Foreword. Acknowledgments. References 20

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1 Foreword Acknowledgments xv xvii Part I Compact Stars Dynamic stability of compact stars 3 G. S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan 1 Introduction 3 2 Early development of the theory of compact stars: Criteria of hydrodynamic stability 7 4 Energetic method 11 5 Search of quark stars 16 6 Summary 19 Acknowledgments 19 References 20 Constraints on Superdense Matter from X-ray Binaries 23 M. Coleman Miller 1 Introduction and Overview 23 2 Overview of Neutron Star X-ray Binaries 25 3 Radial Velocity Measurements 31 4 Spectral Line Profiles 35 5 Light Curve Profiles 37 6 Orbital Frequencies 37 7 Summary 40 Acknowledgments 41 References 41 Postglitch Relaxations of Angular Velocity of Pulsars 43 David M. Sedrakian and M. V. Hayrapetyan 1 Introduction 43 2 Relaxation solutions 46 vii

2 viii SUPERDENSE QCD MATTER AND COMPACT STARS 3 Discussion 48 References 50 Isolated neutron stars: An astrophysical perspective 53 Sergei Popov, and Roberto Turolla 1 Introduction 53 2 What s new 55 3 Discussion 61 4 Conclusion. What do we astrophysicists want from QCD theorists? 68 Acknowledgments 69 References 69 Part II Superdense QCD Matter Clusters and Condensates in the Nuclear Matter Equation of State 75 Gerd Röpke, Alexander Grigo, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, and Hong Shen 1 Introduction 75 2 Ideal Mixture of Different Components 77 3 Relativistic mean field theory 80 4 Medium modifications of two-particle correlations 82 5 Medium modification of higher clusters 86 6 Comparison with the concept of excluded volume 88 7 Isospin singlet (pn) and triplet (nn, pp) pairing in nuclear matter 88 8 Alpha cluster condensation in threshold states of self-conjugate 4n nuclei 89 9 Conclusions 90 References 91 Nuclear equation of state and the structure of neutron stars 93 A.E.L. Dieperink, D. Van Neck Y. Dewulf, and V. Rodin 1 Introduction 93 2 Equation of state and symmetry energy 94 3 How well do we know the symmetry energy? 96 4 Empirical information on the SE Constraints on EoS from neutron stars 109 Acknowledgments 110 References 110 Neutron Star Structure with Hyperons and Quarks 113 M. Baldo, F. Burgio, and H.-J. Schulze 1 Brueckner theory Three-body forces EOS of nuclear matter from different TBF Neutron star structure Hyperons in nuclear matter 122

3 ix 6 Quark matter Conclusions 131 References 132 The QCD equation of state and quark star properties 135 A. Peshier, B. Kämpfer, and G. Soff 1 Introduction Resummation and quasiparticle models Implications for quark stars 143 References 146 Effective Lagrangians for QCD: Duality and Exact Results 147 Francesco Sannino 1 Effective Lagrangians for QCD Color Flavor Locked Phase Duality made transparent in QCD SC General Features and Effective Lagrangian Non Perturbative Exact Results: Anomaly Matching Conditions 161 Acknowledgments 162 References 162 Color superconductivity and high density effective theory 165 Deog Ki Hong 1 Introduction High Density Effective Theory More on matching Color superconductivity in dense QCD Quark matter under stress Positivity of HDET 177 References 183 Color superconducting quark matter and the interior of neutron stars 187 Micaela Oertel, and Michael Buballa 1 Introduction The scalar color antitriplet condensate Spin-1 condensate for a two-flavor system Neutral quark matter Compact stars with a color superconducting quark matter core 201 Acknowledgments 205 References 205 Superconductivity with deformed Fermi surfaces and compact stars 209 Armen Sedrakian

4 x SUPERDENSE QCD MATTER AND COMPACT STARS 1 Introduction Homogeneous superconducting state Superconducting phases with broken space symmetries Flavor asymmetric quark condensates Concluding remarks 221 Acknowledgments 222 References 223 Neutral Dense Quark Matter 225 Mei Huang and Igor Shovkovy 1 Introduction Local charge neutrality: homogeneous phase Global charge neutrality: mixed phase Conclusion 238 References 238 Possibility of color magnetic superconductivity 241 Toshitaka Tatsumi, Tomoyuki Maruyama, and Eiji Nakano 1 Introduction What is ferromagnetism in quark matter? Color magnetic superconductivity Chiral symmetry and magnetism Summary and Concluding remarks 258 Acknowledgments 260 References 260 Magnetic Fields of Compact Stars with Superconducting Quark Cores 263 David M. Sedrakian, David Blaschke, and Karen M. Shahabasyan 1 Introduction Free Energy Ginzburg-Landau equations Vortex Structure Solution of Ginzburg-Landau Equations The Magnetic Field Components Summary 275 Acknowledgments 275 References 275 Thermal Color-superconducting Fluctuations in Dense Quark Matter 277 D.N. Voskresensky 1 Introduction Physics of pairing fluctuations Thermodynamical potential and its mean field solution Fluctuations of gap in self-consistent Hartree approximation Contribution of fluctuations of gap to specific heat below T c 283

5 xi 6 Ginzburg Levanyuk criterion and Ginzburg number Fluctuations of the gap above T c Assumptions which we have done Fluctuations of temperature, density, magnetic susceptibility How gap fluctuations may manifest in heavy ion collisions Pairing fluctuations in hybrid stars Concluding 293 Acknowledgments 294 References 294 The inner structure of hybrid stars 297 Bela Lukacs, Gergely G. Barnafoldi, and Peter Levai 1 Introduction The Fifth Dimension Field Equations A Special Solution of the Field Equations On the General Solution of the Field Equations Matching Conditions on the Surface The External Solution Conclusion Outlook 304 Acknowledgments 306 References 306 Part III Signals for Superdense QCD Matter in Compact Stars Gamma-ray Bursts and their Central Engines 309 Stephan Rosswog 1 Introduction Observations The fireball model Models for the Central Engine Summary and Prospects 327 Acknowledgments 328 References 328 Superdense stars with a quark core 331 G. B. Alaverdyan, A. R. Harutyunyan, and Yu. L. Vartanyan 1 Introduction Equations of state Superdense configurations with a strange quark core. Results and Discussion Summary 339 Acknowledgments 340 References 340

6 xii SUPERDENSE QCD MATTER AND COMPACT STARS Diquark condensation effects on hot quark star configurations 341 A. Öztas, D. Blaschke, S. Fredriksson, and H. Grigorian 1 Introduction Thermodynamic potential for asymmetric 2SC quark matter EoS for 2SC quark matter in β-equilibrium EoS of quark matter in 2SC phase for finite temperature Configurations of hot quark stars Conclusion 349 References 350 Gamma Ray Bursts and delayed Quark-deconfinement 353 Ignazio Bombaci, Irene Parenti, and Isaac Vidaña 1 Introduction Quantum nucleation of quark matter in hadronic stars Results Mass-to-radius ratio and internal constitution of compact stars Quark Deconfinement Nova and GRBs Summary 373 References 373 Color Superconducting Quark Matter and Compact Star Observables 377 D. N. Aguilera, J. Berdermann, D. B. Blaschke, H. A. Grigorian, A. Khalatyan, G. Poghosyan and D. N. Voskresensky 1 Introduction Nonlocal chiral quark model (NCQM) EoS for nonstrange compact stars Cooling of compact stars Protoquark star evolution and Gamma Ray Bursts Conclusions 402 Acknowledgments 402 References 402 Looking inside the Earth with solar and supernova neutrinos: An analytic approach 405 A. N. Ioannisian and A. Yu. Smirnov 1 Introduction ɛ- perturbation theory and oscillation probabilities Effect of averaging over neutrino energy Conclusions 411 References 413 Deconfinement Phase Transition in Relativistic Neutron Star Mergers 415 G. Poghosyan, R. Oechslin, K. Uryū, and F. K. Thielemann 1 Introduction 416

7 xiii 2 Equation of State Summary 419 Acknowledgments 424 References 424 Index 427