BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN

Transcription

1 Biológia angol nyelven emelt szint 1312 ÉRETTSÉGI VIZSGA május 14. BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN EMELT SZINTŰ ÍRÁSBELI ÉRETTSÉGI VIZSGA JAVÍTÁSI-ÉRTÉKELÉSI ÚTMUTATÓ EMBERI ERŐFORRÁSOK MINISZTÉRIUMA

2 Instructions for marking the advanced written paper 1. Always use red ink. 2. Put a tick next to each correct answer. Each correct tick is worth one point. Half a point is not to be given. If a question which is worth two points is answered correctly, put two ticks. 3. If there is a correct answer to a question which is not included in the marking scheme you can still accept it. The same principle applies to synonyms. (e. g.: platelets trombocytes) 4. The equally acceptable, alternative answers are separated with a backslash (/) in the marking scheme. 5. At the end of each task add up the points in the grey boxes. 6. At the end of the examination paper fill in the summary table by giving the achieved score of each task and by adding them up calculate the total score. 7. Mark each correct answer with a tick on the margin in the optional essay. In the marking scheme only the most important terms and expressions are included in the correct logical order. You can also accept the answers if they are logically built up even if this logic is different from the one given in the marking scheme, unless it is otherwise stated in the given task. In the end, please add up the points of the correct answers and write them into the appropriate boxes of the summary chart. In the essay, points can only be given for answers responding to the guiding questions. 8. If the candidate started answering both optional tasks (A and B) act according to the instructions given under the heading of Important Information. 9. If the candidate is expected to formulate an answer in full sentences (e.g. reasonings and explanations) only grammatically correct sentences can be accepted. Do not subtract points for spelling mistakes but do not accept ambiguous sentences either. Good luck for your work. írásbeli vizsga / május 14.

3 I. Function of the heart 9 points Source of figure: M. Boyle-K. Senior: Human Biology. Collins, London, pocket/semilunar valve 2. the semilunar valve is open the volume of the heart is smaller than in phase A. 3. Due to the flexibility of the stretched aortic wall. 4. (As a result of regular exercise) the volume of the ventricle / stroke volume is larger in athletes. 5. Blood pressure in phase A in the ventricle. < Blood pressure in phase A in the aorta. 6. Blood pressure in phase B in the ventricle. > Blood pressure in phase A in the ventricle. 7. Blood pressure in phase A in the ventricle. < Blood pressure in phase A in the atrium. 8. Blood pressure in phase B in the ventricle. > Blood pressure in phase B in the atrium. 9. Yes, there is. When the pressure in the ventricle is higher than in the atrium (therefore the atrio-ventricular valve is already closed) but lower than in the aorta (therefore the semilunar valve is closed yet). Other wording is also acceptable but reference to the three pressure conditions must be present.each correct answer is. II. Human diseases 1s This task is based on the following chapters of the Detailed Requirements ; ; ; ; ; Parkinson disease 2. Allergy 3. Down syndrome 4. lack of an enzyme / homozygous for a given recessive allele 5. accumulation of poisonous by-products in the blood / serious brain damage / mental retardation 6. proportionate dwarfism 7. stature smaller than 140cm /short limbs / other correct symptoms 8. cataract 9. the age of the mother (older than 40 years) 10. strict diet / phenylalanine free diet / diet low in proteins 11. Due to environmental pollution there is an increasing number of people suffering from allergies. (Other wording is also acceptable.) Each correct answer is. III. Receptor molecules and receptor cells 9 points This task is based on the following chapters of the Detailed Requirements and B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. A Each correct answer is. írásbeli vizsga / május 14.

4 IV. Living together 10 points This task is based on the following chapters of the Detailed Requirements 3.3.1, and Figures: Campbell - Reece: Biology. Pearson Edu., San Francisco, 2008.; Kultúrnövények 1. Móra, D, F 1+s 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. C V. The inheritance of two characters 10 points This task is based on the following chapters of the Detailed Requirements 3.4 and For giving the correct ratios: Dominant for both characters. 9 Dominant for one of the two characters. 3 Dominant for the other of the two characters. 3 Recessive for both characters AaBb x aabb AaBb Aabb aabb aabb 3. The two genes (under investigation) are on the same chromosome. 4. The crossing over / the exchange of alleles between the two DNA molecules / Enzymes cut the DNA, the two pieces are exchanged and rejoined by enzymes % ( / 2415). 6. A and F 1+s 7. Crossing over can take place when the homologous chromosomes line up side by side, which (usually) take place during meiosis. 8. A írásbeli vizsga / május 14.

5 VI. The effect of ultraviolet radiation 12 points This task is based on the following chapters of the Detailed Requirements 1.1, 3.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.8.1, and C 2. Y 3. X 4. Yes, because they have different UV absorption maximum values. Only acceptable with suitable reasoning 5. A and C 1+s 6. A and D 1+s 7. mole 8. When wearing sunglasses the pupil dilates, therefore more UV radiation enters the eye, without sunglasses the pupil constricts and less light is allowed to enter. / Without sunglasses you do not look into the sun as much as with sunglasses. 9. Since UV radiation is required for vitamin D synthesis populations comprising individuals with relatively fair skin had reproductive advantage in Northern Europe where there is less UV radiation and therefore the incidence rate of rickets was lower. Around the Equator where the amount of UV radiation is higher populations comprising individuals with more pigment in their skin gained reproductive advantage because in this way the UV filtering ability of the skin is increased. Alternative wording is also acceptable 2 points VII. Smart cooking 10 points This task is based on the following chapters of the Detailed Requirements 1.3., , , and Source of recipes: Végh Júlia: Szakácskönyv fiataloknak Ifjúsági Lap-és könyvkiadó vállalat Budapest, , 190., 192.o. Source of nutrient and calory tables: Horváth Ilona: Szakácskönyv Budapest Kiadó o. 1. Potato mayonnaise salad The energy content of mayonnaise: Egg yolk: 54*2= 108 kcal Oil: 830*2= 1660 kcal 1768 kcal Potato: 5*85= 425 kcal Sum total with mayonnaise: 2193 kcal Shopska salad Cucumber: Tomato: Bell pepper: Onion: Oil: Bulgarian white cheese: 33 kcal 66 kcal 60 kcal 39 kcal 415 kcal 276 kcal 889 kcal írásbeli vizsga / május 14.

6 2. Shopska salad 3. Storage / stored nutrient (for the developing seedling) 4. The fat/lipid content of the egg yolk mixes well with the oil which also belongs to lipids. / The apolar part of the lipid content of the egg yolk dissolves well in the oil, which is also apolar. 5. Starch / amylose / amylopectine 6. Osmosis/plasmolysis 7. Because the water moves towards the place of higher concentration / higher osmotic pressure (through the semipermeable membrane of the cells). 8. B 9. Their nutritional values are decreased because, the vitamin content is broken down / substances are dissolved and lost. (Only acceptable with suitable reasoning.) VIII. The structure and mode of life of bacteria 9 points 1. nucleus 2. ribosome 3. RNA 4. autotroph 5. nitrifying 6. oxidation 7. chemotroph 8. cellulose 9. symbiosis Each correct answer is. IX. A. Open your ears! 20 points Source of text: Martinovits János: Emlékbeszéd Bárány Róbert szobrának felavató ünnepségén Új Hevesi Napló augusztus Source of figure: Problem solving task 7 points 1. B, D 1+s 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D The human organ of hearing 13 points - Air in the outer ear - Bones in the middle ear - Fluid in the inner ear transmits vibration. - The hearing bones transmit vibrations / amplify vibrations / make vibrations more controllable. - (The hammer) is connected to the tympanic membrane and to the anvil - (The stirrup) is connected to the anvil and to the oval window. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear and the pharynx. Its function is to equilibrate the pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane. írásbeli vizsga / május 14.

7 - The organ of Corti is located within the (bony and membranous) cochlea. - The vibration of fluid makes the basilar membrane vibrate (at different sites along its length according to the wavelength), - the hair cells on the basilar membrane are pushed against the tectorial membrane, - which elicit the nerve impulse in the hair cells / receptor cells. The sensation is formed in the cerebral cortex (temporal lobe). IX. B Grasslands 20 points Germinating grasses 1s This task is based on the following chapters of the Detailed Requirements 1.3; 3.4.3; 5.1.2; and Source of data: Gruber F.: Rét és legelő, Mezőgazdasági Source of figure: Bánkuti-Both-Csorba: A kísérletező embe, Kairosz, E, F 1+s 2. C, E 1+s 3. Pseudovina/veresnadrág csenkesz (and perennial ryegrass/angolperje) 4. A, C 1+s 5. Nitrogen / N 6. Potassium and/or phosphorous. Due to the nitrogen fixing bacteria living in their root nodules, leguminous plants do not rely on nitrogen containing salts (as much as other plants do) 7. The species which spread rapidly due to the effect of fertilisation restrict the growth of endemic species / due to increased competition. Other sensible answers are also acceptable: e.g.: it can be assumed that too high salt concentration can damage metabolism of some plants. Rock grasses 9 points The soil of rock grasses is shallow or sporadically absent (open grasslands) The (daily) fluctuation of temperature is high Precipitation is normally little / rain is drained quickly / dry habitat Damaging effects: establishing/establishment of invasive species (black pine, mouflon) / mining / construction of buildings, roads and other facilities / dumping of waste naming at least one effect is required. The formation of new species and subspecies are promoted by geological isolation and the genetic drift which occurs under such circumstances. Genetic drift has the effect of reducing genetic diversity which, in turn, might lead to extinction. Also, inbreeding depression might increase in the population due to the fact that the mating of closely related individuals with similar genetic constitution increases the chances of harmful recessive alleles occurring in homozygous state / homozygous recessive individuals being born. írásbeli vizsga / május 14.