HYDRO POWER RESOURCES NIGERIA MR. ISMAILA HALIRU ZARMA, SCIENTIFIC OFFICER, ENERGY COMMISSION OF NIGERIA

Transcription

1 HYDRO POWER RESOURCES IN NIGERIA By MR. ISMAILA HALIRU ZARMA, SCIENTIFIC OFFICER, ENERGY COMMISSION OF NIGERIA Being a country position paper presented at 2 nd Hydro Power for Today Conference International Centre on Small Hydro Power (IC-SHP), Hangzhou, China 2006

2 Introduction Nigeria is characterised with large expanse of land with remote, isolated communities located at long intervals whose inhabitants are often peasant farmers living below subsistence level these areas are marked by lack of basic infrastructures like road network, telecommunication, water supply and electricity etc. Electricity supply in the country has been through centralized generating station (hydro and thermal) with high capacities (above 100MW). The major operators in the Nigerian electric power station is the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) now the Power Holdings Company of Nigeria (PHCN), which was create in 1972 after the merged of the then Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) and the Niger Dams Authority by Decree NO. 24 of 27 th June The supply was about 80% of the total electricity consumption in the country with about 6000MW installed capacity from three (3) large hydro power stations, Shiroro, Jebba and Kainji with other five (5) thermal power stations, its maximum suppressed demand is about 3,500MW. The demand for electricity is shared between residential, industrial, commercial/street lighting in the proportions: 50:30:20., With 2 to 5% of the capacity of the national grid is contributed by private sector -IPP. (NESCO, Shell, AES-Lagos, Bayelsa state gas turbine and Ajaokuta Steel company) all these private producer sells power to PHCN for transmission and distribution to consumers, while the other balance of power demand in the country is been supply by private generating sets. About two-third of Nigeria lies in the watershed of the Niger River, which empties into the Atlantic at the Niger Delta, with its major tributaries. The Benue in the Northeast, the Kaduna in the North Central, the Sokoto in the Northwest, and the Anambra in the Southeast. The Niger is African's third longest river and fifth largest in term of discharge. Several rivers of the watershed flows directly into the Atlantic notably the Cross river in Southeastern Nigeria and the Ogun, Osun and Oyan in the Southwest. Several rivers of Northeastern Nigeria, including the Komadugu Gana and its tributaries, flow into Lake Chad. The lake rests in the centre of a major drainage basin at the point where Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon meet. Kainji Lake created in the late 1960s by the construction of the Kainji Dam on the Niger River in Nigeria. The country's topography ranges from lowlands a1ong the coast and in the lower Niger

3 valley to high plateau in the North and mountain along the eastern border, most part of the country is linked with productive rivers which are scatted virtually all over the country. In Nigeria, electricity is seen as an essential infrastructure in the same category as roads, telecommunication and water. In fact it is the life-blood of our National development and industrial growth. Although electricity is treated as an essential social service. After slightly over 100 years ago the industries is still characterized by erratic supply of inadequate coverage in term of geographical spread covering less than 40% of the population and a record of low per capita consumption Potential Hydro Power sites in Nigeria Nigerian s Hydro Potential is high and hydropower currently accounts for about 32% of the total installed commercial electric power capacity. The overall large scale potential (exploitable) is in excess of 11,000MW. Nigeria has considerable hydro potential sources exemplified by her large rivers, small rivers and stream and the various river basin being developed. Nigerian rivers distributed all over the country with potential sites for hydropower scheme which can serve the urban,rural and isolated communities. An estimation of river Kaduna, Benue and Cross river (at Shiroro, Makurdi and Ikom respectively) indicated that total capacity of about 4,650MW is available, while the estimate for the river Mambillla plateau is put at 2,33OMW. (1) Large number of untapped hydropower potential sites identified by Motor Columbus in the 1970s is shown in TABLE 1 below. (2)

4 TABLE 1: Potential Hydro Power Sites in Nigeria Location River Average Discharge ( m 3 /s) Donko Jebba Zungeru II Zungeru I Shiroro Zurubu Gwaram Izom Gudi Kafanchan Kurra II Kurra I Richa II Richa I Mistakuku Kombo Kiri Kramti Beli Garin Dali Sarkin Danko Gembu Kasimbila Katsina Ala Makurdi Lokoja Onitsha Ifon Ikom Afikpo Niger Niger Kaduna Kaduna Kaduna Kaduna Jamaare Gurara Mada Kongum Sanga Sanga Daffo Mosari Kurra Gongola Gongola Kam Taraba Taraba Suntai Donga Katsina Ala Katsina ala Benue Niger Niger Osse Cross Cross Cross Max. Head Installed Capacity (pf=0.5) MW

5 The potential hydroelectric schemes recommended for the country as at that time are show in TABLE 2 below TABLE 2: POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME IN NIGERIA (ENERGY GENERATION Gwh/h) Scheme Proposed Head Firm Secondary Total Remark station capacity (MW) (m) Average Kainji In operation Shiroro Under const. Jebba Out to tender Ikom Under study Lokoja Under study Including advantages of Makurdi project Excluding Makurdi Makurdi Under study Excluding regulating Advantages upstream project Mambilla Suggested of The first generating plant was built in Lagos in 1898 by the colonial government and was managed by the Public Works Department (PWD). Native and Municipal Authorities thereafter set up understating by 1950, the federal government established electricity corporation of Nigeria (ECN) through the instrument of ordinance No. 15 of 1950, which was vested with the responsibility of running the generating station, subsequently in 1962 the Niger Dam Authority (NDA) was established to built dam.

6 However, the first large scale hydro power station in Nigeria was built in Kainji on the river Niger with an installed capacity of 760MW and with expansion to 1,150MW in 1968, then followed by Jebba in 1984 and Shiroro in 1990 with installed capacity of 570MW and 600MW respectively. TABLE 3 below show the commissioned hydroelectric schemes in Nigeria TABLE 3: Commissioned Hydroelectric Schemes Location Capacity (MW) Commissioning date Shiroro Kainji Jebba As the population grew and demand for energy increased the Federal Government in the period 1982 to 2002 projected for some hydropower station for the plan period to meet the increasing growth of power requirement in the country which was then put at 20% per year. (3) These hydro power stations are shown in TABLE 4. below TABLE 4: Planned Hydro Power Station ( ) Location Capacity (MW) Costing (US$M) Ikom Lokoja Zungeru Mambilla Hydro Makurdi Hydro Onitsha Hydro Gurara (Abuja Hydro)

7 SMALL HYDRO POWER POTENTIALS IN NIGERIA In recent studies, hydropower potential sites are distributed in 12 States and in the river basin (4).. However, SHP potential sites exist in virtually all parts of Nigeria. There are over 278 unexploited sites with total potentials of MW (4). So far about eight (8) small hydropower station with aggregate capacity of 37.0 MW has been installed in Nigeria by private company and the government as shown in TABLE 5. Some around Jos Plateau, where there is 2MW Station at Kwall fall on N Gell river (river Kaduna) and 8MW station at Kurra fall, which was developed by a private company (NESCO) more than 75 years ago TABLE 5: Existing Small Hydro Schemes in Nigeria S/No. River State Installed Capacity [mw] 1. Bagel (I) (II) Plateau Kurra Plateau Lere (I) (II) 4. *Bakalor i Plateau Sokoto *Tiga Kano *Oyan Ogun 9.0 * Needs rehabilitation Table 6 below shows the small hydropower potentials in surveyed states in Nigeria (5)

8 TABLE 6: Small Hydro Potentials in Surveyed States in Nigeria S/No State River Basin Total Sites Potential Capacity (mw) Sokoto Katsina Niger Kaduna Kwara Kano Borno Bauchi Gongola Plateau Benue Cross River Sokoto-Rima Sokoto-Rima Niger Niger Niger Hadeja- Jama are Chad Upper-Benue Upper-Benue Lower-Benue Lower-Benue Cross River SMALL HYDRO POWER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Since Energy Commission of Nigeria signed the MoU with United Nations Industrials Organisation International Centre on Small Hydro Power (UNIDO-IC-SHP) in 2002, one of the activities of the SHP development Programme is awareness creation, both at Local Government and State Government levels. Some State Governments have indicated their desire to develop some small hydropower potential sites to Energy Commission of Nigeria. The technically exploitable small hydro capability in Nigeria is high but under utilized.the SHP development programme in the last year has been able to assess potential sites for developments as shown in TABLE 7 below.

9 TABLE 7: POTENTIAL SHP SITES FOR DEVELOPMENT Some river basins have actually undertaken pre-feasibility studies on some of these hydro potential sites. These are listed in TABLE 8 below and the corresponding estimated capacity.

10 TABLE 8: RIVER BASINS IDENTIFIED HYDRO POTENTAIL Organization Potential site Status Capacity Upper Benue River Jada Dam Pre-feasibility level 5MW Basins Development Monkin Dam 500kW Authority Kiri Dam 1083kW Waya Dam 61.8kW Dandinkowa Dam 33kW Owena Benin River River OWENA Pre-feasibility level 1.3MW Basin Authority Development Ele River River Okhuanwan 1.29MW 600kW Anambara Imo River River Igwu Identified 7.55 kw Development Authority Imo River Ivo River Chad Basin Biu site Identified Development Authority Janga Dole Dam site Majeekin Dam site Ogun-Oshun River Basin Oyan River Dam Pre feasibility level 9MW Development Authority Ikere Gorge Dam Lekan Are Dam Oke-Odan Eniosa Ofiki I Ofiki II Sepeteri I Sepeteri II Okuku Igbojaiye

11 ENERGY COMMISSION OF NIGERIA, INTERVENTION IN HYDRO POWER DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Considering that the vast majority of our rural population is scattered, the local production and utilization of small hydropower potentials is the most convenient and economic option available, the exploitation of these resources will help to alleviate poverty by creating employment and income generating opportunities and better health for the rural population, in order to promote the development of SHP in Nigeria, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Energy Commission of Nigeria and the UNIDO International Centre for Small Hydro Power (IC SHP) Hangzbou, China for further collaborations in exploiting the estimated potential of 740MW of small/mini hydropower through technical assistance, training and establishment of demonstration project. It is in this regard that, The Embassy of the people s republic of China offered the Energy Commission of Nigeria support for the establishment of the two proposed demonstration project which are in the development stages and two other refurbishment projects these are in the following River Basin Area and SHP site. Waya Dam Bauchi (Upper Benue RBA), Okpara mines Enugu (Anambra Imo RBA), Oyan Dam (Ogun- Oshun River RBA). The Energy Commission of Nigeria has initiated the following in the past four years so as to ensure the development of Hydro potential in Nigeria. 1. Acquired membership in the International Network on SHP and Nigeria was an elected member of its coordination communities (CC of IN-SHP) 2. Organized training programme on Technologies, Policies and financing of SHP jointly with IN-SHP. 3. Initiated a proposal to ADB funding for preparing a master plan for time based fully utilization of SHP resources in Nigeria through survey and collection of existing data and privatising the sites based on various aspect helpful for each implementation. 4. Currently liased between River Basin Authority in Nigeria and the UNIDO/IN-SHP for a collaborative project for the implementation of 2 pilots and 2-refurbishment project in Nigeria.

12 5. Sensitised the private sector for initiating and establishing a joint venture project in SHP in the country. 6. Prepared preliminary proposal for establishing a regional centre for Africa in Nigeria for promoting research, Training, Refurbishing and Consultancy services in SHP development, with social emphasis in sectional flow streams, with the support of IC-SHP and UNIDO. Environmental Issues Hydropower with less environmental problems has a variety of advantages especially to the rural communities. The local populations will benefit directly both in forms of improve power supply and living conditions, and in terms of increased potential for industrial development and associated employment prospects. A few can be located in or near communities not served by a major power network and could provide a cost effective, environmentally sound alternative to diesel generation. In general, the environmental impact of SHP involves its relationship to the human ecology, the physical environment including the water (aquatic) and land (terrestrial) resources. However, these impacts are usually site specific. Co 2 emissions associated with SHP are much small than the savings that will be achieved if the SHP displaces fossil-fuelled generations. SHP principal environmental advantage is the relatively small size of the facility and the relatively small scale of any attendant impacts from construction and operation especially for sites using run-of-river, diversion, or irrigation drops. In the case of poundage impoundage, it has a mitigating advantage. The potential exists around the reservoir for economic and recreational development. This will assist to boost the local Economy. Desertification is a major problem in Nigeria, made worse by massive water impoundment and irrigation schemes. Uncontrolled grazing and livestock migration put a tremendous pressure in the environment in some areas. Other environmental threats include poaching and settlement within potentials areas, bushfires increasing demand for fuel wood and timber, road expansion and oil extraction activities.in an environment, characterised by acute and perennial shortage of electricity hydro power ( small )technology services will be of good demand.

13 Opportunities - Industrial and economic development There is a historical positive relationship in Nigeria between power availability and industrial and economic development, shown in the decline or stagnation of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria after the late 1980s. A faster pace of industrial development is expected when IPP begin producing and supplying additional cheap power. Normally 40%of power generated goes to industrial development. In rural areas agro based SME are most likely to develop. Nearly 200,000 employees get direct employment and the same number gets indirect employment. Similarly converting the SHP sites for tourism development and fish farming can create employment opportunity. Making more people to benefit from this, per project. -Clean power development Nigeria will suffer, if its sustainable hydropower potential is not tapped, since hydropower is its only easily harnessed indigenous power source. It is also one of the very few competitive advantages for the Country, since land, labour and other inputs to industrial development are costlier in Nigeria compared to other countries. The development of SHP projects reduces the usage of Diesel and Kerosene for generating electricity in the off-grid area for the high-income group. Also this will reduce the transportation cost for transporting the fuel from cities to the rural areas. Another aspect to be noted is the destruction of trees from the forest area for lighting and cooking. More over the SHP projects can be developed as a multipurpose project; the same can be used for flood control, drinking water purpose, irrigation, fish farming and for tourism development. - Improved availability and quality of the power supply Reliable and adequate electric power will reduce the costs and losses currently suffered from inadequate power, and increase productivity, effectiveness and the quality of output, reduce hardships, inconveniences and disrupted services due to power interruptions, and reduce the expenditures made by businesses and households to compensate for inadequate power. Since Nigeria is facing power shortage during the peak hours, this additional capacity will help in improving the voltage in the distribution network.

14 -Economic Growth and Employment Poverty is clearly related to unemployment. The lack of electricity is an important constraint that works against employment, generating economic growth and contributes to the under utilisation of human and natural resources, resulting in widespread unemployment and poverty. Although the poor generally do not qualify for new jobs in the industrial and manufacturing sectors, they can benefit from the multiplier effects of economic growth, such as new construction and increased expenditure in the informal sector. These types of unskilled jobs, however, tend to be low-paid, temporary and/or insecure. This has been demonstrated from experience, where income from the Gulf countries facilitated the increase of wage rates, not only in the construction sector, but also in agriculture, because of linkages in the labour market. The availability of power would also enhance public services and infrastructure facilities such as communications, which are necessary for the growth of industries and activities in the service sector. - Public services Continuous power is a necessary condition for the full operation of a range of public services, from health and medical services and facilities, street lighting, schools, and communications to water systems. All these services have major impacts on the quality of life through health, sanitation, education, safety and security, information and recreation. They provide essential services to those with limited incomes, who cannot afford the alternatives like the affluent in the country. -Accessibility Forty-five percent of total households in Nigeria do not have access to electricity. Availability of electricity is critical for household work. Sufficient power throughout the day and evening will allow women to complete their domestic tasks more easily, quickly and effectively, and involve in other income generating additional activities, with benefits for all the family. If we are adding MW from SHP, a major portion nearly 37 MW will go to domestic consumers, thereby providing electricity for additional 3,700. new consumers.

15 - Benefits for women Human development of the populace depends not only on economic growth, but also on the quality of life in homes. Women have the major responsibility for maintaining and enhancing the well being of their families and their quality of life. Policies and services that support their productivity, health and creativity, benefit and support the entire family. Women, children and the aged are positively affected more, than men by the availability of electricity because more of their time and their work are carried out in the homes. -Quality of life The outcome of adequate power availability will have both direct and indirect impacts on the quality of life at both the community and household levels. Increased availability and quality of electricity, combined with improved service delivery, will have immediate and direct effects on the quality of community and social interaction and of living conditions in homes, affecting health, nutrition, education, security, mobility, communications and recreation. At the community level, improvements in the quality and reliability of power will improve the operation of water systems that depend on electric pumping, thus improving drinking water supply and sanitation. Health care services will be improved through better lighting, refrigeration, sterilization and water supply. Education will benefit from better lighting and communications systems. Functional streetlights will improve safety, security and mobility. At the household level, a reliable power supply will result in improved living and working conditions. Nutrition and health will be improved through better facilities for food preparation and storage and improved water system operations. Continuous adequate lighting is an essential condition for improved education, and the full operation of lighting, fans, communications, television, and radios will result in improved leisure, rest and recreation. Improved power supply will have important effects in industry and businesses by improving working conditions and productivity, and encouraging industrial expansion. Industrial growth has important multiplier effects, as well as creating new employment. Increased employment and higher income levels are essential for increasing the quality of life.

16 Challenges in Hydro Power Development in Nigeria - Huge financial investments Considering the very expensive equipment or overhead cost in undertaking hydropower scheme especially on dam construction penstock, turbine and generator amongst others and in line with economic level in the country and any other developing countries in world this is really serving as a grate challenge in the development of hydropower stations. -Poor revenue collection Base on the fact majority of Nigerians are in the rural areas which account about 70% of the country s population and in view with electricity in Nigeria is regarded as essential commodities like road and water it is always hard to get people paying their tariff regularly also to couple with the interrupted nature of power supply in the country, this results to poor revenue collection. - Significant environment damage Major problems in Nigeria are desertification, deforestation, erosion, massive water impoundment and poaching, and settlements within the potential areas this really contribute to a very significant environmental damage in the country - Low and uneconomic tariff

17 REFERENCE 1. Makoju, J.O. Small Hydro Power Construction: Techno- Economic Analysis, ECN/UNIDO Trainers Workshop on SHP Planning and Development, Owerri, May Esan, A.A., Hydroelectric Power in Nigeria, the Nigerian Engineer, Vol 16, NO 1, Jan-March Senate Committee on Power and Steel, Brief on Tour of NEPA Installations, 31 st OCT Esan, A.A., Preparedness on Development Green Energy for Rural Income Generation-Nigeria s Country Paper UNIDO, INSHP/IC SHP, Hangzhou, China June 19-23, Aliyu, U.O and Elegba, S.B. Prospects for SHP Development for Rural Application in Nigeria The Nigerian journal of