Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)"

Transcription

1 Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) 1.1 Introduction History Analog cordless phones came into use in the early 1980s. They enabled communications between handsets and BSs that were at most a few hundred meters away. The BS served as an interface to the public telephone network or to a private branch exchange. Around 1990, di erent digital cordless phone standards were developed. The digital systems o er a larger variety of services and options than the analog versions. In this chapter we give a brief overview of the DECT standard, which was developed by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute). One purpose of introducing DECT to the reader is to show the di erences between a cellular standard (GSM, see Chapter 21) and a cordless standard. This comparison illustrates how systems for di erent usage scenarios di er in their design parameters. The reader may infer from this how the target application is re ected in the choice of some basic parameters of, for example, the air interface. A very brief overview of the worldwide available digital cordless phone systems is provided as well Usage scenarios and basic structure One of the goals of the development of DECT was to specify a standard that supports a variety of application scenarios. These include cordless private phones, cordless o ce phone systems, systems for the public sector (quasi-cellular systems), cordless Local Area Networks (LANs) and wireless access techniques for public networks without mobility support (Wireless Local Loop ± WLL). 1 A DECT system consists of one or more Mobile Stations (MSs) 2 and one or more Base Stations (BSs). The MSs are connected to the BS via the speci ed air interface. One BS can serve up to 12 MSs at the same time. Normally, the BSs are connected directly to the public or private network. However, it is also possible that several BSs may be connected to an optional 1 Due to various deregulation issues this latter application never became practically important (see also Section 1.1). 2 In the DECT literature, the expressions ``portable'' and ``portable terminal'' (PT) are often used instead of the ``Mobile Station (MS)'' we use in this book. This is motivated by the fact that even though DECT supports some mobility (handover, etc.), the possible speed of the terminals and the cell ranges are rather limited when compared with the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). Wireless Communications Andreas F. Molisch # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

2 2 Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) unit that controls all of them; in this case, this unit establishes the connection to the public network or the private branch exchange. In the case that a system consists of several BSs that are located in di erent places, a picocellular structure of the system may be established. When an MS is leaving the coverage area of one BS a handover may be performed to another BS associated with the same system. However, in contrast to cellular systems, DECT does not require assigning one particular carrier to each cell, so that no frequency planning is required. Private cordless phones The simplest setup for a DECT system in a private environment consists of one MS and one BS. Usually, this BS serves also as the charging station for the MS and is connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Most of the available DECT BSs are capable of supporting several MSs and can connect to several PSTN lines or ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). If multiple MSs are used in the same DECT system, the calls from one MS to the other MS are free of charge, because they do not involve the PSTN. Of course, the calls to the regular landline networks are charged at the normal (landline) rates by the provider. Cordless o ce communication systems Cordless o ce communication systems usually support the same services as regular private branch exchanges. A picocellular setup is often used to provide enough capacity and to maintain coverage over bigger o ce complexes or commercial buildings. The setup normally consists of a regular wired switching unit and an additional entity supporting the cordless functionality. The additional unit has (wireline) connections to the DECT BSs. This unit supports the mobility management functions of the cordless system ± e.g., it enables the handover between di erent BSs. Regular (landline) devices, such as o ce phones, can also be connected to the private branch exchange. Cordless phone systems in the public sector ± quasi-cellular systems The DECT standard supports setting up a cluster of BSs that provide access to the PSTN. This cluster consists of picocells. As the range of the DECT BSs is rather limited, the density of BSs per coverage area must be bigger than for GSM, for example. DECT requires a density of roughly 100 BSs per square kilometer. Thus, it is not feasible to provide nationwide coverage with DECT. However, the coverage of so-called hotspots, like airports, train stations, or even entire city centers, with a public DECT system can be attractive. Similar to GSM, a user is required to have a contract with a particular provider. This provider then charges the user (subscriber) for the accessed services. In contrast to GSM, DECT relies partly on the functionalities (like call forwarding, etc.) of modern landline networks (ISDN) to support the user's mobility. ETSI developed special standards ± Cordless Terminal Mobility (CTM) ± to enable MSs that can operate in a private system, an o ce setup, or in the public sector. These devices are able to automatically access one of the services, depending on the availability and the user preferences. 3 Furthermore, there is a standard specifying the cooperation between DECT and GSM, the GSM Interworking Pro le (GIP). The DECT BSs may therefore be connected to the GSM 3 For example, the portable tries to use the private-owned BS as much as possible. However, once the coverage of this BS is left the portable accesses the public DECT network of a particular provider.

3 Wireless Communications 3 Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs). So-called dual-mode MSs have been developed that are capable of accessing both the GSM and the DECT air interface. All the provisions mentioned above proved to be, however, rather unsuccessful ± DECT did not gain much acceptance for quasi-cellular systems. In the European and American market, cellular systems were built in such a way that they do not to require additional hotspot service. In Japan, the Personal Handyphone System (PHS), which has similar characteristics to DECT, is used instead of DECT. PHS supported services for up to 45 million subscribers in the public sector. 4 Cordless local area networks DECT supports the integration of voice and data communications over the same air interface. There are several cordless LAN products based on DECT. Data rates of up to 552 kbit=s are feasible with DECT. The medium access functions of DECT support burst and asymmetric tra c. DECT lost most of its importance in this sector to the IEEE 802:11 standards. Nevertheless, there are several important applications based on DECT ± e.g., cordless terminals in gastronomy. Wireless local loops WLLs or Radio Local Loops (RLLs) are radio systems replacing the wired connections on the so-called last mile ± i.e., the connection between the end user and the local switching center (see also Chapter 1). WLLs are interesting in countries where no su cient wired infrastructure is available and services should be established fast, like fast-developing countries or postwar areas. In the U.S. and Europe, WLLs were interesting for providers that wanted to enter the deregulated market 5 at the end of the 1990s. DECT had a market share of more than 30% in this sector. However, since the turn of the century, DECT faces increased competition in this eld by standards specially developed for such scenarios ± e.g., IEEE 802: Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications application pro les To support the access to di erent networks ± e.g. PSTN, ISDN and GSM ± so-called application pro les have been speci ed. The DECT application pro les contain additional speci cations, which de ne how the DECT air interface supports particular applications and how the di erent devices interact with each other. With these speci cations the interoperability of units from di erent manufacturers is ensured. Furthermore, the pro les allow adaptation of DECT signaling to the requirements of the networks accessed The digital enhanced cordless telecommunications protocol stack The protocol architecture of DECT is based on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layer model. The DECT standard speci es the lower three layers of the OSI model: the PHysical Layer (PHL), the Data Link Layer (DLL), and the network layer. Figure 1.1 illustrates the DECT protocol stack. In DECT the data link layer is divided into the Data Link Control (DLC) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The functionality above the MAC layer is divided into a control plane and a user plane (C-plane and U-plane). The C-plane handles the controlling 4 As in March 2001, source: NTT Docomo. 5 Until the 1990s, most European countries had a single state-owned provider for the regular telephone services. Similarly, the U.S. had a ``regulated monopoly'' until the mid-1980s.

4 4 Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) Figure 1.1 Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications protocol stack. Adapted with permission from Walke [2001], copyright John Wiley & Sons. and signaling functions, whereas the U-plane is concerned with the actual user data transmission. 6 The idea behind the di erent planes in the DLC is that the transmission of user and controlling data has to be ensured by di erent means ± e.g., the successful transmission of control data is ensured via an Automatic Repeat request (ARQ) procedure, which is unnecessary for voice transmissions. The network layer only processes packets in the C-plane, whereas a transparent link is provided in the U-plane. The so-called management entity deals with cross-layer functions and therefore cannot be integrated in the OSI model. 1.2 The physical layer The DECT standard mainly de nes the air interface for cordless phone services. Table 1.1 gives an overview of the important parameters (see Tuttlebee [1997], ETSI [1992], Molisch et al. [1998a]) Multiple access and duplexing Frequency Division Multiple Access DECT employs a combination of FDMA/TDMA with Time Division Duplex () for the multiple access on the air interface. The used frequency span from 1880 to 1900 MHz is divided into ten FDMA bands: f c ˆ 1,897:344 MHz i 1,728 khz with i ˆ 0; 1; :::; 9 1:1 so that the spacing between carriers is 1:728 MHz, and guardbands at the upper and lower end of the frequency band reduce the out-of-band interference. The carrier should have no more than 50 khz o set from this de nition during transmission. 6 A similar partitioning of the layers into planes can be found in the ISDN speci cations.

5 Wireless Communications 5 Table 1.1 DECT parameter. Parameter Frequency range Medium access DECT 1,880±1,900 MHz FDMA/TDMA/ Number of carriers 10 Channel access procedure Distance between carriers DCS MHz Modulation scheme GFSK (BT ˆ 0.5) Gross data rate Slots per timeframe Duration of each timeframe Peak transmission power Voice encoding 1,152 kbit/s 24 full slots 10 ms 250 mw 32 kbit/s ADPCM Time Division Multiple Access The time axis is segmented into TDMA frames of duration 10 ms, during which a total of 11,520 bits are transmitted (hence the bit rate of 1:152 Mbit/s). Each frame consists of 24 timeslots. The rst 12 slots are used for the downlink, whereas the second 12 slots serve for the uplink. Every voice communication radio link has a duplex channel (uplink and downlink) assigned. Thus, up to 12 connections can be supported per carrier. Every BS and every MS can access all of the 10 carriers. All in all, 120 duplex links are possible (see Fig. 1.2). Changes of the carrier frequency timeslot RFchannel downlink uplink frame (10 ms) Figure 1.2 Division of the time and frequency in timeslots and subbands. Adapted with permission from Walke [2001], copyright John Wiley & Sons.

6 6 Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) Figure 1.3 Structure of a frame for basic connection. are possible from one timeslot to the next. Therefore, connections to the same BS can use di erent carriers for di erent timeslots. However, in order to access multiple carriers simultaneously, the BS needs multiple transceivers. When only one transceiver is implemented at the BS only one carrier can be used in each timeslot. Thus, the number of duplex connections is limited to 12 per transceiver BS. As stated above, a frame usually contains 24 full slots. A full slot is used to transmit regular data packets, Basic Packet P32, or short packets for signaling purposes, Short Packet P00. Furthermore, a full slot may be divided into two half-slots, which may be used to transmit short data packets, P08j. Two full slots my be combined to form a double slot during which a long data packet, P80, may be transmitted. Figure 1.3 illustrates the division of a frame in slots. The basic connection, regularly used for the voice transmission, uses the rst 12 slots for the downlink and the second 12 slots for the uplink. If the downlink is located on slot number k the uplink uses slot number k 12. Advanced connections have a more exible assignment. Structure of the di erent packets in the physical layer User and control data are transmitted in packets. As mentioned above there are four di erent kinds of packets and Figure 1.4 gives an overview of their form. All packets consists of a 32-bit S- eld for synchronization and a D- eld of variable length (depending on the kind of packet), which contains the user and control data. Its composition is explained in Section After the D- eld a Z- eld may be transmitted, which repeats the last 4 bits of the D- eld. The receiver compares the two versions of these 4 bits to recognize interferences by 1. P32: This packet type is used by regular voice transmission connections, as well as other services. The S- eld consists of 32 bits; the rst 16 of which are alternating 1 and 1 and serve as a preamble that can be used for timing and frequency acquisition. The second 16 bits support the packet synchronization; for their speci c values, please refer to the standard [ETSI 1992]. The D- eld, which follows the S- eld, carries a total of 388 bits and is composed in the MAC layer (see Section 1.3.1). Of these 388 bits, up to 320 bits of the D- eld are actually user data. Given the frame duration of 10 ms this results in a data rate of 32 kbit=s. A Z- eld may follow the D- eld. The duration of a full slot corresponds to 480 bit durations. A P32 packet is 56 bit durations shorter than the actual timeslot. 7 This transmission gap serves as a guard time between packets to ensure that packets originating from di erent MSs are not overlapping at the receiver. 7 When no Z- eld is transmitted, it is 60 bit durations shorter.

7 Wireless Communications 7 Figure 1.4 The di erent packet types of the physical layer. Adapted with permission from Walke [2001], copyright John Wiley & Sons.

8 8 Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) 2. P00: The P00 packet is used for transmitting brief information ± e.g., about control functions. Its D- eld has only 64 bits and it is never sent with a Z- eld. Therefore, it features a much bigger guard time (384 bits) than the other packets. 3. P08j: P08j packets are used in half-slots. 8 The D- eld consists only of 148 bits. The Z- eld is optional. Thus, the guard time is again 56 or 60 bits long. 4. P80: P80 packets occupy double-slots for transmission. The D- eld is 868 bits long, of which up to 800 bits are pure user data. This results in bit rates of up to 80 kbit=s Modulation and transmit power Modulation format The modulation used in DECT is Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) 9 with a timebandwidth product B G T ˆ 0:5: Thus, a logical 1 re ects a positive frequency shift and a logical 1 a negative shift (compare Chapter 11). The frequency modulation index is speci ed to be 288 khz, but the implementation may di er within some tolerance range. As the range of the devices is rather limited, the delay spread due to multipath is usually much smaller than the symbol duration. Therefore equalizers are not commonly implemented and no training sequence is foreseen in the standard. Transmission power and receiver sensitivity The peak transmission power of a DECT MS is 250 mw. As the MS is transmitting only in 1 of 24 slots per frame its average transmission power is about 10 mw. The speci cations require a receiver sensitivity of at least 86 dbm to achieve a Bit Error Rate (BER) of As the voice encoding used (ADPCM) is quite robust, no forward error correction is required and a BER of less than 10 3 results in su cient voice quality Voice encoding DECT uses Adaptive Di erential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) with a data rate of 32 kbit=s for voice encoding (see Chapter 15). This voice encoding provides very good voice quality, comparable with that achieved in ISDN, and is rather robust against single-bit errors Security During setup of a connection the BS may evaluate whether the MS has access rights. The BS sends a random sequence as a so-called challenge to the MS. From the challenge and a secret key, the MS computes the response, which it transmits back to the BS. The BS compares the response with the result it calculated itself by applying the secret key to the original random sequence. A matching of the results veri es that the MS holds the secret key. Intercepting the challenge and the response is of course possible. However, it is extremely complex to infer the actually used secret key from the challenge/response pair. The secret key itself is set up only once, often involving the manual entry of a PIN in the device. The secret key may also be used to encrypt the transmitted data. Encryption is part of the standard but not mandatory. 8 If half-slots are used, up to 24 duplex connections per carrier are possible. 9 More precisely, Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) with modulation index 0:5, which results in a nominal frequency deviation of 288 khz. However, deviations of the modulation frequency are allowed; frequencies between 202 and 403 khz are admissible.

9 Wireless Communications 9 Similar to the GSM Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), a DECT Authenti cation Module (DAM) can be used to distinguish between subscriber and used device Comparison between digital enhanced cordless telecommunications and global system of mobile communications Table 1.2 compares several technical parameters of DECT with those of GSM. 1.3 Medium access control layer and connection setup Medium access control layer The MAC layer accomplishes three things:. It is responsible for the assignment and access to the physical medium.. It matches and multiplexes the logical channels, which may either contain user or control data from higher layers, onto the di erent elds of the transmitted channel.. It establishes reliable transmission by backward error correction (ARQ) of the control data and ± if requested ± the user data. Assignment and access to the physical medium The MAC layer is responsible for the transmission and evaluation of the beacon and broadcast channel at the BS and the MS, respectively. Furthermore, the MAC layer hosts the functions for dynamic channel selection (see below) ± e.g., the transmission and evaluation of the scanning sequence of the BS. Furthermore, the MAC layer may support the association of multiple physical channels with one connection to achieve higher data rates. Multiplexing of the logical channels and backward error correction Multiframe Sixteen of the regular timeframes form a multiframe. The multiframe structure allows distribution of the data from the di erent logical channels over several transmission packets. D- eld All transmission packets contain a D- eld, whose length depends on the type of packet that is transmitted. The composition and evaluation of this D- eld is accomplished in the MAC layer. In the following, we describe the composition of the D- eld in the P32 packets, which is illustrated in Fig The D- eld has a length of 388 bits and is subdivided in the A- eld for control data, which contains 64 bits, and the B- eld, which consists of 324 bits, mainly for user data:. A- eld: The A- eld consists of 48 bits of signaling information, and is protected by a 16-bit CRC eld. It is thus used to provide a permanent signaling channel. This channel is used to transmit control data, like MAC-layer information, higher layer information, the broadcast channel for paging, BS ID, etc, or the dynamic link control.. B- eld: The B- eld might be used to transmit user data in unprotected mode or in protected mode. Unprotected mode is used for voice communications. In this case the 324 bits of the B- eld contain 320 bits of actual user data and a 4-bit X- eld, which is a Cyclic

10 10 Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) Table 1.2 Comparison of the technical parameters of Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)/Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). Parameter DECT GSM Frequency range 1,880±1,900 MHz 880±915 MHz (uplink) 925±960 MHz (downlink) 1,710±1,785 (uplink) 1,805±1,880 (downlink) 1,850±1,910 (uplinkðu.s.) 1,930±1,990 (downlinkðu.s.) Medium access FDMA/TDMA/ FDMA/TDMA/FDD Selection of physical channel DCS Fixed channel allocation Intracell handover Frequency hopping Carrier distance MHz 0.2 MHz Modulation approach GMSK B G T ˆ 0:5 GMSK B G T ˆ 0:3 E ective frequency usage 144 khz/channel 50 khz/channel per duplex speech connection Gross bit rate on the air interface 1,152 kbit/s 271 kbit/s Symbol duration 0.87 ms 3.7 ms Channels per carrier 24 full slots 8 full slots (32 kbit/s user data) (13 kbit/s user data) Frame duration 10 ms 4.6 ms Maximal RF transmission power 250 mw 2 W at the MS Voice encoding 32 kbit/s 13 kbit/s ADPCM RPE-LTP Diversity Antenna diversity (opt.) Channel coding with interleaving Channel equalization Antenna diversity (opt.) Frequency hopping (opt.) Maximal cell range Ca. 300 m (outdoor) 35 km Dedicated physical channels for Not necessary Necessary signaling Power control Optional Mandatory Redundancy Code (CRC) eld for the other 320 bits. Note that this X- eld is the eld which is copied into the Z- eld. In protected mode the 320 bits of the B- eld are divided into blocks of 80 bits each. Of these 80 bits, 64 are actual user data and 16 bits are a CRC- eld (RB- eld). The X- eld is the same as in unprotected mode. The e ective data rate in protected mode is 25:6 kbit=s instead of 32 kbit=s. In special cases the B- eld may also be used for the transmission of signaling data.

11 Wireless Communications 11 Figure 1.5 Composition of a P32 packet. Adapted with permission from Walke [2001], copyright John Wiley & Sons Dynamic channel selection DECT uses a dynamic decentralized procedure to select the physical channel for each connection. This procedure is called Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS). This procedure is decentralized in the sense that every MS selects individually the carrier for its link. It is dynamic in the sense that the MS or the BS may change the carrier from one frame to the next frame. DCS is a very e cient way of accessing the channels. Each DECT device monitors the channels it does not use to transmit or receive. The MS then identi es the link to a BS that gives the highest signal power and the least interference Continuous broadcast service Each DECT BS transmits continuously on at least one channel. This is called the beacon channel. This beacon allows an MS to log on to a BS. The beacon may be transmitted within a channel of a regular duplex connection or, in the case that there is no regular connection, the BS transmits a so-called dummy bearer, which only contains the beaconing signals. The beaconing channel transmits broadcast information. This information is multiplexed over several frames (multiframe) and includes the BS identity, the supported services, the status of the BS, and paging signals for the associated mobiles. The beacon allows an MS to synchronize to the frame and slot timing of the BS. Afterwards, it evaluates the signaling information transmitted via the broadcast channel to check whether the MS has access rights to the BS, whether its requested services are supported, and whether a duplex channel is available, in case a connection has to be established Establishing a connection In order to establish a connection from or to the MS, it has to be within range of a BS to which it has access rights and synchronized to the frame timing of this BS. It is always the MS that

12 12 Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) initiates the channel request, both when the MS initiates a call, and when the BS pages the MS because of an incoming call. Connection requested by the MS The MS selects the best available channel and starts to transmit on it. 10 The BS scans the unused channels sequentially to detect when a mobile is accessing one of these. The scan sequence is transmitted via the broadcast channel. Knowing this sequence the MS selects the frame during which the BS observes the chosen channel, to send the rst burst. This ensures that the BS immediately detects the channel access of the MS. Connection requested by the BS In case there is an incoming connection request from the network the BS pages the designated MS via the broadcast channel. Upon receiving this paging signal the MS initiates a connection in the same manner as described above Handover DECT o ers the functionality to hand over a connection to another BS, a so-called intercell handover, or to switch the channel within a cell, a so-called intracell handover. The MS is constantly observing the quality of the free channels. In case the channel in use is subject to interferences ± e.g., from neighboring cells ± the MS initiates an intracell handover to one of the free channels with low interference. Since the uplink may be corrupted by interferences of which the MS is not aware, also the BS can request an intracell handover via the signaling protocol. When the MS is in the process of leaving the coverage area of the BS the signal strength and the quality of the link decrease. By observing the unused channels the MS detects the beacons of the neighboring BS. When the signal strength of the neighboring BS is larger than the one of the current BS the MS starts to access a new free channel in this cell and thus initiates a handover. DECT performs seamless handover by rst establishing a second channel, only dissolving the original channel after the second channel is operative. 1.4 Overview of other digital cordless phone standards Table 1.3 provides an overview of the di erent digital cordless phone systems and their air interfaces European standards In addition to DECT, also the Cordless Telephone 2nd Generation (CT2) standard was developed in Europe. It is also known as the Common Air Interface (CAI), and was the rst standard for digital cordless phones. It gained some popularity in the early 1990s for telepoint services, but has now mostly vanished. 10 Let us note that the slots during which another connection to the BS is already in use are so-called blind slots. During these slots the channels on other than the used carriers cannot be used, because the BS cannot support them. These channels are excluded from the set of free channels out of which the mobile chooses the best one.

13 Wireless Communications 13 Table 1.3 Some parameters of the air interfaces of the di erent cordless systems. System Frequency Carrier Modulation Multiple Gross bit rate Frame Speech range distance scheme access on the channel duration channels per (MHz) (khz) (kbit/s) (ms) carrier DECT 1,880±1,900 1,728 GFSK FDMA 1, (Europe) TDMA CT2 864± GFSK FDMA (Europe) PHS 1,895±1, =4-DQPSK FDMA (4) (Japan) TDMA PACS 1,850±1, =4-DQPSK FDMA (licensed in TDMA the U.S.A.) FDD PACS-UA 1,910±1, =4-DQPSK FDMA (unlicensed in TDMA the U.S.A.) PACS-UB 1,910±1, =4-DQPSK FDMA (unlicensed in TDMA the U.S.A.) PWT 1,910±1,930 1,250 =4-DQPSK FDMA 1, (unlicensed in TDMA the U.S.A.) PWT-E 1,850±1,990 1,000 =4-DQPSK FDMA 1, (licensed in TDMA the U.S.A.) PCI 1,910±1, GFSK FDMA (unlicensed in the U.S.A.) Japanese standards The Japanese standard, Personal Handyphone System (PHS), is similar to the European DECT. The used frequencies' range is 1895±1918 MHz. In contrast to Europe, the frequency band is divided into two subbands, one of which is reserved for public (quasi-cellular) services and the other one is used for both public and private applications. Three di erent providers started to o er services based on PHS in All of them started to o er a 32-kbit/s data transmission service in Initial capacity shortages were overcome after 1999 by the widespread implemention of smart antennas (see Section 20.1) North American standards The frequency band for Personal Communication Systems (PCS) is divided into a licensed and an unlicensed subband in the U.S.A.:

14 14 Supplementary material: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT). Access to the licensed bands is bought by the provider at an auction. Providers may use their licensed frequency range to implement any mobile communication standards they choose.. Devices according to a standard or to proprietary solutions can be used in the unlicensed band from 1910 to 1930 khz. So-called etiquette rules, which all devices must follow, ensure the coexistence of the di erent systems without excessive mutual interference. Especially, the transmission power has to be limited. Therefore, the devices operating in this band are mainly used indoors in the private and the business sector. In the licensed PCS band, the Personal Access Communications Systems (PACS) standard is widely used. It was designed mainly for use in wireless local loops, but can also be employed for microcellular systems. A combination of TDMA and FDD is employed. A derivative (PACS-UB), which uses, is used in the unlicensed band. The modulation format is =4- DQPSK and a timeframe has a duration of 2:5 ms. In addition, several systems based on spread sprectrum techniques are used in the unlicensed spectrum, especially in the 2.45-GHz ISM band. 1.5 Acronyms ADPCM CAI CAP CT2 CTM DAM DCS DECT DQPSK ETS ETSI GAP GFSK GIP GMSK GSM IAP IIP IN IS ISDN LAN LPC MAC MSC OSI PACS PACS-UA PACS-UB PCI Adaptive Di erential Pulse Code Modulation Common Air Interface CTM Access Pro le Cordless Telephone 2nd Generation Cordless Terminal Mobility DECT Authentication Module Dynamic Channel Selection Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications Di erential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying European Telecommunication Standard European Telecommunication Standards Institute Generic Access Pro le Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying DECT/GSM Interworking Pro le Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Global System for Mobile communications ISDN Application Pro le ISDN Interworking Pro le Intelligent Network Interim Standard Integrated Services Digital Network Local Area Network Linear Prediction Coding Medium Access Control Mobile Switching Center Open System Interconnection Personal Access Communications System Personal Access Communications System ± Unlicensed A Personal Access Communications System ± Unlicensed B Personal Communications Interface

15 Wireless Communications 15 PCS PDC PHL PHS PWT PWT-E RAP RLL WLL Personal Communication Systems Personal Digital Cellular PHysical Layer Personal Handyphone System Personal Wireless Telecommunications Personal Wireless Telecommunications ± Enhanced RLL Access Pro le Radio in the Local Loop Wireless Local Loop References Walke 2001 B. Walke, Mobile Radio Networks: Networking, Protocols and Tra c Performance (2nd edn), John Wiley & Sons (2001).

Mobile Communication Systems: DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication

Mobile Communication Systems: DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication Mobile ommunication Systems: DET Digital Enhanced ordless Telecommunication Mobile ommunication: Telecommunication Systems - Jochen Schiller http://www.jochenschiller.de 1 Overview DET (Digital European

More information

Module 5. Broadcast Communication Networks. Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur

Module 5. Broadcast Communication Networks. Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur Module 5 Broadcast Communication Networks Lesson 9 Cellular Telephone Networks Specific Instructional Objectives At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to: Explain the operation of Cellular

More information

How To Understand The Gsm And Mts Mobile Network Evolution

How To Understand The Gsm And Mts Mobile Network Evolution Mobile Network Evolution Part 1 GSM and UMTS GSM Cell layout Architecture Call setup Mobility management Security GPRS Architecture Protocols QoS EDGE UMTS Architecture Integrated Communication Systems

More information

Wireless Cellular Networks: 1G and 2G

Wireless Cellular Networks: 1G and 2G Wireless Cellular Networks: 1G and 2G Raj Jain Professor of Computer Science and Engineering Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 Audio/Video recordings of this lecture are available

More information

2G/3G Mobile Communication Systems

2G/3G Mobile Communication Systems 2G/3G Mobile Communication Systems Winter 2012/13 Integrated Communication Systems Group Ilmenau University of Technology Outline 2G Review: GSM Services Architecture Protocols Call setup Mobility management

More information

GSM and Similar Architectures Lesson 07 GSM Radio Interface, Data bursts and Interleaving

GSM and Similar Architectures Lesson 07 GSM Radio Interface, Data bursts and Interleaving GSM and Similar Architectures Lesson 07 GSM Radio Interface, Data bursts and Interleaving 1 Space Division Multiple Access of the signals from the MSs A BTS with n directed antennae covers mobile stations

More information

EPL 657 Wireless Networks

EPL 657 Wireless Networks EPL 657 Wireless Networks Some fundamentals: Multiplexing / Multiple Access / Duplex Infrastructure vs Infrastructureless Panayiotis Kolios Recall: The big picture... Modulations: some basics 2 Multiplexing

More information

CS263: Wireless Communications and Sensor Networks

CS263: Wireless Communications and Sensor Networks CS263: Wireless Communications and Sensor Networks Matt Welsh Lecture 4: Medium Access Control October 5, 2004 2004 Matt Welsh Harvard University 1 Today's Lecture Medium Access Control Schemes: FDMA TDMA

More information

Hello viewers, welcome to today s lecture on cellular telephone systems.

Hello viewers, welcome to today s lecture on cellular telephone systems. Data Communications Prof. A. Pal Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture minus 31 Cellular Telephone Systems Hello viewers, welcome to today s lecture

More information

Appendix C GSM System and Modulation Description

Appendix C GSM System and Modulation Description C1 Appendix C GSM System and Modulation Description C1. Parameters included in the modelling In the modelling the number of mobiles and their positioning with respect to the wired device needs to be taken

More information

The GSM and GPRS network T-110.300/301

The GSM and GPRS network T-110.300/301 The GSM and GPRS network T-110.300/301 History The successful analog 1:st generation mobile telephone systems proved that there is a market for mobile telephones ARP (AutoRadioPuhelin) in Finland NMT (Nordic

More information

GSM System. Global System for Mobile Communications

GSM System. Global System for Mobile Communications GSM System Global System for Mobile Communications Introduced in 1991. Settings of standards under ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) Services - Telephone services - Data services -

More information

Introductory Concepts

Introductory Concepts Chapter 1 Introductory Concepts 1.1 Introduction Communication is one of the integral parts of science that has always been a focus point for exchanging information among parties at locations physically

More information

Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems slides by Jochen Schiller with modifications by Emmanuel Agu

Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems slides by Jochen Schiller with modifications by Emmanuel Agu Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems slides by Jochen Schiller with modifications by Emmanuel Agu Market GSM Overview Services Sub-systems Components Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen

More information

Chapters 1-21 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems

Chapters 1-21 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems Chapters 1-21 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems Yimin Zhang, Ph.D. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Villanova University http://yiminzhang.com/ece8708 Yimin Zhang, Villanova

More information

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Nguyen Thi Mai Trang LIP6/PHARE Thi-Mai-Trang.Nguyen@lip6.fr UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL 1 Outline Principles of cellular networks GSM architecture Security

More information

Cellular Phone Systems

Cellular Phone Systems Cellular Phone Systems Li-Hsing Yen National University of Kaohsiung Cellular System HLR PSTN MSC MSC VLR BSC BSC BSC 1 Why Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems? Operational limitations of conventional mobile

More information

Ch 2.3.3 GSM PENN. Magda El Zarki - Tcom 510 - Spring 98

Ch 2.3.3 GSM PENN. Magda El Zarki - Tcom 510 - Spring 98 Ch 2.3.3 GSM In the early 80 s the European community decided to work together to define a cellular system that would permit full roaming in all countries and give the network providers freedom to provide

More information

How To Understand Cellular Communications

How To Understand Cellular Communications Definition Cellular Communications A cellular mobile communications system uses a large number of low-power wireless transmitters to create cells the basic geographic service area of a wireless communications

More information

Lecture overview. History of cellular systems (1G) GSM introduction. Basic architecture of GSM system. Basic radio transmission parameters of GSM

Lecture overview. History of cellular systems (1G) GSM introduction. Basic architecture of GSM system. Basic radio transmission parameters of GSM Lecture overview History of cellular systems (1G) GSM introduction Basic architecture of GSM system Basic radio transmission parameters of GSM Analogue cellular systems 70 s In the early 70 s radio frequencies

More information

What is DECT? DECT stands for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications.

What is DECT? DECT stands for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications. DECT 6.0 vs 900 MHz vs 2.4GHz vs 5.8 GHz DECT 6.0 (1.9 GHz) 900 MHz 2.4 GHz 5.8 GHz FCC approved frequency for cordless telecommunication Baby monitors, microwave oven Wi-Fi electronics (routers), wireless

More information

Cellular Network Organization. Cellular Wireless Networks. Approaches to Cope with Increasing Capacity. Frequency Reuse

Cellular Network Organization. Cellular Wireless Networks. Approaches to Cope with Increasing Capacity. Frequency Reuse Cellular Network Organization Cellular Wireless Networks Use multiple low-power transmitters (100 W or less) Areas divided into cells Each served by its own antenna Served by base station consisting of

More information

Analysis of GSM Network for Different Transmission Powers

Analysis of GSM Network for Different Transmission Powers Analysis of GSM Network for Different Transmission Powers Mandeep Singh 1, Supreet Kaur 2 1,2 (Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India) Abstract: To

More information

8. Cellular Systems. 1. Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 58, no. 1, Jan 1979. 2. R. Steele, Mobile Communications, Pentech House, 1992.

8. Cellular Systems. 1. Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 58, no. 1, Jan 1979. 2. R. Steele, Mobile Communications, Pentech House, 1992. 8. Cellular Systems References 1. Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 58, no. 1, Jan 1979. 2. R. Steele, Mobile Communications, Pentech House, 1992. 3. G. Calhoun, Digital Cellular Radio, Artech House,

More information

Frequency [MHz] ! " # $ %& &'( " Use top & bottom as additional guard. guard band. Giuseppe Bianchi DOWNLINK BS MS 890.4 UPLINK MS BS 890.2.

Frequency [MHz] !  # $ %& &'(  Use top & bottom as additional guard. guard band. Giuseppe Bianchi DOWNLINK BS MS 890.4 UPLINK MS BS 890.2. Frequency [MHz] 960 DOWNLINK BS MS 935 915 UPLINK MS BS 890 890.4 890.2 guard band Use top & bottom as additional guard! " # $ %& &'( " 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 F F uplink dwlink ( n) = [ 890.2 + 0.2( n 1) ] (

More information

GSM Radio Part 1: Physical Channel Structure

GSM Radio Part 1: Physical Channel Structure GSM Radio Part 1: Physical Channel Structure 1 FREQUENCY BANDS AND CHANNELS...2 2 GSM TDMA...4 3 TDMA FRAME HIERARCHY...6 4 BURST STRUCTURE...7 5 TDMA MULTIFRAME STRUCTURE...9 5.1 Traffic Multiframe (26-Multiframe)...10

More information

How To Know If You Are Safe To Use An Antenna (Wired) Or Wireless (Wireless)

How To Know If You Are Safe To Use An Antenna (Wired) Or Wireless (Wireless) 1 2 The range of RF spans 3 KHz (3000 Hz) to 300 GHz (300 million Hz) Frequencies of RF devices range from the low frequency AM broadcasts (80 MHz) to higher frequency mobile phones (1900 MHz) smart meters

More information

Wireless Telecommunication Systems GSM, GPRS, UMTS. GSM as basis of current systems Satellites and

Wireless Telecommunication Systems GSM, GPRS, UMTS. GSM as basis of current systems Satellites and Chapter 2 Technical Basics: Layer 1 Methods for Medium Access: Layer 2 Chapter 3 Wireless Networks: Bluetooth, WLAN, WirelessMAN, WirelessWAN Mobile Networks: Wireless Telecommunication Systems GSM, GPRS,

More information

3GPP Wireless Standard

3GPP Wireless Standard 3GPP Wireless Standard Shishir Pandey School of Technology and Computer Science TIFR, Mumbai April 10, 2009 Shishir Pandey (TIFR) 3GPP Wireless Standard April 10, 2009 1 / 23 3GPP Overview 3GPP : 3rd Generation

More information

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR CORDLESS TELEPHONE SYSTEMS

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR CORDLESS TELEPHONE SYSTEMS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR CORDLESS TELEPHONE SYSTEMS Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia Off Pesiaran Multimedia, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Copyright of SKMM, 2007 FOREWORD

More information

Attenuation (amplitude of the wave loses strength thereby the signal power) Refraction Reflection Shadowing Scattering Diffraction

Attenuation (amplitude of the wave loses strength thereby the signal power) Refraction Reflection Shadowing Scattering Diffraction Wireless Physical Layer Q1. Is it possible to transmit a digital signal, e.g., coded as square wave as used inside a computer, using radio transmission without any loss? Why? It is not possible to transmit

More information

GSM GSM 05.01 TECHNICAL May 1996 SPECIFICATION Version 5.0.0

GSM GSM 05.01 TECHNICAL May 1996 SPECIFICATION Version 5.0.0 GSM GSM 05.01 TECHNICAL May 1996 SPECIFICATION Version 5.0.0 Source: ETSI TC-SMG Reference: TS/SMG-020501Q ICS: 33.060.50 Key words: Digital cellular telecommunications system, Global System for Mobile

More information

Lecture 1. Introduction to Wireless Communications 1

Lecture 1. Introduction to Wireless Communications 1 896960 Introduction to Algorithmic Wireless Communications Lecture 1. Introduction to Wireless Communications 1 David Amzallag 2 May 25, 2008 Introduction to cellular telephone systems. How a cellular

More information

Telephony Solution for Local Multi-Point Distribution Service

Telephony Solution for Local Multi-Point Distribution Service Telephony Solution for Local Multi-Point Distribution Service Derek Lam Computer Systems Laboratory Aly F. Elrefaie, Lynn Plouse, Yee-Hsiang Chang Video Communications Division HPL-97-165 December, 1997

More information

GSM Channels. Physical & Logical Channels. Traffic and Control Mutltiframing. Frame Structure

GSM Channels. Physical & Logical Channels. Traffic and Control Mutltiframing. Frame Structure GSM Channels Physical & Logical Channels Traffic and Control Mutltiframing Frame Structure Engr. Mian Shahzad Iqbal Lecturer Department of Telecommunication Engineering Radio Interface The radio interface

More information

GSM GPRS. Course requirements: Understanding Telecommunications book by Ericsson (Part D PLMN) + supporting material (= these slides)

GSM GPRS. Course requirements: Understanding Telecommunications book by Ericsson (Part D PLMN) + supporting material (= these slides) GSM Example of a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) At present most successful cellular mobile system (over 200 million subscribers worldwide) Digital (2 nd Generation) cellular mobile system operating

More information

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction Jyh-Cheng Chen and Tao Zhang IP-Based Next-Generation Wireless Networks Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. January 2004 This material is protected under all Copyright Laws as

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1033-1 TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CORDLESS TELEPHONES AND CORDLESS TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1033-1 TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CORDLESS TELEPHONES AND CORDLESS TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Rec. ITU-R M.1033-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1033-1 TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CORDLESS TELEPHONES AND CORDLESS TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (Question ITU-R 114/8) Rec. ITU-R M.1033-1 (1994-1997)

More information

Chapter 1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems. School of Information Science and Engineering, SDU

Chapter 1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems. School of Information Science and Engineering, SDU Chapter 1 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems School of Information Science and Engineering, SDU Outline Wireless History The Wireless Vision Technical Challenges Wireless definitions Classification

More information

Wireless Mobile Telephony

Wireless Mobile Telephony Wireless Mobile Telephony The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 Durresi@cis.ohio-state.edu http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~durresi/ 1 Overview Why wireless mobile telephony? First Generation, Analog

More information

CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Wireless Networks Background 1.1.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks Figure 1.1 shows a general view of the evolution of wireless networks. It is well known that the first successful

More information

LoRaWAN. What is it? A technical overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN. Technical Marketing Workgroup 1.0

LoRaWAN. What is it? A technical overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN. Technical Marketing Workgroup 1.0 LoRaWAN What is it? A technical overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN Technical Marketing Workgroup 1.0 November 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION... 3 What is LoRa?... 3 Long Range (LoRa )... 3 2. Where does

More information

GSM Air Interface & Network Planning

GSM Air Interface & Network Planning GSM Air Interface & Network Planning Training Document TC Finland Nokia Networks Oy 1 (40) GSM Air Interface & Network Planning The information in this document is subject to change without notice and

More information

Mobile Communications

Mobile Communications October 21, 2009 Agenda Topic 2: Case Study: The GSM Network 1 GSM System General Architecture 2 GSM Access network. 3 Traffic Models for the Air interface 4 Models for the BSS design. 5 UMTS and the path

More information

GSM Network and Services

GSM Network and Services GSM Network and Services Cellular networks GSM Network and Services 2G1723 Johan Montelius 1 The name of the game The number one priority for mobile/cellular networks is to implement full-duplex voice

More information

Mobile Communications TCS 455

Mobile Communications TCS 455 Mobile Communications TCS 455 Dr. Prapun Suksompong prapun@siit.tu.ac.th Lecture 26 1 Office Hours: BKD 3601-7 Tuesday 14:00-16:00 Thursday 9:30-11:30 Announcements Read the following from the SIIT online

More information

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Definition Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization

More information

ENGN4536 Mobile Communications

ENGN4536 Mobile Communications ENGN4536 Mobile Communications Dr Thushara Abhayapala Department of Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology Australian National University thushara@faceng.anu.edu.au http://www.webct.anu.edu.au

More information

Wireless Access of GSM

Wireless Access of GSM Wireless Access of GSM Project Report FALL, 1999 Wireless Access of GSM Abstract: Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) started to be developed by Europeans when the removal of many European trade

More information

Wireless Cellular Networks: 3G

Wireless Cellular Networks: 3G Wireless Cellular Networks: 3G Raj Jain Washington University Saint Louis, MO 63131 Jain@cse.wustl.edu These slides are available on-line at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-06/ 7-1 Overview Wireless

More information

communication over wireless link handling mobile user who changes point of attachment to network

communication over wireless link handling mobile user who changes point of attachment to network Wireless Networks Background: # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet

More information

GSM: PHYSICAL & LOGICAL CHANNELS

GSM: PHYSICAL & LOGICAL CHANNELS GSM: PHYSICAL & LOGICAL CHANNELS AN OVERVIEW Prepared by Learntelecom.com 1. GSM: PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL CHANNELS GSM uses a mix of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access

More information

Basic Network Design

Basic Network Design Frequency Reuse and Planning Cellular Technology enables mobile communication because they use of a complex two-way radio system between the mobile unit and the wireless network. It uses radio frequencies

More information

Multiple Access Techniques

Multiple Access Techniques Chapter 8 Multiple Access Techniques Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of mobile users to share the allocated spectrum in the most efficient manner. As the spectrum is limited,

More information

Wireless systems GSM 2015-05-04. Simon Sörman

Wireless systems GSM 2015-05-04. Simon Sörman Wireless systems GSM 2015-05-04 Simon Sörman Contents 1 Introduction... 1 2 Channels... 2 2.1 Physical channels... 2 2.1.1 FDMA/TDMA... 2 2.1.2 Bursts... 3 2.2 Logical channels... 3 2.3 Mapping of logical

More information

Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Bluetooth, ZigBee Contents Introduction to the IEEE 802 specification family Concept of ISM frequency band Comparison between different wireless technologies ( and

More information

2G Mobile Communication Systems

2G Mobile Communication Systems 2G Mobile Communication Systems 2G Review: GSM Services Architecture Protocols Call setup Mobility management Security HSCSD GPRS EDGE References Jochen Schiller: Mobile Communications (German and English),

More information

Global System for Mobile Communication Technology

Global System for Mobile Communication Technology Global System for Mobile Communication Technology Mobile Device Investigations Program Technical Operations Division DHS - FLETC GSM Technology Global System for Mobile Communication or Groupe Special

More information

Bluetooth voice and data performance in 802.11 DS WLAN environment

Bluetooth voice and data performance in 802.11 DS WLAN environment 1 (1) Bluetooth voice and data performance in 802.11 DS WLAN environment Abstract In this document, the impact of a 20dBm 802.11 Direct-Sequence WLAN system on a 0dBm Bluetooth link is studied. A typical

More information

Wireless Networks. Reading: Sec5on 2.8. COS 461: Computer Networks Spring 2011. Mike Freedman

Wireless Networks. Reading: Sec5on 2.8. COS 461: Computer Networks Spring 2011. Mike Freedman 1 Wireless Networks Reading: Sec5on 2.8 COS 461: Computer Networks Spring 2011 Mike Freedman hep://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spring11/cos461/ 2 Widespread Deployment Worldwide cellular subscribers

More information

Chapter 6 Wireless and Mobile Networks

Chapter 6 Wireless and Mobile Networks Chapter 6 Wireless and Mobile Networks A note on the use of these ppt slides: We re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations;

More information

Foreword... 2 Introduction to VoIP... 3 SIP:... 3 H.323:... 4 SER:... 4 Cellular network... 4 GSM... 5 GPRS... 6 3G... 6 Wimax... 7 Introduction...

Foreword... 2 Introduction to VoIP... 3 SIP:... 3 H.323:... 4 SER:... 4 Cellular network... 4 GSM... 5 GPRS... 6 3G... 6 Wimax... 7 Introduction... Foreword... 2 Introduction to VoIP... 3 SIP:... 3 H.323:... 4 SER:... 4 Cellular network... 4 GSM... 5 GPRS... 6 3G... 6 Wimax... 7 Introduction... 7 Fixed-WiMAX based on the IEEE 802.16-2004... 8 Mobile

More information

In this Lecture" Access method CDMA" Mobile and Sensor Systems Lecture 2: Mobile Medium Access Control Layer and Telecommunications

In this Lecture Access method CDMA Mobile and Sensor Systems Lecture 2: Mobile Medium Access Control Layer and Telecommunications Mobile and Sensor Systems Lecture 2: Mobile Medium Access Control Layer and Telecommunications Dr. Cecilia Mascolo In this Lecture In this lecture we will discuss aspects related to the MAC Layer of wireless

More information

Positioning in GSM. Date: 14th March 2003

Positioning in GSM. Date: 14th March 2003 Positioning in GSM Date: 14th March 2003 Overview of seminar Potential applications in cellular network Review of localization system and techniques Localization in GSM system Progress of the project with

More information

GSM BASICS GSM HISTORY:

GSM BASICS GSM HISTORY: GSM BASICS GSM HISTORY: In 1982 the Nordic PTTs sent a proposal to CEPT (Conference of European Postal & telegraph Administration) to study and to improve digital cellular technology by forming a team

More information

NEW WORLD TELECOMMUNICATIONS LIMITED. 2 nd Trial Test Report on 3.5GHz Broadband Wireless Access Technology

NEW WORLD TELECOMMUNICATIONS LIMITED. 2 nd Trial Test Report on 3.5GHz Broadband Wireless Access Technology NEW WORLD TELECOMMUNICATIONS LIMITED 2 nd Trial Test Report on 3.5GHz Broadband Wireless Access Technology Issue Number: 01 Issue Date: 20 April 2006 New World Telecommunications Ltd Page 1 of 9 Issue

More information

RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR INTERACTIVE TRAFFIC CLASS OVER GPRS

RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR INTERACTIVE TRAFFIC CLASS OVER GPRS RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR INTERACTIVE TRAFFIC CLASS OVER GPRS Edward Nowicki and John Murphy 1 ABSTRACT The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new bearer service for GSM that greatly simplify wireless

More information

Pradipta Biswas Roll No. 04IT6007 M. Tech. (IT) School of Information Technology Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Pradipta Biswas Roll No. 04IT6007 M. Tech. (IT) School of Information Technology Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Pradipta Biswas Roll No. 04IT6007 M. Tech. (IT) School of Information Technology Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur ABSTRACT W-CDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access), an ITU standard derived

More information

How To Understand And Understand The Power Of A Cdma/Ds System

How To Understand And Understand The Power Of A Cdma/Ds System CDMA Technology : Pr. Dr. W. Skupin www.htwg-konstanz.de Pr. S. Flament www.greyc.fr/user/99 On line Course on CDMA Technology CDMA Technology : Introduction to Spread Spectrum Technology CDMA / DS : Principle

More information

Voice services over Adaptive Multi-user Orthogonal Sub channels An Insight

Voice services over Adaptive Multi-user Orthogonal Sub channels An Insight TEC Voice services over Adaptive Multi-user Orthogonal Sub channels An Insight HP 4/15/2013 A powerful software upgrade leverages quaternary modulation and MIMO techniques to improve network efficiency

More information

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Li-Hsing Yen National University of Kaohsiung GSM System Architecture Um (ME/SIM) C E C PSTN, ISDN, PSPDN, CSPDN A-bis A F A-bis C B BTS BSS BSC HLR VLR EIR

More information

192620010 Mobile & Wireless Networking. Lecture 5: Cellular Systems (UMTS / LTE) (1/2) [Schiller, Section 4.4]

192620010 Mobile & Wireless Networking. Lecture 5: Cellular Systems (UMTS / LTE) (1/2) [Schiller, Section 4.4] 192620010 Mobile & Wireless Networking Lecture 5: Cellular Systems (UMTS / LTE) (1/2) [Schiller, Section 4.4] Geert Heijenk Outline of Lecture 5 Cellular Systems (UMTS / LTE) (1/2) q Evolution of cellular

More information

How To Improve Data Rates For Global Evolution (Edge)

How To Improve Data Rates For Global Evolution (Edge) EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution SIDDARTH WANDRE ID: 999-29-3194 CS 548: Broadband Networks ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Abstract:- This paper gives an overview of the EDGE concept. It gives

More information

Revision of Lecture Eighteen

Revision of Lecture Eighteen Revision of Lecture Eighteen Previous lecture has discussed equalisation using Viterbi algorithm: Note similarity with channel decoding using maximum likelihood sequence estimation principle It also discusses

More information

COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN CERTAIN RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS OPERATING IN ADJACENT BANDS EVALUATION OF DECT / GSM 1800 COMPATIBILITY

COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN CERTAIN RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS OPERATING IN ADJACENT BANDS EVALUATION OF DECT / GSM 1800 COMPATIBILITY European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC) within the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN CERTAIN RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS OPERATING IN

More information

Mobility and cellular networks

Mobility and cellular networks Mobility and cellular s Wireless WANs Cellular radio and PCS s Wireless data s Satellite links and s Mobility, etc.- 2 Cellular s First generation: initially debuted in Japan in 1979, analog transmission

More information

Microwave Exposure from Mobile Phones and Base Stations in Sweden

Microwave Exposure from Mobile Phones and Base Stations in Sweden Microwave Exposure from Mobile Phones and Base Stations in Sweden Prof. Dr. Yngve Hamnerius and Thomas Uddmar Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Electromagnetics, SE 41 96 Goteborg, Sweden,

More information

CHAPTER - 4 CHANNEL ALLOCATION BASED WIMAX TOPOLOGY

CHAPTER - 4 CHANNEL ALLOCATION BASED WIMAX TOPOLOGY CHAPTER - 4 CHANNEL ALLOCATION BASED WIMAX TOPOLOGY 4.1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the rapid growth of wireless communication technology has improved the transmission data rate and communication distance.

More information

Mobile Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission

Mobile Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission Mobile Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission Frequencies Signals Antennas Signal propagation Multiplexing Spread spectrum Modulation Cellular systems Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

More information

Dynamic Reconfiguration & Efficient Resource Allocation for Indoor Broadband Wireless Networks

Dynamic Reconfiguration & Efficient Resource Allocation for Indoor Broadband Wireless Networks Dynamic Reconfiguration & Efficient Resource Allocation for Indoor Broadband Wireless Networks Tim Farnham, Brian Foxon* Home Communications Department HP Laboratories Bristol HPL-98-123 June, 1998 broadband,

More information

ERLANG CAPACITY EVALUATION IN GSM AND CDMA CELLULAR SYSTEMS

ERLANG CAPACITY EVALUATION IN GSM AND CDMA CELLULAR SYSTEMS ERLANG CAPACITY EVALUATION IN GSM AND CDMA CELLULAR SYSTEMS Ch Usha Kumari 1, G Sasi Bhushana Rao and R Madhu Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering,

More information

Wireless Technologies for the 450 MHz band

Wireless Technologies for the 450 MHz band Wireless Technologies for the 450 MHz band By CDG 450 Connectivity Special Interest Group (450 SIG) September 2013 1. Introduction Fast uptake of Machine- to Machine (M2M) applications and an installed

More information

CDMA Network Planning

CDMA Network Planning CDMA Network Planning by AWE Communications GmbH www.awe-com.com Contents Motivation Overview Network Planning Module Air Interface Cell Load Interference Network Simulation Simulation Results by AWE Communications

More information

GSM Architecture and Interfaces

GSM Architecture and Interfaces GSM.05 Page 71 Monday, November 30, 1998 2:07 PM C H A P T E R 5 GSM Architecture and Interfaces 5.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter we present an overview of the GSM as described in ETSI s recommendations.

More information

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA COMM.ENG INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA 9/6/2014 LECTURES 1 Objectives To give a background on Communication system components and channels (media) A distinction between analogue

More information

Implementation of Mobile Measurement-based Frequency Planning in GSM

Implementation of Mobile Measurement-based Frequency Planning in GSM Implementation of Mobile Measurement-based Frequency Planning in GSM Comp.Eng. Serkan Kayacan (*), Prof. Levent Toker (**) (*): Ege University, The Institute of Science, Computer Engineering, M.S. Student

More information

Chapter 6: Broadcast Systems. Mobile Communications. Unidirectional distribution systems DVB DAB. High-speed Internet. architecture Container

Chapter 6: Broadcast Systems. Mobile Communications. Unidirectional distribution systems DVB DAB. High-speed Internet. architecture Container Mobile Communications Chapter 6: Broadcast Systems Unidirectional distribution systems DAB DVB architecture Container High-speed Internet Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC

More information

White Paper. D-Link International Tel: (65) 6774 6233, Fax: (65) 6774 6322. E-mail: info@dlink.com.sg; Web: http://www.dlink-intl.

White Paper. D-Link International Tel: (65) 6774 6233, Fax: (65) 6774 6322. E-mail: info@dlink.com.sg; Web: http://www.dlink-intl. Introduction to Voice over Wireless LAN (VoWLAN) White Paper D-Link International Tel: (65) 6774 6233, Fax: (65) 6774 6322. Introduction Voice over Wireless LAN (VoWLAN) is a technology involving the use

More information

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) vs. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) in Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) and Wireless LAN (WLAN)

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) vs. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) in Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) and Wireless LAN (WLAN) FHSS vs. DSSS page 1 of 16 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) vs. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) in Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) and Wireless LAN (WLAN) by Sorin M. SCHWARTZ Scope In 1997

More information

GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications

GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications VLR BTS BSC GMSC PSTN MS HLR 1) Overview of GSM architecture 2) GSM channel structure 05-1 GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications VLR BTS BSC GMSC PSTN

More information

How To Understand The Theory Of Time Division Duplexing

How To Understand The Theory Of Time Division Duplexing Multiple Access Techniques Dr. Francis LAU Dr. Francis CM Lau, Associate Professor, EIE, PolyU Content Introduction Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple

More information

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Dedication. Table of Contents. Preface. Overview of Wireless Networks. vii 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7. xvii

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Dedication. Table of Contents. Preface. Overview of Wireless Networks. vii 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7. xvii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication Table of Contents Preface v vii xvii Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Networks 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Signal Coverage Propagation Mechanisms 1.2.1 Multipath 1.2.2 Delay

More information

Possible Applications

Possible Applications FRAUNHOFER Institute for integrated circuits iis DECT Wireless Voice and Data Communications DECT stands for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication and is an accepted standard in more than 100 countries.

More information

Chapter 7 Low-Speed Wireless Local Area Networks

Chapter 7 Low-Speed Wireless Local Area Networks Wireless# Guide to Wireless Communications 7-1 Chapter 7 Low-Speed Wireless Local Area Networks At a Glance Instructor s Manual Table of Contents Overview Objectives s Quick Quizzes Class Discussion Topics

More information

Mobile Communications

Mobile Communications Mobile Communications Vincent Roca (2001-10) Claude Castelluccia (1998-2001) INRIA vincent.roca@inria.fr claude.castelluccia@inria.fr http://planete.inrialpes.fr/~roca/ Overview of the Course! Part 1:

More information

Exercise 2 Common Fundamentals: Multiple Access

Exercise 2 Common Fundamentals: Multiple Access Exercise 2 Common Fundamentals: Multiple Access Problem 1: TDMA, guard time. To set up a GSM-connection, the base station (BTS) and the mobile station (MS) use the following short access burst in a TDMA-slot

More information

802.16 - Usage. Wireless Broadband Networks. Need for Speed WMAN

802.16 - Usage. Wireless Broadband Networks. Need for Speed WMAN Wireless Broadband Networks - Usage WLAN: Support of mobile devices, but low data rate for higher number of users What to do for a high number of users or even needed QoS support? Problem of the last mile

More information

1. Introduction: The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems

1. Introduction: The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems IEC: The Global System for Mobile Communication Tutorial: Index Page 1 of 14 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Tutorial Definition Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a globally

More information

Mobile Wireless Overview

Mobile Wireless Overview Mobile Wireless Overview A fast-paced technological transition is occurring today in the world of internetworking. This transition is marked by the convergence of the telecommunications infrastructure

More information

The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) Overview

The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) Overview The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) Overview GSM D-AMPS Japan Digital PCS 1900 DCS 1800 CDMA Digital Cellular Systems World-wide Multiple Access Techniques In the GSM/DCS mobile system each

More information