SUBMARINES SSK Dolphin-I Class PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE. Bakst A

Transcription

1 SUBMARINES SSK Dolphin-I Class PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE Bakst A advanced german submarine en route to israel/m 1

2 Table of Contents CHAPTERS Slide number 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. SNORKEL IS A KEY DEVICE TO TRANSFORM DIVING BOATS INTO REAL SUBMARINES 7 3. DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL AIP TECHNOLOGY WHY SUBMARINES DOLPHIN-I CLASS HAS TO BE FITTED WITH AIP SYSYEMS SSK DOLPHIN-I AND SSP DOLPHIN-II ECONOMICS THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS REFERENCES APPENDIX 67 2

3 1. INTRODUCTION 3

4 INTRODUCTION AirIndependent Propulsion (AIP) system currently is the well known key component of a convention diesel electric submarine. In fact, AIP system is a small power plant intended to provide operating of conventional submarine underwater (without supplying of atmospheric air) relatively for a long time. Any AIP system contains a fuel and liquid oxygen (as rule) storage and supplying systems, electro chemical or electro mechanical converter for transform of chemical energy of fuel into electricity and systems for dumping converter s reaction products out of submarineboard board (in the sea water). By tactic possibilities, the conventional submarines fitted with AIP system, take, as rule, the mean place between going out of day non AIP diesel electric and nuclear powered submarines. In littoral waters AIP diesel electric submarines (AIP DE) have minimal vulnerability. In littoral waters the boats are the most effective as compared with both nuclear powered (NP) and non AIP DE subs. 4

5 INTRODUCTION In particular: Non AIP submarines have submerged endurance about 3 4 days at speed 4 knots (in real conditions it is about 2 3 days) that is limited by battery capacity. After that the submarine has to surface on snorkel depth to recharge battery and has to be on this depth during 7 hours as rule. AIP submarines can provide submerged endurance of days (in dependence d on AIP type and submerged speed), and total endurance of 45 to 90 days, limited by oxygen storage. Nuclear powered submarines typically y have submerged endurance about days that is limited by the food storage for the crew. We can show advantages and disadvantages of AIP diesel electric (AIP DE) submarinesascompared as with non AIP AIPand nuclearpowered (NP) submarines. 5

6 Table. Nuclear Powered vs AIP diesel electric submarines. Comparison table. Submarine s key characteristics Submarine having advantages INTRODUCTION Table. AIP diesel electric vs Non AIP Dieselelectric submarines. Comparison table. Submarine s key characteristics Submarine having advantages Submerged speed NP sub Submerged speed No advantages Submerged endurance NP sub Submerged endurance AIP DE sub Submerged range Depth Noisiness Maneuverability Vulnerability in littoral waters Vulnerability in blue waters NP sub NP sub AIP DE sub AIP DE sub AIP DE sub NP sub Submerged range Depth Noisiness Maneuverability AIP DE sub No advantages Non AIP DE sub Non AIP DE sub Vulnerability in littoral l AIP DE sub waters Vulnerability in blue AIP DE sub waters Cost AIP DE sub Cost Non AIP DE sub 6

7 2. SNORKEL IS A KEY DEVICE TO TRANSFORM DIVING BOATS INTO REAL SUBMARINES 7

8 BIRTH OF NEW CLASS SUBMARINES A Little of History For the first time, AIP systems for submarines were proposed p at the beginning gof the last century. However, real development of these systems had been begun, at the same time nearly, in the Soviet Union and Germany in 1930 s, before the World War II. The first real AIP submarines was designed by Hellmuth Walter. In 1930 s Walter worked out the design of new boat but only in 1942 the small coastal U boats type XVIIA and XVIIB began to be built by his project. It was planned to build 17 boats. However, only 7 boat (U792 U795; U1405 U1407) had been finished and launched before The propulsion system of these boats based on power vapor gas turbine. As an oxygen source had been used concentrated hydrogen peroxide (so called High Test Peroxide HTP) that before supplying in combustion chamber is decomposed in special chamber (see Appendix). Another German submarines that could operate submerged for a long time were midget U boats Seehund type 227. These boats contained closed cycle diesel system that can operate underwater without supplying of air. In addition to fuel the boats carried 1250 liters (0.72 tons) of oxygen at pressure 4 atm (see Appendix). Successful operations in the Atlantic of allied naval aircrafts and battle ships fitted with radars had forced Kriegsmarine s diving U boats to be hidden underwater. However, the diving U boats were not adapted to be underwater for a long time. Besides, guns that were installed on U boats turned out ineffective. In fact, U boats were found unprotected. Losses of U boat went up drastically. Wolf Pack tactic had been destroyed. 8

9 BIRTH OF NEW CLASS SUBMARINES Kriegsmarine s leaders looked for solution to reverse the situation in the Atlantic with feverish haste. The solution had dbeen found. It was diesel electric l i submarines type XXI (so called Elektroboote ). This boats was designed by professor Olfken ( Gluckauf Company). Design based on application of electric power to provide for the boats long time submerged endurance. Source of electric power for submerged operation were batteries that recharging underwater by means of special ildevice snorkel. klit was revolutionary design that, t in fact, corresponds to design of modern non AIP subs. First German diesel electric submarines were appeared in Summary, 118 submarines type XXI had been built from 1943 to (It was planned to build 1170 such boats). Besides the U boats type XXI, the small option of diesel electric submarines type XXIII were built at German shipyards (Launched April 1944). The boats type XXIII had submerged displacement 258t, length 34.7m and beam 3m at the same time, the boats type XXI had submerged displacement 1819t, length 76.7m and beam 8m. It was ordered 280 U boats type XXIII but 61 subs were built only. The U boats Type XXI and type XXIII they were able to remain submerged almost all of the time and were faster than other types of U boats, due to the improved streamlining of their shape, batteries with larger capacity and the snorkel, which was a key component allowing the diesel engines to run while boat is underwater. The Type XXI and XXIII U boats revolutionized i post war submarine design. 9

10 SNORKEL SYSTEM IS A KEY COMPONENT OF A NEW CLASS SUBMARINES Now about snorkel. Snorkel is a device feeding fresh air from atmosphere to submerged submarine. Air was demanded d dfor ventilation i of pressure hull to ensure crew vital activity and operating of diesel engines. The snorkel was taken into service as an afterthought and fitted on the VIIC and IXC types besides U boats XXI and XXIII types. At the beginning i of snorkel klapplication, the U boats obtained some advantages. Nevertheless, application of snorkel involves some drawbacks as well. They are: metal head of snorkel against the background of sea surface, bow wave, wakes and noise of diesel engine and turbulent water that t flowed a snorkel klmasts. 10

11 EARLY SNORKEL HEADS 11

12 SNORKEL SYSTEM IS A KEY COMPONENT OF A NEW CLASS SUBMARINES Nevertheless, the means for counteraction to U boats fitted with snorkel had been found very rapidly. Application a radar technology created serious problems for the viability of U boats fitted with snorkels. In particular, the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) allows to detect the wake of a submerged U boats. Submarine fitted with snorkel became easy mark for ships and aircrafts armed with radar system. In answer to it, German engineers had worked out the snorkel heads with special antiradar coating. High efficiency of snorkel technology showed well known U boat 977 Snorkel allowed U boat 977 at the end of war to escape from Germany to Argentina. Snorkelhad been invented many years before the WW II. However, after WW II only snorkel had found application in many Navies. Currently, snorkel has different appearance, but thesamefunctionaldesign design. It should be confessed that detectability of submarine under snorkel is high enough today. 12

13 IMPROVED POSTWAR SNORKEL SYSTEM Snorkel (submarine Type 206A) bits/articles/development/us snorkel/usn snortb.html 13

14 MODERN GALZONI S SNORKEL SYSTEMS services/submarine masts_2/snorkel system gev_13 14

15 MODERN GABLER S SNORKEL SYSTEMS luebeck.de/en/naval technology/solutions 15

16 IMPROVED POSTWAR SUBMARINES EXHAUST PIPING bits/articles/development/us snorkel/usn snortc.html 16

17 DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST PIPING FOR NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINES As it follows from Phase I Final Rule and Technical Development Document of Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS); Submarine Emergency Diesel Engine Wet Exhaust: Every nuclear powered submarine is equipped with emergency diesel engine for use during emergency situations, such as providing electric power or emergency ventilation. However, emergency diesel engines are routinely used during training exercises, preunderway checks, and quarterly performance analyses. All submarines have air induction and diesel exhaust systems for emergency diesel engines. Air induction systems bring outside air for combustion in the emergency diesel engines, while exhaust systems discharge the combustion by products overboard. Prior to discharge, the exhaust gases are cooled by seawater injection into the exhaust. Water is injected to reduce radiant energy from the exhaust piping and to reduce corrosion of the exhaust piping from high temperatures /documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appasubdiesel.pdf

18 DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST PIPING FOR NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINES Each submarine is equipped with one emergency diesel engine left figure and right figure for a representation of the wet exhaust system. Typical Submarine emergency Diesel Exhaust System Typical Submarine Diesel Seawater wet exhaust System /documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appasubdiesel.pdf

19 SUBMARINES GAS EXHAUST PIPING The occurrence going accompany with snorkeling is dumping of exhaust gases. There aremanydifferent technical solutions to hide dumping of exhaust gases. Exhaust gases can be dumped in atmosphere through exhaust pipes located in special mast or underwater through exhaust pipes located in the conning tower. services/submarine masts_2/snorkel system gev_13 does the exhaust of a submarine go 19

20 3. DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL 20

21 DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL It is known that submerged submarines emit less noise than the ambient water noise. Such submarines can hear a surface ship long before than surface ship can detect the submarine, and therefore it can take evasive action before it will be detected. An SSK running on battery power, and an SSP running under silent AIP and battery, basically cannot be discovered by passive sonar. Such boats are more silent than the surrounding water. (It should be noted that, in fact, AIP system is not silent absolutely. The most silent AIP is Fuel Cell system. The most noisy is Closed Cycle Diesel AIP system). Existing battery design allows the submarine to increase its submerged endurance up to 3 4 days. (In real conditions, submerged endurance is about 2 3 days at the most). Advanced submarine battery designs, currently, are under development and could increase endurance up to days of submerged operations. Now, about features of conventional non AIP submarines. Conventional non AIP submarines use a battery to be moved underwater. To recharge a battery submarine has to use diesel generators. Therefore, non AIP conventional submarines are compelled to surface periodically and to lift snorkel for supplying of fresh air to diesels and for blowing out of pressure hull Bakst A. Property 21

22 DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL Non AIP conventional submarines are compelled to surface periodically and to lift snorkel for supplying of fresh air to diesels and for blowing out of the pressure hull. How frequently it is occurred and how long the boat has to be under snorkeling?? Existing battery design allows the submarine to increase its submerged endurance up to 3 4 days. (In real conditions, i submerged endurance is about 2 3 days at the most). Average time required to charging battery from 40% to 95% is about 7 hours as rule Bakst A. Property 22

23 DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL The submarines recharging battery are compelled to be under snorkel and operate closed to sea surfacewhole timeuntil runsbatteryrecharging recharging process. In this position submarines are easy enough detectable. The phenomenon allowing to discover the location of a submarine recharging battery under snorkel as follow. Diesel generator and exhaust cooling system pumps emit noise at small depth; Snorkel lhead sticks ik out of sea surface; Boiling up wake flows behind snorkel mast and noise created by turbulent flow; Warm trace is appear on sea surface as result of dumping of hot exhaust gases in water. Vulnerability of submarine during recharging of its battery under snorkel is increased drastically. Nevertheless, snorkeling is a single key method to recharge battery remaining underwater for non AIP submarines. For note: Lifted snorkel allows to submarine to move with low speed. Usually normal snorkel speed is about 3 6 knots (max knots). Recharging time of battery btt is about t7 hour Bakst A. Property 23

24 DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL luebeck.de/gabler gruppe/ueber uns/gabler marinetechnikhttp://defenceportal.com.au/collins class submarine replacement sea program/australian defence force acquisition programs/collins class submarine replacement sea 1000 program

25 DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL submarine warfare part 2 diesel electric submarines/ 25

26 SUBMARINES GAS EXHAUST GASES DUMPING Exhaust gases can be dumped into suction stream of propeller. Warm trace on sea surface as result of dumping of exhaust gases. Exhaust gases have high temperature and form vapor bubbles in water that surface therefore easy to detect. us develop fuel cell submarine report html?ref=gs (Source: Norway Ministry of Defence; issued Dec 03, 2014) 26

27 A TYPICAL RECHARGING HISTORY FOR SUBMARINE S BATTERY (days) Typically submarine s s battery is discharged from 90% to 40% or 50%. As it follows from stated above graph a battery s typical recharging time is about 7 hour. 27

28 SSK DOLPHIN I SUBMERGED RANGE Using graph Sub Speed as function of Submerged duration (Buckingham J., et all [13]) we can estimate one of the most important submarine parameters. What submerged endurance provide the battery of SSK Dolphin I at given speed? If SSK Dolphin I battery will be discharged for 3 4 days (72 96 hours) and is fitted with the same battery that SSP Type 214 then boat submerged speed will be about knot respectively. In this case, SSK Dolphin I s submerged range will be nautical miles respectively. To cover distance 1000 nm at speed 3.5 knot, submarine has to lift snorkel 3 4 times. Buckingham J., Graph Source: Buckingham J., et all Submarine Power and Propulsion Trends and Opportunities. Paper on Submarine Power and Propulsion 28 Presented at Pacific 2008 in Sydney, Australia

29 INDISCRETION RATIO The ratio between time of greater vulnerability and total operating time is known as the indiscretion ratio or rate t (IR) (IR). IR = Ts/(Tso + Ts) Where: Ts is the time that a submarine spends under snorkel to recharge the battery; Tso is the submerged operating time that the submarine spends using the battery or the AIP system; (Tso + Ts) is the total operating time. Ts =IR*Tso/(1 IR) Note: For all conventional modern submarines the typical indiscretion ratio range is changed from 7% to 10% for patrol at 4 knots, and from 20% 30% for transit at about 8 knots. It should be noted that the higher IR the longer battery recharging process. Source: technology.com/projects/scorpene/ 29

30 INFLUENCE OF INDISCRETION RATIO ON VULNERABILITY It is very easy to calculate how many times submarine will surface and lift snorkel if the patrol duration is Tp = 14 days. Submerged operating time is 4 days. Tso = 4*24 = 96 hours Indiscretion ratio for patrol mode We shall accept IR = 8% (0.09) Charging battery time (time of greater vulnerability). Ts = IR*Tso/(1 IR) = 0.08*96/(1 0.08) = hour The total operating time (cycle charging/discharging time) Tc = Tso + Ts = = hours Number lifting of snorkel N = Tp/Tc = 14*24/79 24/79.12 = 3.26 (3 times) Vulnerability of submarine is increased drastically during recharging of the battery at transit mode. 30

31 SUBMARINE DETECTABILITY AND INDISCRETION RATIO Submarine s vulnerability is connected with IR directly. If higher boat s speed the higher IR and a submarine s vulnerability. From this figure, it is clear that the IR increases quickly, even at slow speeds. If the DE boat is operating at 4 knots, its rate is around 6.5%, while the AIP submarine has an IR of 0. Indiscretion Rate as a Function of Speed For speeds above the balance speed, the endurance decreases rapidly (see slide 32) Bakst A. Property 31

32 4. AIP TECHNOLOGY 32

33 AIP TECHNOLOGY Wikipedia determines an AIP technology as: Air independent Propulsion (AIP) is amarine propulsion technology that allows a nonnuclear submarine to operate (for a long time) without access to atmospheric oxygen (by surfacing or using asnorkel). Obviously, AIP submarine is compelled to carry fuel and oxidant (LOX as rule). AIPsystem per se is electro chemical chemical converter transforming chemical energy of fuel in electricity. It should be remembered that highest vulnerability a submarine has under snorkeling during recharging battery. The main advantages of AIP technology as compared with snorkeling shown in next slide. The tables in the slide #38 shows compare of non AIP, AIP submarine and Nuclear powered submarine. It should be noted that, modern designed AIP conventional submarines (Type 216, Germany; SMX, France; Kalina, Russia) are approximated to Nuclear powered submarines. independent_propulsion 33

34 AIP SUBMARINE NOTIONAL MISSION To evaluate advantages of AIP technology let us consider simple notional mission of submarines. The submarines receive order to implement the following steps of notional mission: 1) Transit from home port to zone of patrol #1 (2 days, 9.1%); 2) Patrol of zone #1 (10 days 45.5%); 3) Secret Transit from zone of patrol #1 to zone of patrol #2 (2 days, 9.0%); 4) Pt Patrol of zone #2 (6 days, 27.3%); 5) Transit from zone of patrol #2 to home port (2 days, 9.1%). Summary days of mission is 22 days (100%) Note: Percentage in brackets is distribution of total time of mission. To simplify, we shall be assumed that a submarine operates at constant speeds for each step. 34

35 AIP SUBMARINE NOTIONAL MISSION The differences between non AIP and AIP diesel electric submarines are shown in the table below. NOTIONAL MISSION Non AIP SUBMARINE AIP SUBMARINE STEPS DATA PROPULSION NUMBER OF SURFACING FOR BATTERY RECHARGING PROPULSION NUMBER OF SURFACING FOR BATTERY RECHARGING TRANSIT #1 2 days; 8 knot Battery/DE 1 Battery/DE 1 PATROL #1 10 days; 4 knot Battery 3 AIP TRANSIT #2 2 days; 4 knot Battery AIP PATROL #2 6 days; 4 knot Battery 3 AIP TRANSIT #3 2 days; 8 knot Battery/DE 1 Battery/DE 1 Total 22 days

36 AIP TECHNOLOGY The figure shows how is changed submerged profile of non AIP and AIP submarines independent_propulsion 36

37 AIP TECHNOLOGY First of all, the AIP is amarine propulsion technology. In another words it is technology based on electric power production plant providing submerged motion and hotel service of submarine without supply air from atmosphere. There are many different power production system that can be used as base of submarine s AIP. However, currently only four different types of electric power production system as submarine ss equipment are used. They are: Closed Cycle Steam Turbine (CCST); Closed Cycle Stirling Engine (CCSE or Stirling Engine); Closed Cycle Diesel Engine (CCDE); Fuel Cell (FC). Every type of AIP system contains the following main components: Converter of fuel chemical energy intoelectricity; Fuel storage/production and feeding system; Oxygen storage/production and feeding system; Inert gas recirculation system; Exhaust gas dumping system independent_propulsion 37

38 AIP TECHNOLOGY There are two main concepts of AIP configuration. They are: AIP plug section (AIP CCST MESMA France, [Sub Scorpene]; AIP Stirling Engine, Sweden, Japan, [sub Gotland, A26]; AIP SINAVY BZM 34/120 PEMFC, Germany, [sub Type 214]); AIP integrated with submarine equipment (AIP SINAVY BZM 34 PEMFC, Germany, [subtype 212/212A]; AIPCCDE [submoray1400h] ). independent_propulsion 38

39 STEAM TURBINE CLOSED CYCLE. MESMA AIP (FRANCE) 39

40 STIRLING CLOSED CYCLE AIP KOCKUMS SYSTEM (SWEDEN) 40

41 CLOSED CYCLE DIESEL AIP SYSTEM Closed CycleDiesel (CCD) engine AIPsystem uses regular engine that operates underwater on stored oxygen (instead of air), inert gases, diesel fuel and recycled exhaust products. CCD AIP can also be run both on oxygen and on air at snorkel depth. It is a proven technology and uses off the shelf components. The common fuel source makes it cost efficient. The only concerns are noise and exhaust management. Figure shows an operational closed cycle diesel schema used in AIP submarine Bakst A. Property 41

42 AIP TECHNOLOGY FEATURES. COMPARISON TABLE Submarine s features Non AIP submarine AIP submarine Propulsion system Diesel electric Diesel electric + AIP system Nuclear powered submarine Nuclear reactorsteam turbineelectric Energy source for Battery Battery and AIP Nuclear reactor submerged operating Total rated power 3 4 MW 3 4 MW More than 20MW Submerged rated power kw kw More than 20MW Field of highly effective application Typical submerged endurance Littoral waters Littoral /blue waters (Ocean) Blue water (Ocean) 2 3(3 4) days 14 21(30) days days and more Acoustic signature Very silent From very silent to Moderate silent moderate silent Maneuverability Maneuverable From maneuverable Less maneuverable 42 to less maneuverable independent_propulsion

43 AIP TECHNOLOGY FEATURES. COMPARISON TABLE The graphs show comparison of non AIP, AIP submarine and Advanced AIP submarine. Range vs Speed Endurance vs Speed Balance Speed defines the transfer point between operating processes on Battery & AIP and Battery only. Balance Speed for Battery & AIP is 4 knot. Target balance speed is 5.5 knot Bakst A. Property 43

44 5. WHY SUBMARINES DOLPHIN I CLASS HAS TO BE FITTED WITH AIP SYSYEMS 44

45 CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ELECTRIC SUBMARINE DOLPHIN I Submarine SSK Dolphin I Submarine SSP Type technology.com/projects/dolphin/ class_submarine 45

46 SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT SSK Dolphin I vs Type /1400 General Characteristics Submarine s Characteristics SSK Dolphin-I class SSK Type 209/1200 SSK Type 209/1400 Displacement Surfaced Submerged 1640 tonne (1450) 1900 tonne (1840) 1248 tonne 1440 tonne Submarine Length 57.3 m (56.4 m) 55.9 m tonne 1586 tonne Beam (pressure hull diameter) 6.8 m 6.3 m; (6.8 m) 6.25 m (6.8 m) Draft 6.2 m 5.5 m 5.5 m Height 12.7 m 12.5 Hull Single Hull Single hull Single hull Propulsion System Diesels: 3xMTU16V-396 SE 84 3x1415=4245hp; Alternator: Piller 3x970kW; Electric Motor: Siemens 1x3875hp 1 shaft; 6 blades propeller Battery: 2x216 cells Diesels: 4xMTU12V-493TY- 60 4X600=2400hp; Alternator: 4x405kW; Electric Motor: Siemens 1x4000hp 1 shaft Battery: 4x120 cells Submerged maximal speed 20knots 21.5 knots 22 knots Snorkel speed 11knots 11 knots 11 knots Diesels:4xMTU12V-396SB 83 4X1250=5000hp; Alternator: 4x900kW; Electric Motor: 1x4000hp 1 shaft Battery: 4x120 cells 46

47 SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT SSK Dolphin I & Dolphin II General Characteristics Submarine s SSK Dolphin-I class SSK Type 209/1200 SSK Type 209/1400 Characteristics Total Endurance 30 days 50 days 50 days Submerge endurance 2-3 days at speed 6 knot Surfaced Range 8,000nm (2700nm) at speed 8 11,000 nm (20, km)at10 11,000 nm (20, km)at10 knots knots (20 km/h) knots (20 km/h) Submerged Range 420 nm at speed 8knot 400 nm (700 km) at 4 knots (7 km/h) Cruising range 4500 nm Range (snorkeling)? 8,000 nm (15,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h) 400 nm (700 km) at 4 knots (7 km/h) 8,000 nm (15,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h) Operating Depth (max) 200 m (350 m) 250 m (test 500 m) 280 m (test 500 m) Crew 35 men+10 passengers Armament Torpedo armament: 6x533 mm Torpedo tubes 4x650 mm Torpedo tubes Torpedo armament: 8x533 mm Torpedo tubes Torpedo armament: 8x533 mm Torpedo tubes 47

48 CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ELECTRIC SUBMARINE DOLPHIN I Currently (2016) the Israeli Navy contains five submarines Dolphin class. The Dolphin classis actually twodifferent classes. They are: non AIP, SSK Dolphin I and AIP SSP Dolphin II sub classes of conventional diesel electric submarines. Three Dolphin I class submarines were designed by Ingenieurkontor Lubeck Prof Gabler Nachf GmbH (IKL), a subsidiary of Howaldtswerke Deutche Werft AG (HDW) based in Lubeck, Germany. A schedule had originallybeen planned for the construction of the three submarines by an industrial team consisting of HDW and Thyssen Nordseewerke Gmbh (TNSW), lead by Litton Ingalls Shipbuilding. However, the project was cancelled in 1990 as result of Germany budget reallocation. Following the Gulf crisis in , contracts were placed for the construction of the first twoboats boats, to proceed withfunding support from the German government. Such decisionwas accepted in order to compensate for Israel the Gulf War ( ) damage and economic losses and, in the same time, to keep German shipyards occupied with a high profile projects. Deciding the both tasks and taking into account the post Cold War defense spending downturn thechancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl approves an assistancepackage to German industry including the construction of two Dolphin I class submarines for Israel. Approval for construction of the third submarine was granted (50%) in 1994 only. technology.com/projects/dolphin/ class_submarine 48

49 CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE DOLPHIN I In other words, the first two Dolphin I class boats (Dolphin and Leviathan) were donated by Germany to Israel. The third boat (Tekumah) received a 50% of subsidy. At the same time, early 1990s it was the very time when HDW, in fact, was ready to produce new up dated AIP submarines. In 1996 a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) gave the start to the cooperation for building 4 vessels for German Navy and 4 vessels for Italian Navy. These boats in further will be designated as submarines SSP Type 212. These multi purpose p well known AIP attack submarines (U31 U34) were launched for German Navy in period from 2002 to The same as Dolphin, the boats Type 212 were constructed by Howaldswerke Deutsche Werft Gmbh (HDW) of Kiel and Thyssen Nordseewerke GmbH (TNSW) of Enden (see Appendix). There are many causes why Israel did not obtain up dated AIP submarines. However, don't look a gift horse in the mouth. At the same time to be just, it should be confessed that Dolphin I class submarines were outmoded already at the moment of their launching. In fact, submarines SSK Dolphin I class (Dolphin, Leviathan and Tekumah) are short endurance (<50 days) littoral water diesel electric submarines for coastal defense and limited regional influence. These submarines must periodically surface or lift snorkel to use diesel generators for recharging submarine s battery. class_submarine 49

50 SSK DOLPHIN I & SSP TYPE 212/212A. General Characteristics Submarine s Characteristics SSK Dolphin-I class SSP Type 212/212A Displacement Surfaced Submerged 1640 ton 1900 ton 1450 ton 1830 ton Submarine Length 57.3 m (56.4 m) 57.2 m Beam 6.8 m 7 m Draft 6.2 m 6 m Height 12.7 m? Hull Single Hull Single Hull Propulsion System Diesels: 3x16V-396 SE 84 3x1040=3120kW; Alternator: Piller 3x960kW; Electric Motor: Siemens 2.85MW 1 shaft; 6 blades propeller Battery: 2x216 cells Submerged maximal speed 20knots 20knots Snorkel speed 11knots? 1xDiesel 16V-396 SE 84?kW; Alternator?kW; Electric Motor: Siemens 1.7MW 1 shaft; 7 blades skewback propeller PEM Fuel cell AIP; 9xSINAVY BZM-34 50

51 SSK DOLPHIN I & SSP TYPE 212/212A. General Characteristics Submarine s Characteristics SSK Dolphin-I class SSP Type 212/212A Total Endurance 30 days 84 days Submerge endurance 2-3 days at speed 6 knot 14 days (18 days is record 2013) without snorkeling Surfaced Range 8,000nm (2700nm) at speed 8knot 8,000nm (2700nm) at speed 8knot Submerged Range 420 nm at speed 8knot 420 at 8 knots, submerged Cruising range 4500 nm at speed?knot Operating Depth (max) 200m (350 m) 300m (over 700m) Crew 35 men+10 passengers men inc 5 officers Masts Armament Main Communication Mast Secondary Communication mast with ESM Radar Mast Search Periscope Attack Periscope Snorkel Mast Torpedo armament: 6x533 mm Torpedo tubes 4x650 mm Torpedo tubes Torpedo armament: 6x533 mm Torpedo tubes 13 torpedoes 51

52 CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE DOLPHIN I Currently, boats Dolphin I are in service years already. Taking into account that mean service life of conventional submarines is about 30 years, came time to think what fate waits for the boats in the future (in particular in years). There are some following outcomes: 1. Utilization (scrap). It should be remembered that boats contain expensive equipment and materials that t hardly can be used for the second time. It is very pity, it is squandering. However, it is possible, real end of the boat s service. 2. Sale. It will be very difficult to realize as it will be outmoded therewith old submarines. 3. Use these boats as training ships to train new submarine crews. One boat is enough to provide this aim. 4. Use these boats for solving civil tasks. The proposal is unreasonable economically. The boats have to be fully reconstructed whereas they do not suitable to implement such functions. 5. Equip boats with AIP systems and after reconstruction to proceed using them in service in Israel Navy. It is troublesome way therewith hrequiring ii investments. However, it is possible and real way that can extend the submarines life. We consider that last way has priority. Why we think so you can read in the next slides. class_submarine 52

53 CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE DOLPHIN I Some important reasons why we should do it today. 1) National Security. The State of Israel has a long maritime border and territorial extended along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The coastal cities are concentrated most of the population and industry of the country, as well as important administrative and political institutions. In the sea are Israeli offshore gas platforms. However, very from the sea, the State of Israel is the most vulnerable, both from the terrorist attacks, and in the case of large scale military conflict. The main tasks of the Navy of Israel can be summarized as follows: the conduct of military operations against groups of ship and aircraft the enemy in order to gain dominance in the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to the sea border of Israel; implementation of protection of territorial waters and the sea coast of Israel, including the important administrative and political centers of the country, economic regions, gas fields, naval bases, ports; ensure protection of coastal marine communications and violation of maritime communications of the enemy; control of the Aden and Aqaba bays, the Suez Canal and the Gibraltar and Dardanelles straits; 53

54 CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE DOLPHIN I provide a direct support to ground forces and air forces during operations in the maritime areas, conducting amphibiousoperations, thefight againstmarine landing forces, conducting continuous reconnaissance on the sea. Obviously, to decide these problems a fairly large fleet is required. Since Israel is not able to support such fleet, thefleet objectives shiftedto to theair Force clearly. However, the development and dissemination of advanced air defense systems, including the ship's air defense system poses problems for the application of the Air Force, in particular, to address the strategic objectives. Under these conditions, AIP subs are simply irreplaceable. Of course, overall strength of theisraelinavy and compositionofof surface ships isinferiorinferior to Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and even Egypt. As for Israeli submarines, they are effective sufficiently and have reliable weapon as a deterrent to different enemies, especially taking into account the fact that these boats have the ability to carry nuclear weapons. Five modern submarines now (in the future it will be 9) it would be a serious force. However, if the three of them (it is 30%) are out of date it significantly reduces the power and possibility of the submarine flotilla, 54

55 CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE DOLPHIN I 2) It is known that the service life of the submarine, is typically about 30 years. However, if the vessel's technical condition is good enough, it can be served in the future, especially if it is possible (specifications) will meet modern requirements. Submarines Dolphin I class now are out dated. On other hand, design, construction, installation and different examinations takes not short time. Therefore, to improve these boats the works should begin today, whereas period years is not so long for such works. It will be pointless to start the reconstruction of the boats after their decommissioning, Hopefully, that for the next 15 years, Israel will obtain from Germany the remaining four submarines Dolphin II. Nevertheless, the case with French helicopter carriers for Russia Navy creates precedent. The decommissioning of three submarines from nine in the future (2030s) is a serious decline in combat capability of the Israeli Navy. It can be supposed that the Government of Israel and the leadership of the Israel Navy did not choose this path. 55

56 CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE DOLPHIN I 3) Successful implementation of the Dolphin I submarines reconstruction creates possibility to use submarine after 30 years of their service if boats will meet modern requirements. Reconstructed boats can be sold later and the proceeds may be used for the purchasing new modern submarines. 4) Implementation of these works in Israel creates the basis for the development of high tech naval facilities and systems in the future, and exclude dependence d of Israeli linavy on foreign firms. It is very important requirement so far as it creates both work places and base for expending of maritime industry. 56

57 6. SSK DOLPHIN I AND SSP DOLPHIN II ECONOMICS 57

58 Table. SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SSK DOLPHIN I AND SSP DOLPHIN II SUBMARINE S TENTATIVE COST Item Cost, million USD Source of publication Dolphin I may sell 2 moredolphin subs to israel for 117b 01528/ ,00.html Dolphin II submarine capabilities/ 1,800 for 3 boats 5th Dolphin submarineunveiled in Germany (6 th boat) class_submarine costs/

59 TENTATIVE PRICES OF AIP SUBMARINES We suppose that the obsolescence of SSK Dolphin I submarine was begin together with design of this submarine s type. Both the Howaldtswerke Deutche Werft AG (HDW) and the Thyssen Nordseewerke Gmbh (TNSW) predicted convention submarine s development and owned with modern AIP technology. It is confirmed with laid down of six SSPsubmarines Type 212 (AIPattack submarines U31 U34 and SalvatoreTodaro Todaro, Scire) for German and Italian Navy in period from 1998 to Today, all Navies in the world (except the United State) are going to become owner of AIP submarines only. In these conditions it will be very difficult to sale obsolete submarines, after 30 years of service especially. To save the three boats Dolphin I, the reasonable solution is to transform the boats Dolphin I into AIP submarines. SSK Dolphin I submarine successfully fitted with AIPsystem is transformed into SSP class. In this case the boat s cost can be increased in spite of reducing of the boat cost as result of depreciation. 59

60 TENTATIVE PRICES OF AIP SUBMARINES There are two main ways how to transform the boats Dolphin I into AIP submarines: A) The existing industrial way is to weld an AIP plug section into existing submarine s hull. It is expensive enough way. Today, the cost of such solution is from 50 MUSD up to 100 MUSD per unit (in dependence on AIP plug section type and composition). It is not the best and reasonable way to install the modern and expensive AIP plug section in 30 years serviced submarine. B) The second way to transform the boats Dolphin I into AIP submarines is to create AIP system using existing boat s equipment with minimal possible changes. Obviously, the full cost of the project can be define after finish of project only. However, preliminary, as a draft estimation, we suppose that tentative price of the boats modernization will be ten times as small. Addition benefits in the case of domestic build are: Naval equipment for further scientific researches and equipment testing; Naval auxiliary equipment for current repair, maintenance; Experience, education and training in naval technology; Jobsites 60

61 7. THE DEVIL ISINTHE IN DETAIL Bakst A. Property 61

62 THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS Simplicity and obviousness of solution are seeming. Detailed consideration of reconstruction technology of non AIPboat into AIP submarine show many different intermediate tasks that have to be solved previously. Totality of these tasks forms a group of indispensable conditions to attain the main goal. Strict sequence in solving of these tasks (problem) has no small importance. To discover the list of these tasks, the knowledge in different branch of sciences are required. The first of all, it is required the knowledge in design and technology of AIP systems. We had implemented the analysis of reconstruction technology of non AIP boat into AIP submarine. We collected list of tasks coming into group of indispensable conditions. The wider list of tasks the lower confidence that all required tasks are in the list. Some tasks during reconstruction process are occured. Therefore, it is very difficult to define feasibility of general task previously. Obviously, only final result can shows whether solved tasks were sufficient to attain successful final result Bakst A. Property 62

63 8. REFERENCES 63

64 REFERENCES 1. German U Boat / h l 2. SSK Dolphin Class Submarine, Israel technology.com/projects/dolphin/ 3. Morris S. An illustrated guide to u boat research 4. Snorkel lsystem and Gas Exhaust Eh tvl Valves services/submarine masts_2/snorkel system gev_13 5. GABLER Naval Technology Solutions luebeck.de/en/naval technology/solutions l b / / l t h l / l ti 6. GABLER Marinetechnik Unser PotenzialTechnologie für die Zukunft luebeck.de/gabler gruppe/ueber uns/gabler marinetechnik 64

65 REFERENCES 7. McGuinness M., Benjamin B. SUBMARINE LEAD ACID BATTERY PERFORMANCE / / /S i 8. NAVY NEWS 9. Appendix C. Snorkel Exhaust System RN Subs. Website of the Barrow Submariners Association bits/articles/development/us snorkel/usn snortc.html#prettyphoto 10. Appendix E. Fleet Submarine Snorkel loperating Procedure. RN Subs. Wbit Website of the Barrow Submariners Association bits/articles/development/us snorkel/usn snorte.html 11. Appendix B. Air Induction & Snorkel linduction Systems RN Subs. Website Wbit of the Barrow Submariners Association bits/articles/development/us snorkel/usn snortb.html 65

66 REFERENCES 12. MODERN MARITIME SECURITY KOCKUMS A26 and / b l / l/ l/ b i warships/submarines/a26/saab_kockums a26_brochure_a4_final_aw_screen.pdf 13. Buckingham J, Hodge C, Hardy T Submarine Power and Propulsion Application of Technology to Deliver Customer Benefit. Paper on submarine power and propulsion li technology developments presented at UDT Europe 2008 in Glasgow June 2008, BMT Defence Services Ltd 14. Phase I Final Rule and Technical ldevelopment tdocument of Uniform Nti National ldischarge Standards (UNDS) Submarine Emergency Diesel Engine Wet Exhaust: Nature of Discharge, April /documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appasubdiesel.pdf 66

67 9. APPENDIX 67

68 SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT VAPOR GAS TURBINE (WALTER TURBINE) SCHEMA Walter Vapor Gas Turbine Principal Schema 1 Propeller; 2 Reduction gear; 3 Turbine; 4 Main electric motor; 5 Separator; б combustion chamber; 7 Igniter; 8 Igniter s switch on/off valve; 9 Decomposition chamber; 10 Fuel injector switch on/off valve; 11 three position switch (valve); 12 Fourposition switch (valve); 13 Hydrogen peroxide solution pump; 14 Fuel pump; 15 Water pump; 16 Condensate cooler; 17 Condensate pump; 18 Condensate accumulator; 19 Gas receiver; 20 Carbon dioxide compressor

69 VAPOR GAS TURBINE (WALTER TURBINE) U BOAT TYPE XVII historia.com/uhistoria/tecnico/uboots/17/17.htm 69

70 VAPOR GAS TURBINE (WALTER) U BOAT TYPE XVIIA (WA 201) historia.com/uhistoria/tecnico/uboots/17/17.htm 70

71 VAPOR GAS TURBINE (WALTER) U BOAT TYPE XVIIA (WK 202) historia.com/uhistoria/tecnico/uboots/17/17.htm 71

72 VAPOR GAS TURBINE (WALTER) U BOAT TYPE XVIIB U-boat type XVIIB historia.com/uhistoria/tecnico/uboots/17/17.htm 72

73 U BOAT TYPE XXVI W (WALTER TURBINE) SUBMARINE (PROJECT) Propulsion system composition : 1 Walter Turbine; 1 Diesel /1 Electric Motor 73

74 CLOSED CYCLE DIESEL (CCD) PROPULSION SYSTEM OF SEEHUND TYPE 227 BOAT seehund.jpg cycle.jpg 74

75 SEEHUND TYPE 227 CCD PROPULSION SYSTEM MIDGET SUBMARINE seehund.jpg cycle.jpg 75

76 U BOAT TYPE XXI ELEKTOBOOT SUBMARINE U boat type XXI Elektroboot 76

77 U BOAT TYPE XXIII ELEKTOBOOT SUBMARINE First launch April 17, 1944 U boat type XXIII Elektroboot Displacement Surfaced 234 tons Submerged 275 tons Dimensions Length 34.4m4m Beam 3m Draught 7.7m Top speed Surfaced speed 9.7knots Submerged speed 12.5knots Speed under Snorkel 10.75knots Silent speed 4.5knots Maximum range Surfaced at 8kt 2600nm Submerged at 4kt 194nm Depth Crush depth 180m Engines Diesel One MWM 6 cylinder, 4 stroke RS 34 S; 630hp Electric One AEG GU double armature; 572hp Creep motor One BBC GCR 188 single cummutator electric motor; 35hp Battery One 62 cell AFA 2 x 21 MAL 740E battery; 5,400 amp/hour Weapons Bow tubes Two 21 inch Crew Officers and crew type xxiii.shtml 77

78 SSK DOLPHIN I vs SSK TYPE 209/1500, SSP TYPE 212, and TYPE

79 THANK YOU FOR ATTANTION THANK YOU FOR ATTANTION boomers on the rise/ 79