The Causal Effect of Federal Work-Study on Student Outcomes in the Ohio Public University System
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1 The Causal Effect of Federal Work-Study on Student Outcomes in the Ohio Public University System Adela Soliz & Bridget Terry Long Harvard Graduate School of Education September 19, 2014 Washington, DC CAPSEE is funded through a grant (R305C110011) from the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.
2 Background: Student Employment Cost of college is rising while family incomes decline: Unmet need: In 2010, grants and tax benefits only 37% of tuition and fees (College Board, 2012) Students are working more: , average hours worked increased from 5.0 to 9.6 per week (Scott-Clayton, 2012) Ex ante, not clear how work effects students: Student work may detract from the time spent on studies On the other hand, working on campus may help students integrate into campus life 2
3 Background: Federal Work Study Program Federal Work-Study Program: $1 billion spent on FWS in (College Board, 2012) Subsidizes 50-80% of student wages FWS given to students with low Estimated Family Contributions (EFC) FWS allocated as a lump-sum to institutions Some portion of allocation remains consistent from year to year ( base guarantee ), other portion may fluctuate ( fair share ) (Smole, 2005) FWS in Ohio: In OH, an additional $100 FWS 12.5 to 20 hours of work a semester Students encouraged to find a job related to course of study, majority work on-campus In OH, 65% of institutional allocation is base guarantee (Smole, 2005) 3
4 What do we know about the causal effect of working during the semester? Off-campus work: Some authors find negative effect on GPA, positive effect on credits earned (DeSimone, 2008; Dadger, 2012) Some evidence of a negative effect on cumulative credits earned (Darolia, 2014) On-campus work: Some evidence of negative effect on GPA (Stinebrickner & Stinebrickner, 2003) Negative effects on GPA/BA completion for women and positive effect on GPA/credits earned for men (Scott-Clayton, 2011) Our contribution: Larger sample than previous studies OH characteristics similar to national averages (gender, ethnicity, median income, percent receiving FWS) Our research question: What is the effect of working on-campus, during the semester, on academic outcomes for students attending a four-year public university in Ohio? 4
5 Data & Estimation Strategy
6 Data & Sample Administrative Data from Ohio Board of Regents Enrollment files Term by term credits and GPA Detailed financial aid files Sample First time, full-time freshmen 2007, 2008, 2009 cohorts Students attending a fouryear campus 70,800 students with complete FA files Female 0.53 White 0.78 Black 0.14 Hispanic 0.02 Asian 0.02 Dependent 0.95 Mother's Education 1.61 Has Work Study 0.06 First Semester GPA 2.74 Second Semester GPA rst Semester Credits Earned rst Year Cumulative Credits Persisted to Sophomore Year 0.85 N Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
7 FWS Allocation ($100,000) Variation Across Institutions in FWS Allocations Year University of Akron Bowling Green State University University of Cincinnati Cleveland State University Central State University Kent State University Miami University Ohio State University Ohio University Shawnee State University University of Toledo Wright State University Youngstown State University 7 Data source:
8 Variation Across EFC in FWS Funds Received 8 Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
9 Estimation Strategy Want to estimate the effect of participating in work study on student outcomes Participating in WS may be correlated with unobserved characteristics Use instrumental variables to overcome selection issue Instrumental variables model: Need a source of variation correlated with WS received, but uncorrelated with student outcomes First stage: regress amount FWS received on interaction of institutional FWS allocation and student EFC ( instrument ) Second stage: regress students academic outcomes on amount FWS received predicted in the first stage 9
10 Source of Variation in our Instrument 10
11 Results
12 Mean Predicted Value First Semester GPA Mean Predicted Value Full Sample ** Excluding OSU, UC, UT First Year GPA *** 0.00 Full Sample Excluding OSU, UC, UT 12 Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
13 Mean Predicted Value First Semester Credits Mean Predicted Value *** First Year Credits ** 0.00 Full Sample Excluding OSU, UC, UT Full Sample Excluding OSU, UC, UT 13 Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
14 Mean Predicted Value 3 First Semester GPA Subgroup Analysis First Year GPA ** *** Full Sample Excluding OSU, UC, UT Full Sample Excluding OSU, UC, UT Full Sample Excluding OSU, UC, UT Full Sample Excluding OSU, UC, UT Independent Students Dependent Students Independent Students Dependent Students 14 Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
15 Main Findings Some evidence participating in work study has a small, negative effect on GPA, similar to previous studies (Stinebrickner & Stinebrickner, 2003; DeSimone, 2008; Scott-Clayton, 2011; Dadger, 2012) Evidence that having a work-study job has a positive effect on credits earned, similar to previous studies (Dadger, 2012; Scott-Clayton, 2011) 15
16 Policy Implications We find only limited evidence that receiving FWS helps student persist or succeed in school. Only 6% 2007, 2008, 2009 cohorts participated in work-study program, while 40% of the 2006 cohort worked off campus. The detrimental effects to academic outcomes are minimal and it may be better than working off campus. Moreover, students may be be gaining labor market skills that we can t observe. FWS may be an attractive policy option if it helps students get experience that will help them in the labor market while also providing an alternative to off-campus work. 16
17 Thank you! Visit us on the web at capseecenter.org We re also on Facebook and Twitter. Contact Info: Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment Teachers College, Columbia University 525 West 120th Street, Box 174, New York, NY CAPSEE is funded through a grant (R305C110011) from the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.
18 Appendix
19 Ohio Compared to the National Average *Analytic Sample Including all 13 Universities ** Fall 2007 Cohort Female White Black Hispanic Asian Dependent EFC= Received FWS N 70,800 7,166,661 *Data Source: OBR **Data Source:Digest of Education Statistics
20 FWS disbursements, 2007 and FWS Disbursement 2007 Figures Average Total Amount Per Pell Recipient Total Amount Per Pell Recipent Central State University $678,852 $624 $573,326 $527 Ohio State University $4,448,273 $447 $3,749,094 $377 Miami University $905,027 $339 $768,195 $288 University of Toledo $1,456,773 $335 $966,546 $222 Wright State University $1,074,900 $317 $1,035,364 $306 University of Cincinnati $1,570,382 $287 $957,307 $175 Cleveland State University $779,759 $241 $739,257 $228 University of Akron $1,438,207 $238 $1,155,516 $191 Bowling Green State University $995,852 $218 $875,996 $192 Ohio University $1,120,338 $185 $1,166,231 $193 Kent State University $1,685,374 $180 $1,618,115 $173 Youngstown State University $677,119 $146 $466,581 $101 Shawnee State University $174,624 $107 $137,608 $84 Data source:
21 < % of sample with FWS 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Who receives work-study funding? EFC 21 Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
22 First Semester GPA Second Semester GPA First Semester Credits Earned First Year Cumulative Credits Persisted to Sophomore Year OLS WS Amount *** *** * *** * Received ($100) (0.0023) (0.0024) (0.013) (0.0149) (0.0011) Constant 2.429*** 2.409*** 12.30*** 22.94*** 0.386*** (0.0571) (0.0524) (0.276) (0.487) (0.0271) Covariates Y Y Y Y Y Observations 70,800 70,800 70,800 70,800 70,800 R-squared Simple regressions suggest positive relationship between participating in FWS and academic outcomes However, FWS participation may be correlated with un-observables also affecting outcomes 22 Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
23 Instrumental Variables Model 23 1rst Stage: WSreceived ij =β 1 (EFCXalloc) ij +β 2 (EFC) i +β 3 (alloc) j +δ i +γ j +ε ij WSreceived is FWS funding received freshman year divided by 100 alloc is FWS allocation per Pell-eligible student for college j in 2007 EFC is the estimated family contribution of student i δ i are fixed effects for 18 bins of EFC γ j are fixed effects for 13 four-year universities in OH 2nd Stage: y ij =β 0 + β 1 (Estimated WSreceived) ij +β 2 (X) i +ε ij y are academic outcomes X is a vector of covariates including ethnicity, mother s ed, dependency status
24 Instrumental Variables First Stage Interaction of student EFC with institutional FWS award is negatively correlated with FWS received Relationship is highly statistically significant First stage F-statistic > 10 First Stage: Amount of Work Study Received EFC X Award *** Per Pell Recipient (0.0001) EFC 0.124*** (0.0401) Award Per Pell Recipient *** (0.0003) Constant (0.375) Covariates Y Observations 70, Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
25 Data source: Ohio Board of Regents Instrumental Variables Results First Semester GPA Second Semester GPA First Semester Credits Earned First Year Cumulative Credits Persisted to Sophomore Year Second Stage: WS Amount ** Received ($100) (0.022) (0.028) (0.183) (0.5) (0.0055) Constant 2.616*** 2.596*** 11.50*** 26.43*** 0.396*** (0.0732) (0.0656) (0.377) (1.991) (0.0264) Covariates Y Y Y Y Y Observations 70,800 70,800 70,800 70,800 70,800 Some evidence of a negative relationship between FWS and GPA, though not statistically significant Positive, statistically significant effect of participating in FWS on firstyear cumulative credits earned 25
26 Subgroup Analysis Instrumental Variables First Stage First Stage: Dependent Students Independent Students Amount of Work Study Received 1 2 EFC X Award * ** Per Pell Recipient (0.0001) (0.0001) EFC * (0.0397) (0.0418) Award Per Pell *** *** Recipient (0.0004) (0.0005) Constant (0.213) (1.733) Covariates Y Y Observations 57,967 3, Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
27 Results for Dependent vs. Independent Students First Semester GPA Second Semester GPA First Semester Credits Earned First Year Cumulative Credits Persisted to Sophomore Year Dependent WS Amount ** *** *** Received ($100) (0.0169) (0.0160) (0.0854) (0.782) (0.0056) Constant 2.870*** 2.848*** 14.12*** 32.28*** 0.580*** (0.0569) (0.0601) (0.377) (2.733) (0.0148) Covariates Y Y Y Y Y Observations 57,967 57,967 57,967 57,967 57,967 Independent WS Amount *** *** Received ($100) (0.0183) (0.0216) (0.163) (0.283) (0.0040) Constant 2.722*** 2.624*** 10.94*** 22.07*** 0.332*** (0.0909) (0.0879) (0.485) (1.423) (0.0461) Covariates Y Y Y Y Y Observations 3,607 3,607 3,607 3,607 3, Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
28 Interpretation of Subgroup Analysis Differential rates of participation? 6% of dependent students, $182 average FWS earned 5% of independent students, $192 average FWS earned Different counterfactuals? Financially independent students probably more likely to be working in general. FWS participation predicts larger increases in on and off campus work for older students in Scott-Clayton s (2011) sample. 28
29 FWS Allocation ($100,000) 50 FWS Allocations Year University of Akron Bowling Green State University University of Cincinnati Cleveland State University Central State University Kent State University Miami University Ohio State University Ohio University Shawnee State University University of Toledo Wright State University Youngstown State University 29 Data source:
30 Data source: Ohio Board of Regents Revised Instrumental Variables First Stage Excluding Ohio State, University of Cincinnati and University of Toledo does not change key relationship in the first stage Amount of Work First Stage Study Received EFC X Award * Per Pell Recipient (0.0001) EFC 0.111** (0.0418) Award Per Pell Recipient *** (0.0005) Constant *** (1.271) Covariates Y Observations R-squared
31 Results excluding OSU, UC, and UT 31 First Semester GPA Second Semester GPA First Semester Credits Earned First Year Cumulative Credits Persisted to Sophomore Year Second Stage WS Amount ** *** ***.997** * Received ($100) (0.0086) (0.0135) (0.0817) (0.473) (0.0056) Constant 2.515*** 2.511*** 11.47*** 23.84*** 0.430*** (0.0849) (0.0745) (0.429) (1.562) (0.0307) Covariates Y Y Y Y Y Observations 46,721 46,721 46,721 46,721 46,721 Excluding these schools improves first stage estimates of FWS rec d Small, negative effects on GPA and persistence as well as positive effects on first year credits earned All estimates statistically significant Data source: Ohio Board of Regents
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