Developments/Potential of Shale Gas

Transcription

1 Towards Future Technological l Developments/Potential Kurt M. Reinicke Institut für Erdöl- und Erdgastechnik (ITE), TU Clausthal organised by the European Parliament Brussels, 05. October

2 CONTENT Shale gas - What is it? - Where is it? - What is the potential? Development - Wells and fracs - Technology development - Economics Environmental compatibility - Frac containment - Frac fluids - Foot print Conclusions 2

3 SHALE GAS IS A SO-CALLED UNCONVENTIONAL GAS rces Play Re essou TIGHT GAS Continuous deposits Low permeability Conventional production technologfy COALBED METHANE Self supplying reservoir Gas adsorbed to coal Pressure reducton and dewatering necessary SHALE GAS Self supplying reservoir Gas adsorbed to organic matter Natural or artificial fracture system necessary Unconventional Gas Not the gas is unconventional but the reservoirs Conventional Reservoirs Discret accumulation of gas Reservoir rock with good flow properties High production capacities Unconventional Reservoirs Continuous deposits over large areas Extremely low permeabilities Low natural production capacities 3

4 SHALE GAS: RESERVOIRS TIGHTER THAN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Permeabil k (m md) ity (md) Conventional Reservoir 1000 k = md Concrete Sidewalk k = md Tight Gas Reservoir k = md Shale Gas Reservoir k = md Conventional Rock Unvonventional reservoirs - Extremely low permeabilities - Not recoverable without elaborate technology - Enormous potential Shale 50 μm 0.5 μm 50 μm 50 μm Source: ExxonMobil, 2009 Source: ITE,

5 SHALE GAS: IN BURRIED ROCK STRATA CAPPED BY IMPERMEALE LAYERS North German Basin Lithostratigraphy Shale gas is found In the North German Basin In the formations Wealden, Posidonia and Carboniferous In depths of approx m Potential shale gas targets Impermeable layers The cap rock contains impermeable layers Quelle: Walter,

6 SHALE GAS: AREAL TARGET Large areal extent of shale gas deposits Currently assessment of resources by BGR and GFZ Groningen Emsland Low Bremen Hamburg Altmark-Brandenburg Basin Shale gas resources acc. to EIA 230 Milliard m 3 (recoverable) Unconventional resources equal 40-times of current yearly production Hannover Magdeburg Bremen MünsterlandBasin Thuringia Basin Emsland Low Relics of late Jurassic basin Distributionof of Posidonia source rocks Gas Oil Major faults Hannover Quelle: Doornenbal & Stevenson (edts.), 2010 MünsterlandBasin Relics of basin Distribution of Wealden source rocks Oil Major faults 6

7 SHALE GAS: WESTERN EUROPE SHALE GAS BASINS AND RESOURCES Denmark (650) U.K. (560) Norway (2350) Sweden (1160) France (5100) Netherlands (480) Germany (230) (Recoverable) Shale Gas Resource Estimates Western Europe ( Mrd. m 3 ) Plus Poland : Mrd. m 3 Source: EIA ARI World Shale Gas Resources, 2011 (Conv.) Gas Reserves Europe: Mrd. m 3, Source: EIA,

8 CONTENT: Summary I Shale gas - is a natural gas in rock formations with high resistance to flow - is far below drinking water horizons in approx m - bearing rocks are overlain by impermeable layers - potential is larger than the currently known reserves Development - Wells and fracs - Technology development - Economics Environmental compatibility - Frac containment - Frac fluids - Foot print 8

9 DEVELOPMENT: WELLS Wells are constructed to Quaternary - provide a tight connection between Conductor pipe the surface and the reservoirs Tertiary Surface casing - high construction standard Tubing Well design - Sectional introduction of steel pipe pp - Annulus cementation Upper Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous Salt Upper Bunter Lower Bunter Salt Zechstein Top of cement Intermediate casing Liner hanger Production casing Production liner Quality assurance - Pressure tests Perforations - Acoustic well logging g Liner shoe Rotliegendes = Cement Bond Log (CBL) Well depth Well bore schematic Source: Reinicke et al.,

10 DEVELOPMENT: FRACTURING Hydraulic fracturing - Process of initiating and propagating a fracture in a rock layer, employing the pressure of a fluid as the source of energy - Technology used since 1949 in >1 million U.S. wells (in D since 1961) - Ca. 90 % of U.S. gas wells have been fraced - Fractures are typically contained within the formation fraced (m Bohr hrungstief rungsteu Depth (m ufe m) (TVD) (m) Typical Gasfrac Weite Width Länge Length (mm) (mm) (m) (m) 10

11 DEVELOPMENT: FRACS IN GERMANY Anzahl Number of fracs in gas wells in Germany (approx. 300 in total) 11

12 DEVELOPMENT: : KEY TECHNOLOGIES USA Source: BGR, : more than shale gas wells ca. 17 Milliard (10 9 ) m 3 /a - Initial shale gas production from deposits with natural fractures - Recent shale gas boom technology driven Key Technologies - Horizontal drilling - Frac/multifrac technology - Recently multilateral-/ horizontal well and multifrac technology 12

13 DEVELOPMENT: OUTCROP OF SHALE GAS RESERVOIR Source: USGS,

14 DEVELOPMENT: SHALE GAS DEGASSING Well Frac-fluid Clay particle (mm) Clay layer Source: BGR,

15 DEVELOPMENT: SHALE GAS DEGASSING Well Frac-fluid Clay particle (mm) Clay layer Source: BGR,

16 DEVELOPMENT: SHALE GAS DEGASSING Well 3: Gas flow in production well 2: Gas flow through fissures 1: Degassing by diffusion Clay layer Source: BGR,

17 DEVELOPMENT: BARNETT SHALE DEVELOPMENT Well Locations of Barnett Shale Wells Year of 1st Production Well Orientation Source: EIA, 2011 ca. 15 km Until 2008: therefrom until 2000: until 2005: after 2005: Today: x ca wells ca vertical wells ca. 500 directional wells ca fraced horizontal wells increasingly multifraced, multilateral-/horizontal wells 17

18 ENTWICKLUNG: Barnett Shale, Texas Bochum Quelle: EIA, 2011 Bis 2008: ca Bohrungen bis 2005: ca. 500 Richtbohrungen nach 2005: ca gefracte Horizontalbohrungen Heute: vermehrt gefracte Multilateral- Horizontalbohrungen Davon North Rhine-Westphalia ca. 15 km Dortmund ca. 36 km 2 bis 2000: ca wells Vertikalbohrungen wells deeper than 100m 600 wells deeper than 1.000m Carboniferous Wells approx wells NRW total wells deeper than 100m wells deeper than 1.000m 18

19 DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMICS Automated Coiled Tubing Drilling Monobore Wellbore System Reliability and Availabilty Artificial Intelligence Rock, Reservoir, Fluid Characterisation Innovative Development gebo- Concept High Performance Materials HT Electronics Sensors Cost reduction is key Costs for well construction and fracturing dominate Several initiatives iti to cut costs under way in Germany - DGMK joint industry initiative Novel Ideas in Drilling - Niedersachsen collaborative research program gebo (Geothermics- and High Performance Drilling) THMC Modeling 19

20 CONTENT: Summary II Target shale gas - Shale Gas is natural gas in rock formations with high resistance to flow - Targets are far below drinking water horizons in approx m - There are tight rock formations drinking water horizons and targets - The potential is larger than the currently known reserves Development - Wells are constructed to provide a tight connection to the reservoirs - Fracking is a tested and proven technology used since 60 years - Horizontal well and frac technology provide a means to economically develop shale gas resources also in the EU Environmental compatibility - Frac containment - Frac fluids - Foot print 20

21 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY: CONTAINMENT Quaternary Tertiary Upper Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous Salt Upper Bunter Lower Bunter Salt Zechstein Perforations Rotliegendes Conductor o pipepe Surface casing Tubing Top of cement Intermediate casing Liner hanger Production casing Production liner Liner shoe Well depth Cap rock Overburden must contain barriers to flow Wells Well must provide a gas tight connection to the reservoir Fracs Fracs must be contained Frac fluids must be compatible with the respective environment Source: ITE,

22 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY: FRAC FLUIDS Typical composition of frac fluid for proppant frac Water =90,6% Proppants =8,96% Others =0,44% 0,120% 0,100% 0,080% 0,060% 0,040% 0,020% 0,000% Source: Miskimins, SPE,

23 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY: FRAC FLUIDS Typical composition of frac fluid for proppant frac Water =90,6% Proppants =8,96% Others =0,44% 0,120% 0,100% 0,080% 0,060% 0,040% 0,020% 0,000% Additives for Slick Water Fracs <0,2% Source: Miskimins, SPE,

24 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY: FOOT PRINT Cap rock Overburden must contain barriers to flow Wells Well must provide a gas tight connection to the reservoir Fracs Fracs must be contained Frac fluids must be compatible with the respective environment Foot Print Foot print must be reduced by innovative subsurface development 24

25 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY: FOOT PRINT Drill Site "Klassische" Classical Vertical Vertikalbohrtechnik Well Technology Multilateral Multilaterales Well- and Multifrac Bohren Technology und Fracen 25

26 CONTENT: Summary III Target shale gas - Shale Gas is natural gas in rock formations with high resistance to flow - Targets are far below drinking water horizons in approx m - There are tight rock formations drinking water horizons and targets - The potential is larger than the currently known reserves Development - Wells are constructed to provide a tight connection to the reservoirs - Fracking is a tested and proven technology used since 60 years - Novel technologies provide a means to economically develop shale gas resources also in the EU Environmental compatibility - Safe execution of wells and fracs to contain fracs fluids and gas - Further improvement of frac fluid compatibility - Innovative technology use to reduce foot print 26

27 SHALE GAS POTENTIAL Current conventional gas reserves in Europe are less than billion (10 9 )m 3 Shale gas resources in Europe are estimated to be larger than billion (10 9 )m 3 Shale gas resource estimate equals 50-times the current European gas production Trillion n cubic footp per year History Vergangenheit 2009 Projection Projektion US Gas Production Thank you for History 2009 Projection your attention Source: DOE/EIA Energy Outlook 2011 (suppl.)

28 Thank you for your attention 28