ariana Sutton-Grier
Future of our coasts: Potential for natural and hybrid infrastructure to enhance ecosystem and community resilience Ariana Sutton-Grier University of Maryland & National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
More information1 Introduction. 1.1 Key objective. 1.2 Why the South Esk
1 Introduction 1.1 Key objective The aim of this study is to identify and assess possible options for improving the quality of the river channel and habitats in the River South Esk catchment whilst helping
More informationCOMPREHENSIVE PLAN SECTION B, ELEMENT 4 WATER RESOURCES. April 20, 2010 EXHIBIT 1
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN SECTION B, ELEMENT 4 WATER RESOURCES April 20, 2010 EXHIBIT 1 ELEMENT 4 WATER RESOURCES TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 GOALS AND POLICIES 4.2.A General Goals and Policies 1 4.2.B
More informationSan Francisco Bay Margin Conservation Decision Support System (DSS)
San Francisco Bay Margin Conservation Decision Support System (DSS) Presented by Brian Fulfrost1, MS David Thomson2, MS 1 Brian Fulfrost and Associates 2 San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory Transitional
More informationVarious options are discussed below.these low cost, low impact interventions can also be applied as general erosion control methods.
Week 10 River Hydraulics Rehabilitating Urban Waterways (From http://hubpages.com/hub/river-bank-erosion-control-methods) See also the resources placed on Moodle. Water channels should be viewed as a resource
More informationSTATUS REPORT FOR THE SUBMERGED REEF BALL TM ARTIFICIAL REEF SUBMERGED BREAKWATER BEACH STABILIZATION PROJECT FOR THE GRAND CAYMAN MARRIOTT HOTEL
STATUS REPORT FOR THE SUBMERGED REEF BALL TM ARTIFICIAL REEF SUBMERGED BREAKWATER BEACH STABILIZATION PROJECT FOR THE GRAND CAYMAN MARRIOTT HOTEL performed by Lee E. Harris, Ph.D., P.E. Consulting Coastal
More informationNOTE TO TEACHER: It is appropriate to introduce the mitochondria (where energy is made) as a major structure common to all cells.
5.2.1 Recall the cell as the smallest unit of life and identify its major structures (including cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and vacuole). Taxonomy level: 1.1 and 1.2-A Remember Factual Knowledge
More informationProceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use Practices
Integrating conservation and livelihood activities towards community adaptation to climate change challenges along Wami-Ruvu mangrove ecosystem, Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Abstract 1 Mahenge, J. and 2 Tegule,
More informationTHE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MARINE OIL SPILLS - Effects, Recovery and Compensation
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MARINE OIL SPILLS - Effects, Recovery and Compensation Dr. Brian Dicks Technical Team Manager, International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd Paper presented at the International
More informationSt Lucia. Wise practices for coping with. i b bea n Se a
Wise practices for coping with St Lucia Car i b bea n Se a Fisheries Department, St Lucia Physical Planning Department, St Lucia University of Puerto Rico, Sea Grant College Program Caribbean Development
More informationWetland Vocabulary Organizer
Wetland Vocabulary Organizer Vocabulary Word Definition Wetland Picture Species Nutrients Sediment Groundwater Habitat Vocabulary Word Wetland Wetland Vocabulary Organizer Key Definition is an area that,
More informationIntroduction to Natural Resource Damage Assessment
Introduction to Natural Resource Damage Assessment Topics Overview Legal: Laws and Regulations NRDA Process Scaling Injuries and Restoration Restoration in the Arctic Summary 2 1 Top Three Things to Know
More informationRestoration Planning and Development of a Restoration Bank
Restoration Planning and Development of a Restoration Bank Black Creek Pioneer Village, South Theatre 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Habitat Restoration and Environmental Monitoring Projects Section Restoration
More informationA Traditional Island Industry
A Traditional Island Industry The PEI wild public fishery has remained a productive Island industry for 150 years Wild public oyster fishers still fish in the traditional methods of their ancestors, using
More informationLaws to promote environmental sustainability of oceans and seas
Laws to promote environmental sustainability of oceans and seas Laws regulations and other measures for conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources and biodiversity including those beyond
More informationAnswer Keys to Unit Tests
Reading Geography Series Answer Keys to Unit Tests Unit 1 The Five Themes of Geography Unit 2 Patterns in Physical Geography Unit 3 Natural Resources 7 Portage & Main Press Unit Test for The Five Themes
More informationCONFEDERATION OF ASIA-PACIFIC CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (CACCI)
CONFEDERATION OF ASIA-PACIFIC CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (CACCI) Policy Paper on Flexible Responses to Environmental Uncertainty and Infrastructure Resolved as of 3 rd October,. A. BACKGROUND 1.
More informationRecognizing Wetlands. For additional information contact your local U.S. Army Corps of Engineers office. Pitcher plant.
US Army Corps of Engineers For additional information contact your local U.S. Army Corps of Engineers office. 1998 Edition Recognizing Wetlands Pitcher plant The information presented here will help you
More informationCountry overview and assessment
2. BULGARIA This country fiche provides a comprehensive overview and assessment of climate change adaptation in Bulgaria. After detailing the vulnerability of Bulgaria s coastal zones, the responsibility
More informationClimate Change Impacts in the Asia/Pacific Region
Climate Change Impacts in the Asia/Pacific Region Global CC threat CC in the A/P region The Stern Review and IPCC 4 th Assessment Report both state that climate change will have adverse impact on people
More informationSECTION 10.0 MANAGEMENT UNIT 5: HORNSEA
10.1 Summary Information 10.1.1 Location SECTION 10.0 MANAGEMENT UNIT 5: HORNSEA The limits of Management Unit 5, a 2.9km stretch of shoreline fronting the town of Hornsea on the Holderness coast, are
More informationKing Fire Restoration Project, Eldorado National Forest, Placer and El Dorado Counties, Notice of intent to prepare an environmental impact statement.
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 12/24/2014 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2014-30158, and on FDsys.gov [3410-11- P] DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
More informationMarkets for Ecosystem Services on Agricultural Lands: Experience and Outlook in the United States
Markets for Ecosystem Services on Agricultural Lands: Experience and Outlook in the United States Frank Casey Conservation Economics and Finance Program Defenders of Wildlife Presented at the Biodiversity
More informationCoral Bleaching. Ann-Tin Cheng, ID#0628482 Cathy Wu, ID#0633019
Coral Bleaching Ann-Tin Cheng, ID#0628482 Cathy Wu, ID#0633019 1. Elevated/ Decreased Sea Water Temperature Causes 2. 3. Solar Irradiance Subaerial Exposure 4. Sedimentation 5. Fresh Water Dilution 6.
More informationLongboat Dr Noeleen Smyth. Pitcairn 24 21 41 S, 128 18 58 W. UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies: 2011 Biodiversity snapshot 87
Longboat Dr Noeleen Smyth Pitcairn 24 21 41 S, 128 18 58 W 13 UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies: 2011 Biodiversity snapshot 87 Pitcairn Author: Michele Christian, Division Manager Natural
More informationECOLOGICAL MANGROVE RESTORATION (EMR) TRAINING REPORT
Ursula Merz Foundation ECOLOGICAL MANGROVE RESTORATION (EMR) TRAINING REPORT KRABI, 27 TH 28 TH MARCH 2012 I. BACKGROUND MAP Asia (Thailand) supported by GNF to implement an Ecolological Mangrove Restoration
More informationProtected Area Categories and Management Objectives
Protected Area Categories and Management Objectives A protected area is defined as: An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural
More informationThe Everglades & Northern Estuaries; St. Lucie River Estuary, Indian River Lagoon & Caloosahatchee Estuary. Water Flows & Current Issues
The Everglades & Northern Estuaries; St. Lucie River Estuary, Indian River Lagoon & Caloosahatchee Estuary Water Flows & Current Issues Florida Governor Rick Scott August 20, 2013 Upper Chain of Lakes
More informationMichigan Wetlands. Department of Environmental Quality
Department of Environmental Quality Wetlands are a significant component of Michigan s landscape, covering roughly 5.5 million acres, or 15 percent of the land area of the state. This represents about
More informationRhode Island NRCS received approximately $2.4 million in ARRA funds to implement four floodplain easement projects.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) Emergency Watershed Protection Program Floodplain Easements Rhode Island Natural Resources Conservation Service Rhode Island NRCS received approximately $2.4
More informationNew York Sea Grant Strategic Plan
New York Sea Grant Strategic Plan Introduction and Process This is the new strategic plan for New York Sea Grant (NYSG) for the years 2010-2013 as requested by the National Sea Grant Office. This plan
More informationTourism and Biodiversity. Achieving Common Goals Towards Sustainability
Tourism and Biodiversity Achieving Common Goals Towards Sustainability Tourism and Biodiversity Achieving Common Goals Towards Sustainability Copyright 2010 World Tourism Organization Calle Capitán Haya,
More informationWeb of Water. Teacher s Guide Webisode 1 Blue Ridge
Web of Water Teacher s Guide Webisode 1 Blue Ridge Table of Contents About Blue Ridge.... 3 South Carolina Science Standards.. 4 Discussion Questions.. 10 Knowitall Resources....... 13 Credits..... 14
More informationThe Hudson River Sustainable Shorelines Project
The Hudson River Sustainable Shorelines Project Jon K. Miller, Ph.D. and Andrew Rella Stevens Institute of Technology And a cast of thousands including: Betsy Blair, Emilie Hauser, Dan Miller, Stuart Findlay,
More informationAquatic Ecosystems Restoration
Presenter s name Aquatic Ecosystems Restoration Lessons Learned from Asian Development Bank Operations Qingfeng Zhang, Senior Water Resources Engineer Asian Development Bank This Presentation will discuss
More informationKey things to Know About Environment as a. Cross Cutting Issue In Early Recovery
Key things to Know About Environment as a Cross Cutting Issue In Early Recovery This brief note provides an overview of key things to know about environment for early recovery actors, including Early Recovery
More information