Gabriel Lui (MMA - Ministry of Environment)

Transcription

1 Brazilian development towards forest degradation national definition and MRV system Gabriel Lui (MMA - Ministry of Environment) Dalton M. Valeriano (INPE) BMZ-DLR International Conference on MRV of REDD Bonn, DE, September 21-23, 2015

2 Challenge brought by REDD+ paradigm: To go beyond deforestation monitoring Present issue: How to improve Brazilian forest monitoring system to include forest degradation?

3 Deforestation pathways Slash and burn Progressive forest degradation Fire is part of the process

4 Deforestation by slash and burn process Deforestation at beginning of dry season Fire at the end of dry season

5 Slash and burn final stage )

6 Deforestation by progressive degradation T1 Selective logging T2 Loss of understorey T3 Intermediate stage T4 Final stage clear cut

7 time INPE s operational deforestation monitoring programs DETER - MODIS Early warning system to aid IBAMA* *MMA s institution for environmental law enforcement Floresta PRODES -Landsat Official deforestation area inventory (yearly)

8 No information about the state of the forest cover PRODES information content: PRODES Legend: Forest Deforestation (yr) Non-Forest Veg. Water

9 Beyond Deforestation Monitoring Deforestation pathways presently registered: Direct clear cut (PRODES) Synergy of logging and fire (PRODES at final stage) Further reasons to address forest degradation: Improve deforestation control Fulfill information gap in INPE s Forest Monitoring Addressing demands for REDD+ policies

10 Institutional issues 2006 Brazilian Forest Service (BFS) is created under the Public Forest Law. BFS request INPE developments to monitor past logging activities in planned logging concession areas and present activity in public forests IBAMA claimed interest in the same products for privately owned forests

11 Technical options From the literature: Basic Image processing,ndvi,pca, TC, LMM, Change Detection Techniques (CVA, attribute rotation, subtraction, etc), CLAS, NDFI Pragmatic requirements: Simplicity In house capability Interoperability

12 Technical Reasoning Full capability in LMM with three endmembers, Soil, Vegetation and Shadow This approach can be applied in any available multispectral data for it only requires visible and NIR spectral bands. Logging activity evidenced by waiting sites with reduced Vegetation Fraction and increased Soil Fraction In-house, interoperable and simple solution: Soil/Vegetation fractions image ratioing to enhance contrast between forest and active waiting site

13 Concept test - worst case scenario: CCD/CBERS-2 (G, R, NIR) /10 /

14 CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation /08/ /10/2004

15 CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation /01/2004

16 CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation /05/2004

17 CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation /21/2004

18 DETEX Razão de frações de Solo e Vegetação /17/2004

19 Selective Logging and Degradation

20 Adding Dilation filtring (Sobel) and color compositing (Landsat-5)

21 Adding Dilation filtring (Sobel) and color compositing (CCD/CBERS-2)

22 Presentation of thre methodology to BFS and IBAMA Logging activities are mappable Need to parameterize level of impact Possibility of addressing needs for REDD+ policies

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25 Do we have a mean to map and quantify forest degradation?

26 Response from SFB and EMBRAPA Selective logging is Forest Management and

27 Response from SFB and EMBRAPA Selective logging is Forest Management and Forest Management Is Not De-gra-da-tion

28 How about these fire scars?

29 DETEX DEGRAD

30 Example of DETEX map

31 Example of Degrad-2013 image from 2012

32 Example of Degrad-2013 image from 2013

33 DETEX DEGRAD Floresta PRODES

34 DEGRAD series started in 2007, public available DETEX series runs operationally since 2010 Availability restricted to IBAMA and SFB PRODES 2004 DEGRAD 2007 Red Green

35 First analysis of DEGRAD: As a fire events intensity is weather dependent

36 What next? Qualification of DEGRAD and DETEX products into impact classes Development of baselines and monitoring system Pursue national definition for Forest Degradation: Science Sector Forestry Sector REDD+ Negociators (Min. Environm. and Foreign Rel.) With correspondance with international guidelines IPCCC, GOFC-GOLD, GEO-GFOI

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38 GOFC-GOLD Forest Degradation definition Considers Forest Degradation as the following activities Selective logging Fire Firewood gathering and herbivory

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40 GFOI - Forest Degradation definition For reporting on REDD+, carbon stock is the value under consideration, so degradation is interpreted here as the processes leading to long-term loss of carbon without land-use change, otherwise there would be deforestation Degradation, as interpreted here, occurs in areas where long-run average carbon stock is decreasing, even if temporary increases of carbon stock occur.

41 GFOI - Forest Degradation definition Degradation is typified by a change in forest structure and species composition may result in: Sustained loss of C from biomass and dead organic matter (DOM) pools; Sustained loss of soil C, especially from peat forests following drainage, fire or exposure after a reduction of canopy density; Sustained increase in emissions of non-co2 GHGs, especially from fire.

42 Further issues to attain full MRV capability Deforestation and forest degradation monitoring methodology settled for Tropical and Sub-tropical Forest domains Amazonian and Atlantic Forests Need to develop methodologies for open vegetation domains: Cerrado and Pantanal Forest-Savanna-Grassland complex Caatinga Dry forest-scrub complex Pampa Forest-Grassland complex

43 Further issues to attain full MRV capability Need to improve spatial distribution of ecosystem biomass and carbon content in all five compartments: Aboveground and belowground biomass, litter, coarse debris and soil Need to develop methodologies to assess and monitor emission factor for forest degradation Need to develop methodologies to assess and monitor carbon uptake by forest regeneration (*)

44 IN BRAZIL... Working group on REDD+ created in 2011 Meeting about Forest Degradation in the Amazon, May 2015 (20 experts, 2 days) About degradation s definition: - It must be wide and to possibilitate operational aplications - It must be consistent with other national and international reports (FRA, Inventory, etc.) About the activities: - Area with authorized forest management will not be treated as degradation - Fire and non-authorized logging are the main vectors of forest degradation First draft: Process of alteration in the structure and/or forest composition, resulting from human action, which takes to continuous reduction of its capacity to provide goods and ecosystems services

45 THE AMAZON CHALLENGE By 2050, current trends in agricultural expansion will eliminate a total of 40% of Amazon forests Soares-Filho et al., Nature 440, (23 March 2006)

46 DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON Visão geral (dados, mapas etc.) REDD+ no Brasil Fundo Amazônia ENREDD

47 DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON How did we change the trend? 1. High level political commitement (Interministerial working group, presidential decree, PPCDAm, National Policy on Climate Change, Forest Code) 2. Innovative and transparent monitoring systems (PRODES, DETER, DETEX, DEGRAD, Radar etc.) 3. Integrated actions in monitoring and controlling deforestation (joint operations b/ environmental agencies and federal police) 4. Subnational governments, private sector and civil society engagement (regional plans to reduce deforestation, soy moratorium) 5. Innovative financial mechanisms (Amazon Fund, payments based in results)

48 CURRENT CHALLENGES Public lands: Consolidation of Protected Areas Total area: 260 mi ha ARPA: 60 mi ha Investments: US$ 400 mi (25% , 25% , 50% )

49 CURRENT CHALLENGES Private lands: Implementation of the New Forest Code Total area: 400 mi ha CAR system: 234 mi ha (59% by Aug/2015) Forested area: 35% Investments: - RapidEye Imagery: US$ 30 mi (national cover 2011, 2012 and 2013) - Systems development: US$ 10 mi - State level implementation: US$ 100 mi (Amazon Fund projects)

50 REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD) MAIN OBJECTIVE To contribute to climate change mitigation through elimination of illegal deforestation, recovering of forest ecosystems and development of a low carbon sustainable forest economy, generating social, economic and environmental benefits SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To improve moniitoring and impact analysis of public policies to reach REDD+ results To promote alignment among climate change policies in the federal, state and municipal level To mainstream international fund raising

51 REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD) TIMELINE Formulação da Estratégia Nacional de REDD+ pelo GT REDD+ Criado o site REDD+ Brasil Grupos de Trabalho sobre Financiamento, Repartição de Benefícios e Arranjos Institucionais Criação do GT REDD+ Oficina sobre salvaguardas Reuniões com a sociedade civil Oficina sobre componente indígena Reuniões bilaterais com os ministérios Força Tarefa do Gov. Federal com os Estados Amazônicos Reuniões com o setor privado Painel Técnico sobre Sistema de Informações sobre Salvaguardas GT REDD+ entrega o texto ao GEx Revisão do texto com base no Marco de Varsóvia para REDD+ Revisão do texto pelo GEx 2015: Political negotiations with ministries to approve the presidential decree

52 MRV Coordenação de políticas públicas Captação e alocação de recursos REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD) SCHEDULE Definição de critérios para captação e alocação de recursos Gestão da alocação de recursos e distribuição de benefícios Desenvolvimento do Sistema de Informação sobre Salvaguardas Sistema de Informação sobre Salvaguardas em operação Desenvolvimento da Matriz de Impacto de Carbono Implementação de Instrumentos Econômicos Submissão de níveis de referência à UNFCCC Elaboração de anexo técnico sobre REDD+ Análise do anexo técnico sobre REDD+ Submissão de anexo técnico sobre REDD+ Análise do anexo técnico sobre REDD+ Submissão de anexo técnico sobre REDD+ Análise do anexo técnico sobre REDD+ Monitoramento do desmatamento e da degradação na Amazônia e do desmatamento no Cerrado Monitoramento da degradação por fogo Desenvolvimento de ferramentas de monitoramento para demais biomas e atividades REDD+

53 REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD) Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) submitted to UNFCCC in June 2014

54 REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD) NEXT STEPS Approval of ENREDD and establishment of governance structure Development of a strategy to transition from the current model of REDD+ implementation to the new model (MRV of results, governance, payments for results, safeguards, south-south cooperation) Development of Safeguards Information System (SIS REDD+) Development of Modular System for Monitoring Emission Reduction Actions (SMMARE) for the Amazon Definition of guidelines to fund raising quotas to subnational levels and criteria to resource allocation

55 DEGRADATION X FOREST MANAGEMENT Forest concessions - National Law (Lei nº /2006) - 6 National Forests - 8 Companies ha Potential - 65 National Forests mi ha

56 DEGRADATION X FOREST MANAGEMENT Rural Environmental Registry - National Law Forest Code (Lei nº /2012) - Legal Reserve (20% to 80% of each rural property that need to keep natural vegetation, but can be managed) Estimate: 60 to 80 million ha

57 Thank you Dalton Valeriano Gabriel Lui