Chong Partilashwe Kainatning QandaqPeydaBolghanliqi HeqqideOmumiyChüshenche
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1 Chong Partilashwe Kainatning QandaqPeydaBolghanliqi HeqqideOmumiyChüshenche Erkin Sidiq Uyghur Akadémiyisi 3-Nöwetlik Ilmiy Muhakime Yighinida Sözlen gen 2011-Yili 6-Ayning Künliri, Istanbul, Türkiye
2 Insanlar Tarixidiki Eng Chong Tewekkülchilik Kainatni Chüshinish Insanlar tarixidiki eng izchil dawamlashtürulghan, eng ulugh tewekkülchilik kainatini chüshinish uning qandaq heriket qilidighanliqini we uning nedin kelgenlikini chüshinish yolidiki izdinishtin ibaret. Tesewwur qilish qiyin bolghini, bir kichik Galaksidiki bir erzimes yultuzni aylinip turidighan bir kichik planétaning az sandiki ahalisi pütün kainatni teltüküs chüshinishniözliriüchünbirnishanqiliptalliwalghanliqidur; barliq yaritilghuchilarning bir kichik qismi bolghan bu kishilerning özlirining pütün dunyani chüshineleydighanliqigha ishinidighanliqidur. Muréy Gél Men (Murray Gell Mann) Muréy qatarliq bir guruppa nezeriyiwi fizika alimliri hazir ashundaqbirzortewekkülchilikbilenshughullanmaqta. Ular bizning etirapimizdiki barliq hadisilerni chüshendürüp béreleydighan, kainatning merkizidiki bir tesir yaki bir heriketni izdimekte. Kaniattiki bir Galaksy JPL de yasiliwatqan Mars Ilim- Pen Terjribixanisi Men mezkur dokladta, insanlar mushu yolda hazirghiche élip barghan ishlar we igiligen bilimlerni ilgiri-kéyinlik waqit tertiwi boyiche qisqiche tonushturup ötimen. Men gepni aldi bilen mushu témigha arqa körünish bolidighan bir qisim uqumlarni izahlash bilen bashlaymen.
3 Kainat Texminen 200 Milyart Galaksidin Terkip Tapqan Töwendiki resimlerdiki her bir yultuzgha oxshash nurluq chékitlerning köpünchisi bir Galaksige wekillik qilidu Alem boshluq téléskopi arqiliq tartilghan resim
4 Biz Yashawatqan Quyash Sistémisi Ashu Galaksilerning Birining Ichide U Galaksi Saman Yoli Galaksi, dep atilidu Saman Yoli Galaksi de texminen 200 milyart yultuz bar Bizning Quyash ashu 200 milyart yultuzlarning biri
5 Saman Yoli Galaksining Kengliki 100,000, Qelinliqi 3,000 Nur-Yili Kélidu Bizning Quyashning ornigha diqqet qiling Intayin chongliqtiki galaksilerning merkiziy qismida bir yighinchaq, massisi derijidin tashqiri halda éghir bolghan, bir qara öngkürni chöridigen rayon bar bolup, u Kwasar (quasar) dep atilidu ( Hubble tartqan bir Quasar ning merkizi Sizilghan Quasar
6 Xémiyedin Sawad Maddilarning Asasliq Tüzilishi Qattiq jisim, suyuqluq,, we gazdin ibaret maddilarning hemmisi atomlardin tüzülgen bulup, bir maddini bir öyge oxshatsaq, atomni ashu öyning késeklirige oxshitishqa bolidu Atomlar yalghuz mewjut bolup turmaydighan bolup, guruppa sheklide mewjut bolidu. Her bir atom guruppisi bolsa Molékula, dep atilidu. Peqet Xéliyum gha oxshash bir qanche xil gazla biwaste atomdin tüzilidu Atomlar intayin kichik bolup, ularning diyametiri métir kélidu Atomning tüzilishi ive.html Atomlar bolsa éléktron,, proton we nyutronlardin terkip tapqan bolidu Maddilarni teshkil qilghuchi atomlardinmu kichik nersilermu bar bolup, ular nyukliyon we kwark (nucleons, quarks) dep atilidu Atomning tüzilishi ive.html
7 Kainat Madda, Énérgiye, Boshluq we Waqittin Tüzülgen Pütün kainat mundaq 4 nersidin tüzülgen: Waqit, boshluq, madda, we énérgiye (Time, space, matter, and énérgy) Bir nezeriyining chüshendürishiche, Chong Partilash jeryanida madda bilen énérgiye partilap, waqit bilen boshluqni berpa qilghan Kainat Waqit Boshluq Madda Énérgiye
8 Kainattiki 4 Xil Küch Alimlar hazirghiche küchlerdin mundaq 4 ni bayqidi: 1. Tartishküchi: Kainittikieng chongnersilerni yultuz, planéta, siz we méni kontrol qilidu. Qalghan 3 xil küch bolsa atomdin kichik zeretchilerge tesir körsitidu 2. küchlük yadroluq küch: Atom yadrosini bir gewde supitide saqlaydu 3. Éléktro-magnitizm: éléktronlarni atom yadrosi etirapida tutup türup, jisimlarni uyul jisim sheklide saqlaydu 4. Ajiz yadroluq küch: Oran qatarliq bir qisim atomlarning radiyatsiyilik ajizlishishini keltürüp chiqiridu küchlük yadro küchi Kainattiki küchler Tartish küchi éléktromagnitizm Hazir mölcherlinishiche, Chong-partilash yüz bergenkin kéyinkideslepkibirqanche10-9 séküntwaqitichideküchlük yadro küchi höküm sürgen Ajiz yadro küchi Uningdin kéyin éléktro-magnitizm asasliq orun gha ötken Chong-partilashtin kéyinki bir qanche sékünt ichide ajiz yadro küchi höküm sürgen Uningdin kéyinki kainattining hazirghichilik bolghan milyart yilliq ömride asasliq rol oynighini tartish küchidur Mana bular nezeriyiwi fizika alimliri hazirqi zaman matimatikiliq qorallardin paydilinip bayqighan ishlar Mölcherlinishiche, chong-partilash yüz bergen peytning özide hemme küchler we hemme qanuniyetler birleshkenbolup, ashupeyttikiishlar, yenideslepki10-32 séküntwaqitningichidikiishlartéxiche aydinglashmighan
9 Tartish küchining Bayqilishi Kainatni chüshinish kainattiki küchlerni, ularning hazir qandaq tesirlerni körsitiwatqanliqini, we kainat yéngi peyda bolghanda qandaq rollarni oynighanliqini chüshinish arqiliq emelge ashqan Eng deslepte bayqalghan küch tartish küchi(gravity) Tartish küchige eng deslepte Geliléo(Galileo) ) éniqlima bergen. U erkin chüshiwatqanjisimlarninghemmisiningoxshashtézlinishi(acceleration) barliqini, hemde bundaq tézlinishni tartish küchi keltürüp chiqarghanliqini otturigha qoyghan Nyuton(Newton, ) 1687-yili Geliléoningidiyisini remontqilip we yaxshilap, tartishküchitenglimisif = G * M 1 *M 2 /d 2 niotturighaqoyghan. Bu tenglimequyash sistémisidiki yultuz we planéta qatarliq jisimlarning herikitini chüshinish, hemde bezi yéngi planétalarni bayqash imkaniyitige ige qilghan Emma butenglimemérkuriyningorbitisinitoghrachüshendürüpbérelmigen. Bu mesile Albért Éynishtiyin(Albert Einstein) 1915-yili Omumiy Nispiylik nezeriyisi ni ijat qilghandin kéyin hel bolghan Galileo ( ) Isaac Newton ( ) ÉynishtiyinNyutonningasasiyqanuninibilepwe kéngeytip, uni pütün kainatqa mas kélidighan qilghan(men nispiylik mesilisi heqqide kéyinki betlerde yene toxtulimen) Hazir bolsa Hoking(Stephen Hawking) we bashqa bir guruppa kainatshunaslar Éynishtiyinning omumiy nispiylik nezeriyisigeoxshashishniqilip uniqaytidinbilepwe kéngeytip tartish küchi bilen qalghan küchlerning hemmisige yéngi chüshenche bérish üchün tirishiwatidu Stephen Hawking (1942- present) Albert Einstein ( )
10 Éynishtiyin we Alahide Nispiylik nezeriyisi 1905-yili, Éynishtiyin 3 parche ilmiy maqale élan qilghan 1. Statistikiliq méxanika(statistical mechanics) 2. Foto-éléktronika tesiri(photoelectric effect) 3. Alahide nispiylik nezeriyisi(special theory of relativity) Alahide nispiylik peqet tüz siziqni boylap muqim tézlikte méngiwatqan nersigila ishleydu. Eger bir nersining yötkilish tézliki bilen yönilishini özgertse, alahide nispiylik nezeriyisi uninggha ishlimeydu Bu nezeriye mundaq ikki muhim prinsipni öz ichige alidu: 1. Menbesining néme bolishidin qet iynezer, nur birla tézlikte mangidu Biz terepke kéliwatqan bir yultuz bilen bizdin yiraqlap kétiwatqan bir yultuzdin chiqqan nurning her ikkisi bizge qarap oxshash tézlikte kélidu(bashqa nersilerning tézliki undaq emes) 2. Hemme heriketler nispiy bolidu. Tejribichiler peqet nispiy heriketnila sézeleydu Bir köwrükte türup, suning éqishigha tikilip qarang: Su sizge nispeten yiraqlap kétiwatamdu, yaki siz sugha nisbeten yiraqlap kétiwatamsiz? Albert Einstein ( ) 2006 Walk of Ideas, Berlin, Germany Boshluq bilen waqit bir gewde Eynishitiyinning alahide nispiylik nezeriyisi boshluq bilen waqit otturisida bir tüp munasiwet ornatti Boshluqning3 ölchimibar: yuqiri-töwen, ong-sol, aldi-arqisi. Waqityenebirölchembolup, hazirkainat 4 ölchemlik nerse dep qarilidu. Bu 4 ölchemlik boshluq hazir boshluq-waqit özluksizliki dep atilidu Waqitning uzurishi: Eger siz bir alem kémiside nurning tézlikige yéqin kélidighan tézlikte mangsingiz, waqit yer shari yüzidikidin asta ötidu Massa bilenénérgiyiningbirleshtürilishi(1907): E = mc 2. Massa bilenénérgiyebir-birigeözgiridu Bu nurghunqétimispatlinipboldi. Zeretchilernitézletküchi (particle accelerators) tejribixanilar(fermi, CERN) mushu qanuniyet boyiche ishleydu Yuqiriqi nezeriyiler tézliship kétiwatqan heriketlerni chüshendürüp bérelmeydu
11 Éynishtiyinning Omumiy Nispiylik nezeriyisi Éynishtiyinbunezeriyini1916-yili otturighaqoyghanbolup, u alahide nispiylik nezeriyisidinmu muhim orunda turidu Bu nezeriyide, Eynishitiyin tartish küchini bikar qilip, kainatning egri-siziqliq géometiriyisi jisimlarning öz-ara tartilishini keltürüp chiqiridighanliqini otturigha qoydi Rézinke taxtay üstidiki bir choyun top Kaniatning egri-siziqliq géométiryisi Ong tereptiki resimdikidek, chong we éghir top taxtayning yüzini igip qoyidu. Bu yüzge qoyulghan bir kichik top mushuégilgentaxtayyüzidechongtopqaqarapmangidu Kichiktopningu herikitini birsirliqküch ning tartishi keltürüp chiqarghan bolmastin, kichik topning chong top teripidin igiwétilgen bir boshluqta méngishi keltürüp chiqarghan Kainattiki jisimlar kainatning boshluqini égiwetidu Mana bu Omumiy Nispiylik nezeriyisining négizidur Yénik jisim(ay shari) keltürüp chiqarghan boshluqning igilishi éghir jisim(yer shari) keltürüp chiqarghan igilishke anche tesir körsitelmeydu, emma éghir jisim keltürüp chiqarghan égilish yénik jisimning éghir jisim etirapida aylinishini keltürüp chiqiridu Mana bu tartish küchining qandaq ishleydighanliqini chüshendürüp béridu(ayning tartish küchi déngiz suyining dolqunlishini keltürüp chiqiridu) Alahide nispiylik nezeriyisi omumiy nispiylik nezeriyisining hemme tereplirini qollaydu. Omumiy nispiylik nezeriyisiklassikméxanikininghemmehadisilirinichüshendürüpbéreleydu. Uningdin bashqa, töwendiki bayqashlar omumiy nispiylik nezerisiyini ispatlaydu: Mérkuriy ning bir iliptika sheklidiki orbitisida aylinishi Yultuz nurining tartish küchi tesiridin égilishi Kainatning toxtimay kéngiyishi Qara öngkürdin kélidighan Hoking radiyatsiyesi
12 Yultuz Nurining Tartish Küchi Tesiridin Égilishi Tartish küchining tesiride, bizge bir yultuzdin yétip kelgen nur bir tal chikit emes, bir tal egri siziq bolup körinidu BularIn glizchide Strong gravitational lensing we weak gravitational lensing dep atilidu Ajiz tartish küchi lenzisi bizge nede qarangghu jisim barliqini körsitip béridu
13 Howkingdin Burunqi Kainatning Menbesi Heqqidiki Izdinishler Nispiylik nezeriyisining nurghun qarshiliqlargha uchrighinigha qarimay, 1917-yili Éynishtiyin bir ilmiy maqale élan qilip, hazirqi zaman kainatshunasliq kainatning menbesi, tarixi we shekli heqqidiki ilim ning asasini qurghan Bu nezeriyie lazér nurini yasap chiqishtin 40 yil burun, uning prinsipini otturigha qoyghan Éynishtiyin omumiy nispiylik tenglimiliri arqiliq kainattiki nahayiti chong jisimlarning nahayiti uzun waqittiki ehwalini chüshendürmekchi bolghanda, bir nusxalgha duch kelgen: Uning tenglimisi bir türaqsiz kainatni perez qilip bergen Hemme yönilishte oxshash, we hemme yönilishte tekshi bir kainatni chüshendürüsh üchün, u özining tenglimisige bir kainat türaqliq sani dégen ezani qoshup, uni délta ezasi(delta terms) dep atighan Emma, omumiy nispiylik nezeriyisi intayin mukemmel nezeriye bolghachqa, bundaq bir yéngi ezani telep qilmasliqi kérek idi 1922-yili Rossiyelik matimatika alimi Frédmen(Alexander Friedman) Éynishtiyinning tenglimisini héliqi délta ezaning bar-yoqliqi boyiche 2 xil yeshken. Délta ezani ishlitip yeshkende, bir türaqliq kainatqa érishken. Uni ishletmigende bolsa bir toxtimay kéngiyip kétiwatqan kainatqa érishken Frédmenning2-yeshimi hazirqizamankainatshunasliqningasasihésaplinidu. Uning2 modélibar bolup, uningbirinchisikainatcheksizchongluqtabolup, menggutoxtimaykéngiyidu, dégenxulasinichiqiridu. Uning ikkinchisi bolsa kainat cheklik, lékin chegrisiz; u bir küni kéngiyishtin toxtaydu, dégen xulasini chiqiridu. Mushu modél boyiche bolghanda, eger siz bir tüz siziqni boylap toxtimay mangsingiz, eng axiri yene bashlinish nuqtisigha qaytip kélisiz 1923-yili Xabul(Edwin Hubble) JPL ning qeshidiki Wilson teghi ning üstige jaylashqan bir 2.5m liq téléskop arqiliq Saman Yoli Galaksi bilen uning xoshnisi Andromedia Galaksining ariliqini ölchigen. Hemde 1929-yili kainatning toxtimay kéngiyiwatqanliqini jakarlighan Éynishtiyinning nispiylik nezeriyisi, Frédmenning chüshendürishi we Xabulning bayqashliri kainat heqqidiki bir mukemmel chüshenchini shekillendürgen. Lékin bu heqiqet uningdin 10 yil kéyinki Howking bilen Pénröz(Roger Penrose) larning tetqiqati arqiliq heqiqiy türde ispatlan ghan
14 Abdus Salamning Töhpisi Uyghurlardin bu kishini bilidighanlar nahayiti köp bolup, adette Abdusalam dep ataydu küni Pakistanda tughulghan bolup, Urdu millitidin éléktro-magnitizmbilenajizküchnibirlikkekeltürüp, Sheldon Glashow we Steven Weinberg ler bilen birlikte 1979-yilliq Nobél mukapitigha érishken Baklawr unwanini alghiche Pakistanda oqughan 1946-yili Pakistanda Magistirliq unwani élip bolghandin kéyin, Londondiki Kambrij Uniwérsitéti(Cambridge University) de matimatika bilen fizikida qosh-kesp baklawrliqini alghan 1951-yili Kambrij Uniwérsitétide neziryiwi fizika boyiche dokturluq unwani alghan. Nurghun xelqaraliq ilim-pen teshkilatlirini qurghan. Ularning ichidiki eng közge körinerlikliridin60-yillarda qurghan3-dunya ilim-pen akadémiyisibilen1964-yili Italiyede qurulghan Xelqaraliq nezeriyiwi Fizika Merkizi qatarliqlar bar Uning töhpiliri In glizche mundaq xulasilan ghan( Salam's major and notable achievements include Pati-Salam modél, Magnetic photon, Vector meson, Grand Unified Theory, work on the quarks and the global symmetry, and most importantly Electroweak theory, for which he was awarded the most prestigious award in Physics the NobélPrize. [4] Salam made a major contribution in Quantum Field Theory and advancement of Mathematics at the Imperial College. With his student, Riazuddin, Salam made important contributions to the modern theory on neutrinos, neutron starsand black holes, as well as the work on modernizing the quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. As a teacher and science promoter, Salam is remembéredas a founder and scientific father of mathematicaland theoretical physics in Pakistan while his stay as Science advisor. [5][10] Salam heavily contributed to the rise of Pakistani physics to the Physics communityin the world. [11][12] Even until his death, Salam continued to contribute in physics and tirelessly advocated for the development of science in third world countries. Mohammad Abdus Salam ( ) Abdus Salam Shiwétsiye prézidéntidin Nobél mukapitiéliwatidu
15 Stéfén Hoking we Qara Öngkür küni Amérikining DewrJornili qaraöngkürheqqidebirbash maqaleélan qilip, mundaqdepyazghan: StéfenHowking Mushuesirdiki1-derijilik ilim-pen nezeriyichilirining biri bolup, éhtimal Éynishtiyin bilen barawer orunda turishi mumkin küni En gliyiningoksfordshehiridetughulup, Londondaösüpyétilgen. 4 baliningeng chongi. Dadisibiologiyetetqiqatchisi. 8-9 yashlargha kirgende saet we radiyolarni chugup, ularning qandaq ishleydighanliqini biliwalghan. 14 yashqa kirgende öz ömrini matimatika yaki fizika bilen shughullunup ötküzidighanliqini qarar qilip bolghan. Dadisi xizmet tapalmaydu dep ensirep, uni bu yoldin yandurushqa urunup baqqan. Emma meghlup bolghan Stephen Hawking (1942- ) 1959-yili baklawroqushiüchünoksford(oxford) Uniwérsitétighakirgen. Fizikidaintayinyaxshibolup, her qandaqtapshuruqniasanlaishligen. DokturluqoqushiüchünLondondikiKambrijUniwérsitéti(Cambridge University) ge kirgen yili Kambrij Uniwérsitétide neziryiwi fizika boyiche dokturluq unwani alghan yilliri, matimatika alimi Roger Penröz(Roger Penrose) bilen bille, qara öngkürning xususiyitini matimatika arqiliq tepséliy chüshendürgen 1973-yili, HowkingÉynishtiyinningomumiynispiyliknezeriyisinikwantméxanika(quantum mechanics) prinsipigha qollunup, qara-öngkürning pütünley qara emeslikini, uningmu radiyatsiye tarqitip, eng axirida partilap yoqap kétidighanliqini körsetken. Bu radiyatsiye hazir Howking radiyatsiyisi dep atilidu. Uning nezeriyisi hazirmu fizika we kainatshunasliq dunyasida küchlük inkas peyda qiliwatidu yili u Waqitningqisqichetarixi: Chong-partilashtinqaraöngkürgiche dégenkitapnichiqarghan. Bu kitap hazirghiche 10 milyun nusxidin köprek sétilghan Asprantliq oqushning 1-yilliqida motor neuron disease dégen késelge griptar bolghan. Ölüp ketkili tas qalghan. 69 yashliq Howking hazir ashu késelge griptar bolup, eng uzun yashighan kishilerning biri
16 Stéfén Hoking we Qara Öngkür Dawami 1974-yili, Hawking Kaliforniye Téxnologiye Institutining ziyaretchi proféssorliqi (visiting professorship) ni qobul qilip, proféssor Kip Thorne bilen bille ishleshke bashlighan yilidin bashlap, u her yili bir ay waqitni ashu mektepte ötküziwatidu yili, boshluq-waqitningtartishküchigheyriliki(gravitational singularity in space-time) ni ispatlighan Bashqa alimlar bilen birlikte, qara-öngkürni massa, bulungluq moméntasi, we éléktronluq zeretlerning 3 xususiyiti arqiliq toluq teswirligili bolidighanliqini matimatika jehettin ispatlighan Gamma-nuri radiyatsiyisini analiz qilish arqiliq, chong partilashtin kéyin eng deslepki kichik qara-öngkürlerning peyda bolghanliqini otturigha qoyghan 1974-yili, bashqa alimlar bilen birlikte, qara öngkür méxanikisining 4 qanunini otturigha qoyghan 2004-yili qara öngkürning paaliyet upuqi (event horizon) din bir xil radiyatsiye tarqilidighanliqini otturigha qoyup, dunyani zil-zilgha keltürgen Howkingning qarishiche, kainatning bashqa qismida choqum tashqi planétaliq ademler bar Howking nurghun mukapatlargha érishken, lékin ularning ichide Nobél mukapiti yoq iken Stephen Hawking (1942- ) Stephen Hawking'szero-gravity flight in a "Vomit Comet" of Zero Gravity Corporation, during which he experienced weightlessness eight times, took place on 26 April 2007
17 Kainattiki Mikro-Dolqun Radiyatsiyisining Bayqilishi Chong-partilashning bayqilishida intayin muhim rol oynighan nersilerning biri kainattiki mikro-dolqun radiyatsiyisi(cosmic microwave background radiation) Bu radiyatsiyining mewjutliqi heqqidiki deslepki mölcher 1948-yili otturigha qoyulghan 1965-yili Amérikining Nyu Jérsi(New Jersey) shitatidiki Bél TéléfonTejribixanisi(Bell Telephone Laboratories) dikiarno Pénziyas(Arno Penzias) bilenrobértwilson (Robert Woodrow Wilson) ikkeylen radiyo astronomiyisi bilen sün iy hemra xewerlishishi üchün ishlitidighan mikro-dolqun anténnaisidinbirniyasighan(ongtereptikiresim). Bashqa tereptin kélidighan bashqa héch qandaq mikrodolqunluq signal yoq bolghan ehwal astidimu, ularning anténnasigha 3.5 Kélwinliq témpératura bilen barawer kélidighan mikro-dolqunluq signal kiriwalghan Bir mezgillik izdinishtin kéyin, ular bu signalning kainattiki mikro-dolqun radiyatsiyisi ikenlikini, bundaq tekshi tarqalghan mikro-dolqun radiyatsiyisining chong-partilashtin peyda bolghanliqini bayqighan Mushu keshpiyati üchün Pénziyas bilen Wilson 1978-yilliq Nobél Fizika Mukapitigha érishken Arno Penzias (1933- ) Penziyas bilen Wilson ikkeylen yasighan mikro-dolqun anténnasi Robert Wilson (1936- )
18 Chong Partilash Nezeriyisining Töhpikarliridin Jon Masér 1974-yili, Jon Masér(John C. Mather) Kaliforniye Uniwérsitéti Bérkéléy shöhpiside fizika kespi boyiche dokturluq unwani alghan 2006-yili Jorj Smut (George F. Smoot) bilen birge Nobél Fizika Mukapitini alghan(jorg hazir Kalif. Uniw. Bérkéléy de proféssor) Ularningtöhpisi: UlarNASA ningkainatarqakörinishinitekshürgüchi(cosmic Background Explorer, COBE) dep atilidighan alem ushquri arqiliq yiqqan sanliq melumatlarni analiz qilip, chong partilashtin kéyinla peyda bolghan, kainat mikro-dolqun radiyatsiyisi(cosmic microwave background radiation) dikieng deslepki issiq we soghuq jaylarning xeritisini sizip chiqqan Bu xerite chong partilash nezeriyiliri arqiliq érishken mölcherler bilen opmuoxshash chiqqan Yeni, ularning netijisi chong-partilash nezeriyisining toghurliqini ispatlighan Jon 2007-yili JPL gekélip, "Chong partlashtin Nobél mukapitighiche" dégen témida ilmiy doklad bergende, qizim Dilnare bilen men ikkimiz uning bilen körüshken iduq (ong tereptiki resim) Uning tetqiqatida bizning JPL diki guruppimiz zor töhpe qoshqan we qoshiwatan alem téléskopliri muhim rol oynighan bolghachqa, u sözining axirida bizning pütün guruppidikilerge öz rexmitini bildürdi, hemde bizning guruppidikiler bilen birge chüshken resimdin birni ékran gha chiqirip qoydi _prize_mather.html Kainatning mikro-dolqunluq arqa korinishi resimi John C Mather ( ) Erkin Sidiq we uning qizi Dilnare 2006-yili Fizika Nobél mukapatigha érishken alim John Mather ependim bilen birge
19 Xulase Kainatning qandaq peyda bolghanliqi heqqide otturigha qoyulghan perezlerdin bir qanchisi bar. Ularning ichidiki chongraqliri: Chong partilash: ölchemlik nezeriyining qarishiche, chong partilash melum bir boshluq we malum bir waqitta yüz bergen bolmastin, belki u boshluq bilen waqitning partilishi. Uningdinburunwaqitmewjutbolghanemes. Kainat bir cheksizlikke yéqin qoyuqluq bilen temperatürahalitidebashlan ghan. Bundaq qutupluq halette, hazirghiche bayqalghan fizikiliq qanunlarning hemmisi ishlimeydu. Waqitning eng deslepki bashlinishini toghra chüshinish üchün, alimlar bir omumiy nispiylik nezeriyisi bilen kwant méxanikisining birikmisidin tüzülgen bir yéngi nezeriye, yeni bir birleshtürulgennezeriye (unified theory) ge muhtaj Bu nezeriye Nobél mukapiti alidu WMAP Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe A representation of the evolution of the universe over 13.7 billion years. The far left depicts the earliest moment we can now probe, when a period of "inflation" produced a burst of exponential growth in the universe. (Size is depicted by the vertical extent of the grid in this graphic.) For the next several billion years, the expansion of the universe gradually slowed down as the matter in the universe pulled on itself via gravity. More recently, the expansion has begun to speed up again as the repulsive effects of dark énérgyhave come to dominate the expansion of the universe. The afterglow light seen by WMAP was emitted about 380,000 years after inflation and has traversed the universe largely unimpeded since then. The conditions of earlier times are imprinted on this light; it also forms a backlight for later developments of the universe.
20 13.7 Milyart Yilning Aldidiki, 300,000 Yashliq Kainat Bizning kainat hazir 13.7 milyart yashqa kirdi Bayqash (Discovery) jornilining maqalisi: Yawropa Alem Boshluq Idarisi ayda tarqatqanresim. Bu resim Plank Alem Boshluq téléskopi arqiliq toplan ghan uchurlargha asasen teyyarlan ghan. In July the European Space Agency released a new mapshowing the universe in its infancy, 13.7 billion years ago just 300,000 years after the Big Bang. In this full-sky image, created with data from the new Planck space téléscope, red and orange areas represent primordial lumps that gave rise to giant clusters of galaxies. The blue and white zones comprise very different signals, mostly emissions from relatively nearby clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy. Planck scientists plan to strip out those local featüresto get an even clearer pictüreof the early evolution of the cosmos. A full release of data is coming in two years.
21 Tekrarlinip Turidighan Kainat Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok, ning tekrarlinip turidighankainat perizi Kainatpeydabolup, yoqulup, qayta peyda bolushni sansiz qétim tekrarlap turidu Köpligen kainatlar bir chong hejimning ichidiki cheksizlikke suzulghan yaltiraqlardin terkip tapqan bolup, her bir yaltiraq bir kainatni teshkil qilidu Népiz qeghezler shamalda bir-biri bilen soqushqan ghaoxshash, bashqa-bashqa3-ölchemlik kainatlar bir-biri bilen suqushidu p/cyclic_universes.pdf Her birsuqushishtinkéyinénérgiyemaddilarnipeydaqilip, bizgetonushluqbolghanbirkainat, yeni Galaksi, yultuz we planétalar barliqqa kélidu Bu xilehwaltexminenher birtriliyonyildabirqétimyüzbéridu(mushupereztoghrabolsa, bizningkainataran0.1% yashqakirgenbolidu) Bundaq chong-partilash waqit bilen boshluqning bashlinish nuqtisi bolmaydu
22 Waqit Istirélkisi(Time Arrow) Sin Karol (Sean Carroll) Waqit istirélkisi nezeriyisini otturigha qoyghan U KaliforniyeTéxnologiyeInstitutiningneziriyiwifizikaalimibolup, men uning dokladini we 2011-yilliri bir qétimdin anglidim Boshluqning yönilishi yoq bolup, waqitning yönilishi bar bolidu Kainat yéngi barliqqa kelgende, uning tekshiligi nahayiti töwenidi Waqitningötüshibilenuningtekshilikderijisimuösüpméngip, eng axiri bir xil tengpungluq haletke kélidu Yéngi barliqqa kelgen kainat bir yel urulghan shar dek téz chongiyish(inflation) basquchini öz béshidin ötküzidu Qarangghu énérgiye ge ige bolghan boshluqta ashundaq chongiyish yüz bérip, köpligen yéngi kainatlar berpa bolishi mumkin Bu kainatlarning beziliri kichiklep, qara-öngkürge aylinip, tüzüp kétidu Qalghanliri bolsa menggu kéngiyip méngidu. Shuning bilen yéngi boshluq hasil qilip, yéngi kainatlarni barliqqa kelturidighan sharaitni hazirlaydu Bizningkingdin bashqa chong-partilashlarmu yuz berip, ularning waqti bizningkige qarimu-qarshi yönilishke mang ghan bolishimu mumkin Kainatlar burundin tartip mewjut bolghan, bundin kéyinmu shundaq bolidu (
23 Sin Karolning Waqit Istirélkisi Perizidin Yene Bir Körünish Sean Carroll ( ) ( --Tügidi--
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