Coastal Resource Management Project. of the. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. supported by the

Transcription

1 i COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF THE MALALAG BAY AREA DAVAO DEL SUR, PHILIPPINES IMELDA S. VALLE MA. CHONA B. CRISTOBAL ALAN T. WHITE EVELYN DEGUIT Coasta Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natura Resources supported by the United States Agency for Internationa Deveopment 2000

2 ii Coasta Environmenta Profie of the Maaag Bay Area, Davao de Sur, Phiippines Imeda S. Vae, Ma. Chona B. Cristoba, Aan T. White and Eveyn T. Deguit 2000 PRINTED IN CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES Citation: Vae, I.S., M.C.B. Cristoba, A.T. White and E. Deguit Coasta Environmenta Profie of the Maaag Bay Area, Davao de Sur, Phiippines. Coasta Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Phiippines, 127 p. This pubication was made possibe through support provided by the United States Agency for Internationa Deveopment (USAID) under the terms and conditions of Contract No. AID-492-C supporting the Coasta Resource Management Project (CRMP). The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessariy refect the views of the USAID. This pubication may be reproduced or quoted in other pubications as ong as proper reference is made to the source. Production: Letty Dizon copy-edited and Lume Inamac and Ida Juiano word-processed, did the ayout, and designed the cover of this document. Cover Photos: Front - A. White; Back - CRMP staff. CRMP Document No. 23-CRM/2000 ISBN

3 iii CONTENTS Tabes and Figures Foreword Preface Acknowedgments Acronyms and Abbreviations Commony Used Loca Terms Gossary of Terms v vii viii x xi xii xiv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Physica Features 7 Land Area 7 Topography 7 Hydroogy 9 Soi 14 Land Uses 14 Cimate 16 Chapter 3 Natura Resources 17 Minera Resources 17 Forest Resources 17 Coasta Resources 18 Hagonoy 20 Maaag 23 Padada 26 Sta. Maria 29 Suop 32 Chapter 4 Sociopoitica Setting 49 Poitica and Administrative Boundaries 49 Demography 51 Popuation Size, Density, Distribution, and Growth Rate 51 Househods 52 Age and Gender Composition 52 Urban and Rura Distribution 52 Education 52 Labor, Empoyment, and Income 54 Reigion 54 Diaects 56

4 iv Heath, Sanitation, and Medica Care 56 Settements 56 Roads, Transportation, Communication, and Other Reated Infrastructure or Support Systems 59 Roads and Bridges 59 Transportation 59 Communication 59 Irrigation 60 Shore Protection Structure 60 Power Suppy 60 Water Suppy 60 Waste Disposa 61 Chapter 5 Economic Sectors 63 Fisheries 63 Marine Fisheries 63 Capture Method 63 Number of Fishers 65 Catch per Unit Effort 65 Catch per Species (Weight) per Gear 68 Aquacuture 71 Industry 73 Agricuture 74 Food and Commercia Crops 74 Livestock and Poutry 77 Tourism 79 Chapter 6 Institutiona and Lega Framework 81 Phiippine Coasta Management Laws 82 Coasta Management Ordinances in the MBA 82 Institutions Invoved in Coasta Management 88 Nationa Government 88 Loca Government 89 Nongovernment Organizations and Peope s Organizations 98 Community Organizations 99 Chapter 7 Management Issues and Opportunities 103 Environment 103 Economic 108 Poitica/Institutiona 109 References 127

5 v Tabes TABLES and FIGURES 2.1 Land area distribution and coastine ength of each municipaity in the MBA Water quaity criteria for coasta and marine waters Physica properties of the coasta waters of Davao de Sur Chemica properties of the coasta waters of Davao de Sur Bioogica properties of the coasta waters of Davao de Sur Soi cassification of the MBA by municipaity Minera resources of the MBA Certificate of Stewardship Contracts and corresponding area issued by the DENR under the Integrated Socia Forestry Project in the MBA Habitats in the MBA Mangrove area surveyed by SUML in the MBA Mangrove and associated species found in the MBA Mean density of mangrove seedings and sapings in the MBA Seagrass species found in the MBA Reef extent and other description of the stations in the MBA Coras found in the MBA Mean cover of benthic categories using random quadrat method in the MBA Fishery resources in the MBA Reef fish composition in the MBA Popuation size, density, and growth rate of the MBA Urban and rura popuation in the MBA Summary of the ranges and averages of income obtained from different categories of iveihood in the MBA Excrete disposa faciities by municipaity in the MBA Sources of househod construction financing in the MBA Access to potabe water faciities by municipaity in the MBA Soid and iquid waste disposa faciities by municipaity and by number of househods in the MBA Fishing gear used in the MBA Fishing gear used in the MBA based on PCRA data in Number of municipa fishers and corresponding fish production in the MBA Catch per unit effort and income per unit effort in the MBA, Summary of catch composition, biomass, and reative abundance per gear type in the MBA Brackishwater resources data by municipaity in the MBA Freshwater resources data by municipaity in the MBA Major industries in the MBA Food and commercia crops in the MBA in

6 vi 5.10 Livestock and poutry (number of heads) in the MBA Existing tourist spots in the MBA Summary of coasta and environmenta management aws Ordinances for coasta environmenta protection and management in the MBA Operating funds for CRM impementation in Maaag Partia isting of NGOs and POs in the MBA Major CRM issues and management options identified by the rapid resource appraisa of Davao Guf Year environmenta management and protection program for the MBA Municipa CRM pans (Year ) in the MBA 115 Figures 1.1 Maaag Bay with outying municipaities Proportion of non-coasta and coasta barangay and area per municipaity The circuation of Maaag Bay Suitabiity of Maaag Bay for maricuture Land cassification of the MBA by municipaity Coasta resource map of the municipaity of Hagonoy, Davao de Sur Hagonoy transect diagram (Barangays Apaya, Bautakay, Guihing, Leing, and Paigue) Coasta resource map of the municipaity of Maaag, Davao de Sur Maaag transect diagram (Barangays Bagumbayan, Baybay, and Buacan) Coasta resource map of the municipaity of Padada, Davao de Sur Padada transect diagram (Barangays Paii, Piape, Punta Piape, and San Isidro) Coasta resource map of the municipaity of Sta. Maria, Davao de Sur Sta. Maria transect diagram (Barangays Basiawan, Kisuad, Mamacao, Ogpao, San Agustin, Sto. Niño, Sto. Rosario, and Tangad) Coasta resource map of the Municipaity of Suop, Davao de Sur Suop transect diagram (Barangay Baasinon) Mean benthic cover from cora reefs in five stations in the MBA The MBA municipaities MBA iteracy rate Schoo distribution in the MBA Tota abor force and empoyment rate in the MBA Housing units by municipaity in the MBA Number of municipa fishers and corresponding fish production in the MBA Land use for food and commercia crops in the MBA Food and commercia crops in the MBA Environment and Natura Resources Office (ENRO) organizationa structure Proposed Provincia Coasta Resource Management Impementing Structure Proposed Inter-Agency Coordinating Structure for Coasta Resource Management Davao Guf Management Board (DGMB) organizationa structure 98

7 vii FOREWORD The Phiippines is endowed with a rich abundance of coasta natura resources aong its 18,000 km of shoreine. Davao de Sur, with the ongest shoreine in Region 11 stretching aong 11 municipaities, is no exception. Davao de Sur has ong depended on its fisheries, cora reefs, mangroves, beaches, coasta bays, and estuaries for aquacuture and other uses. From the upand to the seas of Davao de Sur, occupations in food security empoy a arge portion of the coasta popuation. But, unfortunatey, trends in production are not good. As in other coasta areas, the coasta resource base is being degraded through a variety of impacts from human foy. Fisheries are being depeted through excessive effort and use of destructive methods. Shoreine habitats are either being damaged or converted to aternative uses that no onger support viabe fisheries as in the past. Equay, agricuture practices in coasta and upand areas are having many negative impacts on coasta resources and particuary water quaity because of poor soi management practices, use of pesticides and other chemicas, and increasing deforestation. A these probems emphasize the need for integrated coasta management in Davao de Sur. The first step towards a more integrated and comprehensive panning and management regime for coasta resources is to deveop an information base that guides panning. The Coasta Environmenta Profie of the Maaag Bay Area represents an important first step in the coasta management process. It can hep guide ong-term soutions to some of the coasta probems of the area and provide a set of baseine data upon which to measure changes in the environment in the present and the future. It can aso be used to monitor the effectiveness of coasta projects. This profie wi assist in informing a the decision-makers and stakehoders in the areas about the need to protect and manage their coasta areas and resources. It contains much usefu information and provides guidance on management poicies. Let us use it wisey and deveop much-needed coasta management pans for our province. ROGELIO E. LLANOS Governor Davao de Sur

8 viii PREFACE The Coasta Environmenta Profie of the Maaag Bay Area, Davao de Sur, Phiippines provides baseine information on the coasta environment of the Maaag Bay Area. It wi assist with management panning at the municipa and barangay eves within the Maaag Bay Area for years to come. It is aso usefu as a guide for other coasta municipaities in Davao de Sur and Davao Guf. This profie is produced as part of the activities of the Coasta Resource Management Project (CRMP) in coaboration with the municipaities and province of Davao de Sur. The CRMP has worked in the area since 1996 to deveop and encourage eaders among oca communities, nongovernment organizations, and oca government units to work for coasta resource management (CRM). CRM is the process of panning, impementing, and monitoring beneficia and sustainabe uses of coasta resources through participation, coaboration, and sound decision-making. This is achieved by invoving the affected community, resource users, oca and regiona government, nongovernment organizations, and the private sector. It aims to promote an integrated coasta management approach that focuses on sustainabe coasta resource use and minimizes direct negative impacts on coasta resources from fishing, aquacuture, and other forms of deveopment. Maaag Bay typifies a once-rich ecosystem now ravaged by the misuse and abuse of the peope who have ived from the bounty of the sea. The coasta habitats of Maaag Bay are characterized by a few patches of secondary growth of mangrove forest, some seagrass areas, and about 100 ha of cora reefs. This represents a significant decine over 50 years ago and hopefuy sets the baseine on improvement for the area through improved protection and management. The bay is considered a favorabe site for port and industria faciities as we as aquacuture deveopment. This presents another chaenge in that such deveopment normay depetes the natura resource base through recamation and poution. CRM panning for Maaag Bay must consider the trade-offs between maintenance and improvement of its natura resource base of habitats and fisheries and shoreine deveopment of aquacuture and industries. The bottom-ine is that a deveopment must be done in a manner that minimizes waste and poution.

9 The integrated and participatory approach to coasta management for the profie area of Maaag Bay has proven successfu in other areas of the Phiippines. This approach depends on the dynamic action of community groups with oca and nationa government agencies responsibe for resource management. This participatory approach does not dictate to the peope, but rather, equips them, who rey the most upon the coasta environment, with the necessary toos to make rationa and sustainabe decisions. The first step in this process is the deveopment of baseine information for panning. This profie competes this step for the Maaag Bay Area. ix

10 x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preparation of this coasta environmenta profie was made possibe by the assistance and cooperation of many institutions and individuas inside and outside of the Maaag Bay Area. The foowing government organizations are thanked for contributing important data: Municipaities of Hagonoy, Maaag, Padada, Santa Maria, and Suop Provincia Panning and Deveopment Office, Davao de Sur Office of the Provincia Agricuturist, Davao de Sur Environment and Natura Resources Office, Davao de Sur Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Region XI Department of Environment and Natura Resources, Region XI The nongovernment organizations and academic institutions that assisted incude: Internationa Marineife Aiance Siiman University Marine Laboratory Mindanao State University Canadian Internationa Deveopment Agency Institute of Sma Farms and Industries Key individuas who have contributed to the competion of this profie at various stages aong the way incude: Oscar Francisco, Fisheries and Coasta Management Consutant, Davao Mechor Maceda, Economic Deveopment Foundation, Mania Johnette Deegero, Learning Area Coordinator, CRMP Rex Baeña, Ph.D., University of the Phiippines in the Visayas, Ioio Finay, this profie coud not have been competed without the commitment of Honorabe Rogeio E. Lanos, Governor of Davao de Sur and a the municipa and barangay officias and empoyees within the Maaag Bay Area. The Coasta Resource Management Project, impemented by the Department of Environment and Natura Resources and funded by the United States Agency for Internationa Deveopment, has pubished this document.

11 xi ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS BFAR BFARMC CPUE CRM CRMP DA DENR DILG DOST DOT EIA ENRO EO FARMC GT ha HALT kg km km 2 L LGU LOI mg MGB m mm MSU m t NEDA NGO OPAG PCAMRD PCRA PD PNP PO PPDO ppt RA SUML Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Counci catch per unit effort coasta resource management Coasta Resource Management Project Department of Agricuture Department of Environment and Natura Resources Department of the Interior and Loca Government Department of Science and Technoogy Department of Tourism Environmenta Impact Assessment Environment and Natura Resources Office(r) Executive Order Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Counci gross ton hectare Hiside Agricutura Land Technoogy kiogram kiometer square kiometer iter oca government unit Letter of Instruction miigram Mines and Geosciences Bureau miiiter miimeter Mindanao State University metric ton Nationa Economic and Deveopment Authority nongovernment organization Office of the Provincia Agricuturist Phiippine Counci for Aquatic and Marine Research and Deveopment participatory coasta resource assessment Presidentia Decree Phiippine Nationa Poice peope s organization Provincia Panning and Deveopment Office parts per thousand Repubic Act Siiman University Marine Laboratory

12 xii COMMONLY USED LOCAL TERMS Loca Terms Engish Transation Loca Terms Engish Transation FISHING GEAR Baing Basnig Bubo (pangnokos) Bunsod Katay, paangre, paso pambaries Manubid, pamaries, pambaca, pamirit, subid, pangaraw, undak Paangre/pamariis, subid, panubid, paso, undak Paaran, pangambay, pangampornas, pamao, pangtamban, pukot, pukot-dobe, pukot-tripe, pukot-paapong Pamana, pana, pana-suga Pamante, pamo, pukot, pangnaduhaw, patuoy, pangga Pamante tripe, pamante-abay Pangga Sudsud FISHES Aibangbang Auman Anduhaw Aso-os Badon Bagis Bao Banak Banghutin Bangsi Bangus (semiya) Banto Bariason Baries Biason Biong-biong Lift net Bag net Squid trap Fish corra Long ine Singe hook and ine Mutipe hook and ine Gi net Spear gun Drift gi net Bottom set gi net Fish trap Scoop net Butterfyfish Snapper Tuna Whiting Jack, cavaa, crevae Surgeonfish Needefish Muet Fase whiting, banquio Fying fish Mikfish fry Scorpionfish, turkeyfish, ionfish, stonefish Jack, cavaa, crevae, trevay, dart Tuna and mackere Fusiier, bananafish Moonfish Boinao Borot Bugaong Buan-buan Bugan Butete Kabayas Kapa Karaw Katambak Kitong Dai-dai Danggit Gaunggong Ganting Gapas Gisaw Gonggong Guno Hinok Hio Ibis Iho Ito Labayan Lagaw Laagan Lapu-apu Latab Lipipan Lipti Mamsa Marang Matambaka Maya-maya Mo-mo Mongit Pagi Paad-paad Pandawan Pirit Pugapo Rompe-kandado Sagisi Saay-saay Samon-samon Sapsap Anchovy Scad Therapon, tigerfish Fagtai Big-eye Pufferfish Tuna and mackere Damsefish Tuna and mackere Emperor bream Rabbitfish Fatfish Rabbitfish Scad Squirrefish Threadfin bream Muet Therapon, tigerfish Siverside Goatfish Ee Cardinafish Shark Catfish Wrasse Threadfin bream Snapper Grouper Mojarra Bifish Sweetip and grunt Jack Bifish Scad Snapper, seaperch Parrotfish Surgeonfish Stingray Fathead Dophinfish Tuna Grouper Barracuda Threadfin bream Crevae, trevay Scad and jack Sipmouth

13 xiii Loca Terms Soid Sunogan Taakitok Tamban Tangigue Tangaron Timbungan Tuingan Ubod Engish Transation Fusiier Fathead Scad and jack Herring Spanish mackere Wrasse Goatfish Frigate tuna Moray ee MOLLUSKS Aninikad Buatok Imbaw Litob Miter she Venus she Bubbe she OTHER INVERTEBRATES Aamang Aimango Baat Banagan Kasag Kubutan Kugita Lambay Lokon Nokos Pasayan Tostos Uyap Sma shrimp Mud/mangrove crab and bue crab Sea cucumber Shove-nosed, sipper obster Mud/mangrove crab and bue crab Cuttefish Octopus Bue crab Penaeid shrimp Squid Penaeid shrimp Squid Sma shrimp

14 xiv GLOSSARY OF TERMS Bag net. A mobie impounding drag net; ocay caed basnig. This is a conica or cubica net operated with the aid of ight on dark nights. A ifting motion effects the capture. Requires about 7 to 10 peope. Bottom set gi net. An entanging net which is ocay caed pamante-tripe or pamante-abay or by the generic name for gi net (pukot). This net is anchored, weighed down, or attached to the bottom so that it is not free to move with the water current. Commercia fishing. Fishing for commercia purposes in waters more than 15 km from the shoreine with the use of fishing boats of more than 3 GT. Drift gi net. An entanging net commony caed pamo. It is aso ocay referred to as pamante, patuoy, pangtamban, or by the generic gi net name, pukot. When used at night, with ight, it is aso referred to as panganduhaw. This type of gi net is usuay fixed to boats and is free to move with the wind or tide, and is used throughout the year. Fish cage. Any method of cuture of fish and aquatic resources in a fish encosure which is either stationary or foating, made up of nettings or screens sewn or fastened together and instaed in the water with opening or cover at the surface and hed in pace by wooden/bamboo post or various types of anchors and foats. Fish corra. Locay known as bunsod, this is a guiding barrier constructed of bamboo and/or nets which are set by means of reguary-spaced stakes or posts in tida waters or aong the natura paths of fish into a desired area. Trapped fish may be coected daiy during the morning, especiay during the months of May to December. Fish pen. An artificia encosure constructed within a body of water for the cuture of fish and aquatic resources made up of bamboo and other poes arranged in an encosure with either fine bamboo materias, screen, or nyon netting to prevent escape of fish. Fish sanctuary. A pace set aside or an estabished fishery reserve or fish refuge and sanctuary where it sha be unawfu for any person, corporation, and cooperative to conduct any fishing operation or disturb, take, catch, destroy, or ki any marine organism within the designated body of water. Fish trap. Locay caed pangga, is a set trap or enticing device made of bamboo or rattan which is a reguar, usuay rectanguar, receptace preventing escape of fish by means of trap doors or tricky passageways. Trapped fish may be coected at reguar intervas, in terms of days or weeks. Fishery. The business of catching, taking, raising, cuturing, handing, marketing, and processing of fish and other aquatic products. The fishing grounds, the right to fish, or take such products therefrom. Fishery reserve. A designated area or areas in municipa waters or Phiippine waters either by ordinance or procamation as fishery reservation for the excusive use of the government or of the inhabitants thereof or for the cuture of fish and other aquatic animas for educationa, scientific, and conservation purposes or fishing rights reserved for excusive use of the government.

15 xv Gi net. Variousy sized entanging net in which capture of fish is by giing effected by the actua meshes of the net. This is commony referred to by ocas as pukot, paaran, pamao, pangambay, pangampornas, pangtamban, pukot-dobe, pukot-tripe, pukot paapong (with ight). Lift net. A mobie impounding net in which capture is effected by a vertica ifting motion of the gear. It is ocay caed baing usuay used with petromax. Long ine. An extremey ong ine with a arge series of baited hooks, either set or drifting, and requiring ony periodic attention at more or ess fixed time intervas. Generic oca name is paso (for ine) with hook numbers ranging from 2 to 1,000 and hook sizes ranging from #12 to #17, #100 to #120, #565 to #579. Fiament size varies from nyon #8 to #150. Other oca names are paangre, katay, paso-pambaries, panubid, undak. Mutipe hook and ine. A coective name appied to a handines with mutipe hooks incuding set or drift ong ines. Mutipe handines are composed of a singe vertica ine with a sma series of barbed hooks attached to it by spreaders at reguar intervas. Municipa waters. Waters incuded between two ines drawn perpendicuar to the genera coastine from points where the boundary ines of the municipaity or city touch the sea at ow tide and a third ine parae with the genera coastine and 15 km from it. It aso incudes streams, akes, and tida waters within the municipaity, not being the subject of private ownership and not comprised within the nationa parks, pubic forests, timberands, and forest reserves. However, where two municipaities are so situated on the opposite shores that there is ess than 15 km of waters between them, the third ine sha be equay distant from the opposite shores of the respective municipaities. Scoop net. Aso referred to as scoop seine which is basicay a sma purse seine empoyed as an accessory gear in hauing the catch direct from the arge semicircuar encosure of deepwater fish corras which may be devoid of a coecting pond or crib. It aso refers to a fishing method wherein schoos of fishes ured towards surface waters by ight are scooped out of the water with a circuar net. Locay caed sudsud (with petromax). Singe hook and ine. Aso caed simpe handine or drop ine. A singe vertica ine carrying one or two barbed, baited hooks and worked simpy by dropping into the water and waiting for a fish to bite. Generic oca name is paso or subid. Aso caed by various names, most often after the most dominant species in the catch, such as manubid-pamariis; pambaca; pamirit; pangaraw; pautao (uang); pamao; pamaries (deep-sea fishing); pamirit; pangtangigue; pawin; subid; undak (with ight). Hook sizes range from #06-#20 to #566-#571 whie fiament size varies from nyon #8 to #190. Spear gun. Locay caed pana or pamana, sometimes pana-suga. It constitutes a hand instrument provided with pointed, barbed, or barbess bades at the straight tip which are not detachabe from the hande or shaft. It can be thrown by hand athough sometimes shot from a gun or bowike device. It is used at night or dawn, with a ight source. Fishers may come in groups of two or three with one spear gun each. Squid trap. Simiar to fish traps with screen as siding and specificay targets squids by using squid-attracting baits.

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17 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION M aaag Bay is a 65 km 2 semi-ova embayment ocated on the southwestern coast of Davao Guf with 58 km of coastine from Barangay Bautakay, Hagonoy to Coapsin Point in Sta. Maria (Figure 1.1). It is ocated within the grid coordinates between 6º to 6º north atitude and 125º to 125º east ongitude within the province of Davao de Sur which ies at the southeastern portion of Mindanao. Maaag Bay is under the jurisdiction of five municipaities: Hagonoy, Maaag, Padada, Sta. Maria, and Suop, coectivey caed as the Maaag Bay Area (MBA). The MBA is bounded on the north by Digos and Matanao, on the east by Davao Guf, on the south by Maita and Maungon, Sarangani Province, and on the west by Sutan Kudarat and North Cotabato. Maaag Bay was once caed Kasiaran Bay, named after a pam found abundant in the area. In the 1970s, when the municipaity of Maaag was gaining popuarity as a deveoping town within the bay area, Kasiaran Bay was then renamed. The bay was caed Maaag Bay due to its proximity to Maaag and its wharf ocated in the innermost portion of the bay. Maaag Bay was once caed Kasiaran Bay, named after a pam found abundant in the area. Most of the inhabitants of the MBA are of Visayan origin. They came from the isands of Boho, Leyte, Negros, Panay, and Samar with the majority coming from Cebu. A few Musims aso inhabit the area primariy from the provinces of Basian, Suu, Tawi- Tawi, and other Musim-dominated provinces of mainand Mindanao. Two aborigina tribes, Kaagans and the Tagacaoos, inhabit the MBA. The Kaagans

18 2 Davao de Sur Figure 1.1. Maaag Bay with outying municipaities. reside in Barangay Apaya of Hagonoy whie the Tagacaoos are natives of Sta. Maria. However, few are ocated in the coasta area with the majority ocated in the upand communities of the municipaities of Maita, Don Marceino, and Jose Abad Santos. The bountifu coasta resources of Kasiaran Bay persuaded the Musims, Cebuanos, and other Visayans to sette aong the area between 1920 and Od setters fet the coasta and marine resources of the bay coud support any human utiization and expoitation. In the 1950s, dynamite fishing caused much destruction to the cora reefs, but peope

19 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 did not notice its effects on the ecosystems nor on their iveihood. They, however, pursued different fishing methods to maintain or even increase their voume of catch unaware of the depetion of the fish stocks. Devastation of the forest cover was aso brought about by ogging activities from the 1940s unti the 1960s when timber was haued to Maaag Bay and transported by ships outside the municipaity. Succeeding destruction was hastened by the continuing infux of migrants to the ogged areas, triggered primariy by a ack of economic opportunities in the owands. Sash-and-burn farming sti persists and has caused much destruction, not ony to the forest cover but aso to the biodiversity of the pace. Denudation continues to pose a grave threat to the community with the ands exposed and vunerabe to soi erosion and degradation. MBA now experiences ong dry spes that resut in the drying of water sources in genera. Davao Guf and the MBA in particuar share the foowing environmenta probems and concerns as the rest of Mindanao: Forest denudation continues to pose a grave threat to the community with the ands exposed and vunerabe to soi erosion and degradation. Forest destruction - Forest denudation has acceerated the oss of top soi, increased the severity and frequency of foods, increased sitation to downstream farms, settements, and various coasta habitats, and decreased the suppy of water for domestic and agricutura use. The rapid increase in the popuation of farmers aggravates issues of and tenure, sustainabiity of traditiona soping agricutura practices, and access to basic services. Water poution - Poution of the rivers and seas is mainy being caused by unreguated disposa of industria, agricutura, and househod wastes as we as oi spis. Poution caused by fertiizers, chemicas, and pesticides from banana pantations and other agricutura deveopment; effuents from sugar miing pants and other industria estabishments; oi spis dumped by docking vesses and motorized fishing boats that produce oi wastes during ceaning and changing oi; waste discharges such as uneaten fish feeds, feca and excretory wastes from maricuture activities; and the soid waste poution brought about by the negigence of househods in the proper disposa of trash and the ceophane from the banana pantations resuted in the gradua depetion of the marine ecosystem. The narrow shef makes the mangrove, seagrass, and cora reef communities vunerabe to these and- and sea-based sources of poution. Persistent iega and destructive fishing activities - The use of dynamite, poisonous pant extracts, and obnoxious commercia substances during fishing; the iega entry of commercia fishing boats within the bay; the use of fine mesh nets incuding baing and ampornas resuted in the depetion of fishery resources.

20 4 It is further compounded by the increasing popuation of fishermen aong the coastine and the open-access nature of the fishery especiay for the sma peagic fishery. Beset with various environmenta probems, the MBA was seected as one of the six earning areas of the Coasta Resource Management Project (CRMP). The MBA serves as one of the modes for CRMP which spearheads coasta resource management (CRM) through community eadership and initiatives. This coasta environmenta profie provides baseine information on the coasta habitats, resources, and socioeconomic condition of the MBA to the oca government units (LGUs), nongovernment organizations (NGOs), peope s organizations (POs), and the coasta communities and wi serve as a guide in the deveopment and formuation of CRM pans in the MBA. The specific objectives of this profie are to: Determine the status of the shaow nearshore habitats, resources, and socioeconomic condition of the inhabitants for monitoring purposes; Identify issues and constraints besetting the MBA to be used in assessing the progress of the CRM; Synthesize mapped information which wi constitute a visua database for spatia anaysis; Summarize and assess information and ecosystem and resources, socia and economic conditions, and ega and institutiona regimes for management; and Provide a source of information for communities, government, panners, researchers, and others in the panning and education process. This coasta environmenta profie covers the MBA from the boundary of Hagonoy to the boundary of Sta. Maria. It is a compiation of existing baseine information avaiabe from the five municipaities, Provincia Panning Deveopment Office (PPDO) of Davao de Sur, Mindanao State University (MSU), Siiman University (SU), Department of Agricuture (DA), Department of Environment and Natura Resources (DENR), and from actua biophysica and socioeconomic surveys of the coasta zone. Information for this profie was coected from primary sources incuding a participatory coasta resource assessment (PCRA), short-term site surveys, interviews with oca resource users, LGUs, and community discussions. Secondary sources such as reports, maps, government fies, and photographs were aso utiized.

21 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5

22 6

23 CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL FEATURES 7 Chapter 2 PHYSICAL FEATURES t he Maaag Bay Area (MBA) is characterized by distinct physica features which make it unique within the province of Davao de Sur. This chapter presents information on the and area, topography, hydroogy, soi, and uses, and cimate in the MBA. LAND AREA The MBA has a tota and area of 70,783 ha and a coastine of 71 km. Of the five municipaities, Sta. Maria is the argest with a tota and area of 20,478 ha whie Padada is the smaest municipaity with 4,503 ha. However, more than 80 percent of the area is agricutura with ess than 20 percent considered as coasta area. In terms of ength of coastine, Sta. Maria has the ongest coastine with 46 km, foowed by Maaag (8 km), Hagonoy (8 km), Padada (6 km), and Suop (3 km). Tabe 2.1 shows the and area distribution and the coastine ength of each municipaity within the MBA whie Figure 2.1 shows the proportion of non-coasta and coasta barangay and area per municipaity. MBA has a tota and area of 70,783 ha and a coastine of 71 km. TOPOGRAPHY The genera topography of the MBA is fat with scattered his and mountains. The eve portions of the MBA are in the municipaities of Hagonoy, Padada, and Suop which party comprise the Padada River Basin where irrigated and areas are found. The stretch of fat and is estimated to be 55 percent of the tota and area.

24 8 Tabe 2.1. Land area distribution and coastine ength of each municipaity in the MBA. Municipaity Land area Coasta area Tota no. of No. of coasta Length of (ha) (ha) barangays barangays coastine (km) Hagonoy 11,664sss 2,472sss 21ssssss 5ssssss 8ssssss Maaag 18,612sss 2,040sss 15ssssss 3ssssss 8ssssss Padada 4,503sss 1,133sss 17ssssss 4ssssss 6ssssss Sta. Maria 20,478sss 6,487sss 22ssssss 8ssssss 46ssssss Suop 15,526sss 288sss 25ssssss 1ssssss 3ssssss Tota 70,783sss 12,420sss 100ssssss 21 sssss 71ssssss Source: PPDO (1996). 25,000 20,000 Non-coasta 10.9% Coasta 31.7% 1.9% Land area (ha) 15,000 10, % 25.2% 5,000 0 Hagonoy Maaag Padada Sta. Maria Suop Municipaity Figure 2.1. Proportion of non-coasta and coasta barangay and area per municipaity. On the southern frontiers and most of its borders are hiy ands and mountains. In Maaag Bay, the mountain range serves as a natura barrier from storms or strong winds making it a safe anchorage for inter-isand vesses. Aong the eastern side of the Sta. Maria coast are narrow white beaches and seagrass beds and cora reefs. On the northern and southeastern parts of Maaag, Suop, Padada, and Hagonoy are fatands, vocanic sand, fishponds, and seagrass beds.

25 CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL FEATURES 9 HYDROLOGY The waters of Davao Guf and Maaag Bay are strongy oceanic as a resut of its size and the interaction of the Pacific equatoria current as it encounters eastern mixing during strong monsoons. The inner part of the bay is an estuary. The tota water area of Maaag Bay is 65 km 2 whie the municipa waters extend to cover an area of approximatey 135 km 2. There are nine rivers in the MBA; however, ony three major rivers drain into Maaag Bay. These are the Ma River and the Baatukan River, both draining in the Hagonoy coast and the Baasinon River that drains in the area bordering Maaag and Suop. The Baasinon River, though arge and of economic importance due to oyster cuture, is not reay a river but a ong estuary that is used as a major cana of adjacent fishponds. Circuation of bay water, however, does not seem to favor the outfow of water from the bay (Figure 2.2). In Maaag Bay, the mountain range serves as a natura barrier from storms or strong winds making it a safe anchorage for inter-isand vesses. In 1998, the CRMP conducted an environmenta study to determine the heath status of Maaag Bay for maricuture (pens and cages) activities. The decision to decare a given portion of Maaag Bay as suitabe or unsuitabe for maricuture was based on a direct parameter comparison with the DENR and derived standards. The findings based on the amount of wasted feed soids setted at the bottom, indicated that the intensity of fish cuture in the bay exceeded its imits by about 2.5 times (Baeña 1998). The suitabiity map (Figure 2.3) shows that the whoe bay is ony conditionay suitabe (medium) for cuture whie neary two-thirds of the bay is cassified as unsuitabe (ow). Further compications are the maricuture usage of the entrance to the bay, the sanctuary, and the margina areas shaower than 2 m (tida range). This resut is corroborated by the suitabiity rating of about 40 percent, averaged spatiay from the suitabiity pot. The findings of the study, however, are vaid for the northeast monsoon period of observation, simpified by the virtua absence of tributaries to the bay, due to the proonged spe of the E Niño. In 1999, the MSU conducted physica, chemica, and bioogica studies of the coasta waters of Davao de Sur which covered ten coasta municipaities incuding four MBA municipaities: Hagonoy, Padada, Maaag, and Sta. Maria. Tabe 2.2 shows the DENR water quaity criteria for coasta and marine waters whie Tabes 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5 show the physica, chemica, and bioogica properties of the coasta waters of Davao de Sur, respectivey. As seen in Tabe 2.3, the nearshore area is fat (depth = m) and graduay sopes down in an irreguar manner (depth = 25.0 m). Transparency in nearshore waters was ow (4.0 m) whie highest ight penetration was m at a depth of 25 m. Temperature readings ranged from 28 to 31 0 C. Highest tota suspended soids were obtained in Don Marceino at 5.88 mg/l which was due to the sediment discharge of the river nearby. ph vaues in a

26 10 Figure 2.2. The circuation of Maaag Bay. Notes: Left: during the rising tide; Right: during the faing tide. Notes: LOW (0-33%) - unsuitabe; MEDIUM (34-67%) - conditionay suitabe (supervised or reguated maricuture); HIGH (68-100%) - suitabe The whoe bay area is cassified under MEDIUM suitabiity and, hence, aows ony supervised maricuture activities. Neary 2/3 of the bay is amost suitabe for these activities. Source: Baeña (1998). Figure 2.3. Suitabiity of Maaag Bay for maricuture.

27 CHAPTER 2 PHYSI- CAL FEATURES 11 Tabe 2.2. Water quaity criteria for coasta and marine waters. Physica Parameters Units Temperature 0 C Note: Cass SA: Suitabe for propagation, surviva and harvesting shefish for commercia purposes. Suitabe as tourist zone, estabishment of natura marine parks and cora reef parks Cass SB: Recreationa Water Cass 1. Areas reguary used for pubic bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. Fishery Water Cass I. Spawning areas for Chanos chanos (bangus or mikfish) and simiar species. Cass SC: Recreationa Water Cass II. Boating, etc. Water Cass II. Commercia and sustenance fishing. Marshy and for mangrove areas decared as fish and widife sanctuaries. Cass SD: Indusria Water Suppy Cass II. Cooing, etc. other coasta and marine waters, by their quaity, beong to this quaification. Source: DENR Administrative Order No. 34, Series of SA ph (range) Dissoved Tota oxygen suspended soids Chemica Cadmium Chromium Copper Mercury Bioogica Tota Feca coiform coiform SB SC SD mg/ L m g/ L < 30/L inc. < 30/L inc. < 30/L inc. <30/L inc. mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L MPN/100m 70 1,000 5,000 - MPN/100m Ni Tabe 2.3. Physica properties of the coasta waters of Davao de Sur. Source: MSU (1999).

28 12 Tabe 2.4. Chemica properties of the coasta waters of Davao de Sur. Sta. Municipaity Cruz Maaag Digos Sta. Maita Maria DonMarceino Source: MSU (1999). Samping station Nitrate (mg/l) Phosphate (mg/l) Orthophosphate (mg/l) Ammonia (mg/l) Nearshore Offshore Nearshore Offshore Nearshore Offshore Nearshore Offshore Coronan Bato Tagabui Centro Baybay Apaya Dawis Kisuad Basiawan Tubaan Pobacion Kinama Lawa Tabe 2.5. Bioogica properties of the coasta waters of Davao de Sur. Sta. Municipaity Digos Cruz Padada Hagonoy Maaag Maita Sta. Maria DonMarceino Source: MSU (1999). Samping station T ota coiform (MPN/100 m) Feca coiform (MPN/100 m) Nearshore Offshore Nearshore Offshore Bato Dawis Punta Piape Apaya Baybay Pobacion Sabang Basiawan Pobacion

29 CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL FEATURES 13 stations ranged from 8.1 to 8.7 which were sighty akaine whie dissoved oxygen (DO) concentration was 2.5 to 5 mg/l. Low DO was obtained in Don Marceino. The turbidity of the water and the high tota suspended soids affected the photosynthetic activity of the phytopankton resuting in ow DO. Decomposition of organic matter was aso contributory since wastes from fish anding areas were drained into the sea. Based on Tabe 2.4, Sta. Maria, Maita, and Don Marceino showed a higher nitrate concentration from 0.67 to mg/l than the other samping stations. Ammonia eves were not detected whie others had very ow concentration. The actua amount depends on the baance between anima excretory rates and pant uptake and bacteria oxidation. Phosphorus that exists as phosphate was highest (0.2 to mg/l) in Maaag whie other stations had 0.05 to 0.27 mg/l. Orthophosphate in a stations ranged from 0.04 to mg/l. The concentration of phosphorus in waters depends on the avaiabe sources of phosphorus in the area. Guihing in Hagonoy was the ony samping area for heavy metas. Cadmium was not detected whie chromium was ess than mg/l and copper, 0.1 mg/l. Lead (0.3 mg/l) and tota mercury (0.003 mg/l), however, were detected. Based on the DENR standards for heavy metas, concentration in the area is negigibe but sow accumuation can occur in the substratum of the area. As seen in Tabe 2.5, a sites samped yieded positive resuts for coiform contamination. Highest coiform counts were obtained in Punta Piape (Padada). Resuts of feca coiform counts showed that the primary source of concentration is of feca origin. Anima wastes and garbage were eft unattended and feca matter were seen ittered in the coastine. If compared with Tabe 2.2, the coasta waters of the 10 samping stations coud quaify for Cass SB which are generay safe for pubic bathing, swimming, and skin diving and can be used as spawning grounds for mikfish and other commerciay important species. However, these areas are unsafe for consumption of raw seafood especiay bivaves and other fiter feeders. Intestina bacteria pouting the water coud concentrate in the gis of fiter feeding organisms, which when eaten raw, can cause intestina disorders. SOIL A significant and resource advantage of the MBA is the presence of vast fertie agricutura owand pains with rivers running through them. Principa soi types in the MBA by municipaity are shown in Tabe 2.6. LAND USES The MBA has a tota and area of 70,783 ha of which more than 70 percent is cassified as aienabe and disposabe and whie about 27 percent is timberand (Figure 2.4). The and-use A significant and resource advantage of the MBA is the vast fertie agricutura owand pains with rivers.

30 14 pan for the entire MBA is not yet compete. Of the five municipaities, ony Hagonoy and Maaag are currenty undertaking revision of their and uses. The MBA is predominanty agricutura. The aocation of agricutura area ensures the Tabe 2.6. Soi cassification of the MBA by municipaity. Municipaity Soi type Parent materia Distinct characteristics Hagonoy Maaag Padada Sta. Suop Maria Source: PSPT (1994). SanMigue sitycayoam Auvium mainywashed from upands, underand withigneous rocks M adunga cayoam Mixture of shae, sandstone, and grave deposits Maaag cayoam SanManue sitycayoam SanManue cayoam Cabangancayoam SanManue sitycayoam SanManue cayoam Maaag cayoam SanManue sitycayoam Cabangancayoam Mixture of igneous metamorphic and shae Auvium mainywashed from upands, underand withigneous rocks Auvium mainywashed from upands, underand withigneous rocks Auvium mainywashed from upands, underand withigneous rocks Auvium washed from upands, underand with sedimentaries Fertie and productive soi and adaptabe to most agricutura crops Moderateyfertie; pasture good for Limited agricutura use due to thinsoi profie suited to forestry Fertie, productive, adaptabe to most agri-crops Fertie, productive, and adaptabe to agri-crops suited to forestry Fertie, productive, and adaptabe to most agri-crops Exceent for rice when irrigated Needs drainage for upand crops highest possibe productivity in the agricutura sector for food security and inputs in the industria sector. The big aocations of the agricutura area support the iveihood and empoyment of the majority of the peope who are not yet prepared for skied empoyment in the industria sector. Forestands aso comprise these municipaities. A great portion of their areas are timberands where integrated socia forestry (ISF) and appropriate upand farming system are being undertaken to regenerate depeted forest covers and ikewise protect the critica watershed areas. The buit-up areas are subdivided into urban and rura. Most of the buit-up areas are found in the urban areas which are experiencing an infux of migrating oca popuation.

31 CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL FEATURES 15 25,000 20,000 Area (ha) 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Hagonoy Maaag Padada Sta. Maria Suop Municipaity Aienabe and Disposabe Timberand Figure 2.4. Land cassification of the MBA by municipaity. Source: PPDO (1993). A great portion of the coasta areas is aocated to fishponds. Some of these areas are under Fishpond Lease Agreements (FLAs) under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agricuture (DA). There are aso some mangroves; however, conversion into fishpond areas has decreased mangrove area, thus depeting the natura productivity of the ecosystem in the bay area. CLIMATE The province of Davao de Sur is bessed with a favorabe cimate characterized by a wet dry season. The codest time of the year is usuay in December and January and the hottest in Apri and May. The rainfa pattern generay conforms with type IV, characterized by a more or ess eveny distributed rainfa with no marked seasonaity. The province fas south of the typhoon bet and is therefore not normay affected by the main thrust of tropica depressions. The MBA has a cimate which is favorabe for agricutura production since most areas receive rainfa throughout the year and are not directy affected by typhoon and ow pressure systems. Its

32 16 intermediate cimate category is further characterized as receiving an annua rainfa of 1,500 to 2,500 mm, moderate dry season moisture deficit, and average of 210 to 270 days growing period. This type of cimate supports cutivation of tree crops, fruits, and aquacuture. SUMMARY The MBA with a tota and area of 70,783 ha is predominanty utiized for agricuture with ess than 20 percent considered as coasta areas. Athough the areas within Hagonoy, Padada, and Suop are generay fat, Maaag and Sta. Maria are aong a mountain range which buffers Maaag Bay from storms and strong winds. The MBA, ikewise, has a cimate which generay favors agricutura production since rainfa is eveny distributed throughout the year and the area is not directy affected by typhoons. Of the nine rivers in the MBA, ony three major rivers drain into Maaag Bay. The circuation pattern does not favor the outfow of water from the bay. The ow circuation of water out into Davao Guf combined with the intensive fish cuture have resuted in the ow suitabiity of the bay for further maricuture activities. The resuts of the CRMP study on the heath status of Maaag Bay reveaed that the intensity of fish cuture in the bay exceeded its imit by about 2.5 times and that the whoe bay is ony conditionay suitabe (medium) for cuture whie neary two-thirds of the bay is unsuitabe (ow). The physica, chemica, and bioogica studies conducted by MSU on the coasta waters of Davao de Sur indicated sighty akaine waters, ow DO concentrations, and the presence of coiform. These findings can be attributed to the sediment discharges of the rivers draining to the sea and the decomposition of organic matter from fish anding activities, anima wastes, and garbage ittering the coastine.

33 CHAPTER 3 NATURAL RESOURCES 17 Chapter 3 NATURAL RESOURCES I nherent in the growth of the Maaag Bay Area (MBA) is the avaiabiity of its natura resources. This chapter presents the extent and status of minera, forests, and coasta resources found in the MBA. MINERAL RESOURCES Based on the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) records, eeven minera resources occur in Davao de Sur incuding god, siver, ead, copper, chromium, imestone, white cay, moybdenum, suphur, phosphate, and guano. However, the size of deposits on these resources is not known. The MBA has a protected forest of 2,367 ha and a production forest of 1,947 ha. Athough god has been discovered in Maaag and the peope have been extracting it through the panning method, these minera deposits remain to be expored. Maaag aso has copper, manganese, imestone, and phosphate rocks. Hagonoy and Padada are rich in sand and grave which remain as the main source for infrastructure deveopment in the bay and neighboring areas. Tabe 3.1 ists the minera resources found in the MBA. FOREST RESOURCES The MBA has a protected forest of 2,367 ha and a production forest of 1,947 ha. The MBA no onger has od growth or secondary growth forests; what remain are areas cassified into timberands. However, these areas ony have patches of big trees with most of the area aready denuded and deforested. Among the five municipaities, Sta. Maria has the argest timberand with an area of 10,396 ha, foowed by Maaag with 7,281 ha.

34 18 Tabe 3.1. Minera resources of the MBA. Minera Hagonoy Padada Suop Maaag Sta. Maria Copper Manganese Limestone Phosphate Sand and grave Source: PSPT (1994). Rehabiitation of the denuded forestands is one of the priority programs of the DENR. According to the Loca Government Support Office in 1994, forest denudation has acceerated the oss of top soi, increased the severity and frequency of foods, increased sitation to downstream farms, settements and various coasta habitats, and decreased the suppy of water for domestic and agricutura use. With the aarming condition of the forestry resources, the DENR impemented the Integrated Socia Forestry Project (ISFP) within Davao de Sur. In 1993, a tota of 1,022 ha of denuded forest were reforested. Rehabiitation of the denuded forestands is one of the priority programs of the DENR. The DENR is aso impementing Integrated Socia Forestry (ISF) where deserving forest occupants are given security of tenure through the issuance of Certificate of Stewardship Contracts (CSCs) with a duration of 25 years and renewabe for another 25 years. From 1993 to 1996, the DENR has issued a tota of 586 CSCs to farmer beneficiaries in the MBA. The municipaity of Sta. Maria had the highest number of CSCs issued (506) invoving an area of 1, ha (Tabe 3.2). The forest-environment sector has ong been beset with issues concerning denudation of the upand areas to critica eves due to misuse and abuse of forest resources. The growing popuation is contributing to this trend. COASTAL RESOURCES During the participatory coasta resource assessment (PCRA) mapping in 1997, the coasta residents in the MBA identified the most abundant and most commerciay vauabe resources found near their coasta communities. Traditiona fishing methods and other activities in the area as we as probems and issues were aso identified.