Mission: Cure, Research and Teaching. Marco Pullia Cnao design and commissioning

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1 CNAO design and commissioning Marco Pullia, CNAO Foundation

2 What is the CNAO Foundation No profit organisation (Foundation) created with the financial law 2001 to build the national center for hadrontherapy designed by TERA Foundation At the end of 2003 CNAO acquires the project and hires the design group from TERA Today CNAO is co-ordinating the construction, the commissioning and the operation of the whole center. Mission: Cure, Research and Teaching

3 Collaborating Institutions NATIONAL TERA Foundation: design, specifications, research INFN: co-direction, involvement in many technical issues (15), formation University of Milan: medical coordination and formation Polytechnic of Milan: patient positioning, radioprotection University of Pavia: techincal tasks, radiobiology, formation University of Turin: interface beam-patient, TPS University of Catania: medical physics University of Piemonte Orientale: medical activities Istituto Europeo di Oncologia: medical activities, authorizations Ospedale San Matteo di Pavia: medical activities, logistics Fondazioni ABO e Alma Mater (UniBo): research Comune di Pavia: land and authorizations Provincia di Pavia: roads and authorizations 3

4 Collaborating Institutions INTERNATIONAL CERN (Geneva): technical tasks + PIMMS heritage GSI (Darmstadt): linac and special components LPSC (Grenoble): optics, betatron, low-level RF, control system NIRS (Chiba): medical activities, radiobiology, formation Med-Austron (Wien): technical collaboration Roffo Institute (Buenos Aires): medical activities

5 What is the CNAO The CNAO is the first italian facility for deep hadrontherapy. It is a synchrotron based proton carbon ion treatment center. It is presently being commissioned in Pavia.

6 CNAO Phases Phase 1: construction Phase 2: experimentation Phase 3: certification Since 2014/2015: Running Phase

7 Overview Synchrotron for light ions (z 6) 3 treatment rooms Active scanning Range 27 g/cm2 Space for 2 gantries

8 Design Parameters I Protons (< per spill) LEBT (*) MEBT SYNC HEBT Energy [MeV/u] Imax [A] (0.65, 0.43) Imin [A] (0.65, 0.43) ε rms,geo [π mm mrad] (V) ε tot,geo [π mm mrad] (V) 5.0 (H) Magnetic rigidity [T m] (0.026, 0.039) ( p/p) tot ±1.0 ±( ) ±( ) ±( ) * (H 2+, H 3+ )

9 Design Parameters II Carbon (< per spill) LEBT (C 4+ ) MEBT SYNC HEBT Energy [MeV/u] Imax [A] Imin [A] ε rms,geo [π mm mrad] (V) ε tot,geo [π mm mrad] (V) 5.0 (H) Magnetic rigidity [T m] ( p/p) tot ±1.0 ±( ) ±( ) ±( )

10 Accelerators and lines

11 Sources and LEBT MeV/u H MeV/u C 4+ I ~ 0.5 ma (H 3+ ) I ~ 0.2 ma (C 4+ ) Two ECR sources (frequency tuning) Continuous beam LEBT Chopper

12 RFQ & LINAC Same as HIT, made with GSI 217 MHz RFQ MeV/u H MeV/u C 4+ LINAC MeV/u H MeV/u C 4+

13 RFQ acceptance Probe beam Acceptance of RFQ

14 MEBT 7 MeV p 7 MeV/u C 6+ I ~ 0.75 ma (p) I ~ 0.15 ma (C 6+ ) Match betas (x,x ) Inj Stripping foil Current selection Debuncher Emittance dilution

15 Injected current selection Intensity degrader

16 Intensity degrader 4 transmission levels: 100%, 50%, 20%, 10% Keep overall emittance unchanged

17 Injection in time ~500 µs 1 pulse every 0.1 s LINAC ~20000 µs LINAC quads ~30 µs 1 pulse every 2-3 s LEBT Chopper Debuncher 1 pulse every 2-3 s Injection bumpers

18 Injection Protons = 1.9 (E x /E linac =2.3) Carbon = 2.6 (E x /E linac =3.2) ~30 µs bump duration BDI BDI IMS Horizontal beam envelope [m] versus distance [m]

19 Injection efficiency (no scraping) I MEBT = 600 ua NP SYNC = 2.7E10 N EFF = 3.6

20 A useful tool A short pulse (1 µs) from the LINAC was very helpful in setting up injection 2 µs First turns. Beam signal on the PUs.

21 Synchrotron Based on PIMMS MeV p MeV/u C ~25 m I ~ ma (p) I ~ ma (C)

22 Synchrotron optics Betatron amplitude functions [m] versus distance [m] 2 Superperiods 2 Closed dispersion bumps 1 Dipole Family 3 Quadrupole Families Sextupole Families Dispersion functions [m] versus distance [m] Horizontal Vertical

23 Betas and dispersion Optics measurements fit with simulations Response matrix

24 B field on RF off The first MeV 7 to 8 MeV Acceleration The beam spirals inward and is lost B field on RF on Beam position measured with a pickup The beam survives!

25 Slow Extraction Amplitude Amplitude- momentum selection B p/p Q V

26 Slow Extraction All the possible ways to have a better spill have been implemented. Ready for other types of extraction: -RF-KO -Quadrupole extraction (with additional coil) E Amplitude Resonance region Sense of stack acceleration Resonance line for low betatron amplitudes Resonance line for high betatron amplitudes PHASE Amplitude RF-KO p/p

27 Extraction on a scope Dipole field reconstruction (green) Betatron core voltage (pink) and DCCT (yellow) Empty bucket channelling is under study in these days, the air core quadrupole is almost ready for tests.

28 Preliminary Empty Bucket 3 s Zoom 100 ms No Empty Bucket Empty Bucket ON Acquisition frequency 10 khz

29 Band Profile Observation of the structure of the peaks, shows an agreement with the band profile 500 µs t in natural units ~1.5 µs

30 HEBT MeV p MeV/u C p/spill (~2nA) C/spill (~0.4nA) different settings for Treatment Line Horizontal beam size Vertical beam size Extraction energy Settings interpolation

31 Extracted beam Twiss functions at entry (ES in ring) β x = 5 m α x = 0 Free parameter. Ex = 5π mm mrad Unfilled ellipse - free. β z = 7.16 m α z = Values from ring. E z,rms = to π mm mrad E z,rms = to π mm mrad Carbon range from ring. Proton range from ring. D x = m D x = Determined by extraction D z = 0 D z = Twiss functions at exit (all beam exits) β x = 7.2 m α x = 0 β z = 2 to 27 m α z = 0 D x = 0 D x = 0 According to medical specifications and earlier choice of free parameters D z = 0 D z = 0

32 Beam at HEBT entrance Asymmetric Distribution (Bar of charge)

33 Chopper Fast turn on/off for the beam (200 us) Intrinsically safe Allows beam qualification

34 Chopper The chopper stops (and starts) the beam within 200 µs. Beam in room Used for irradiation of separated parts of slices and for synchronization with breathing. 200 µs Beam on chopper dump Acquisition frequency 10 khz

35 Beam position at HEBT end Beam position repeatability (at the same energy): 0.2 mm Beam position precision (at different energies): 0.5 mm Nozzle monitors not aligned

36 Beam size at isocenter Measurements on films at isocenter

37 Treatment room

38 Beam measurements Depth Dose Distributions (mono-en. pencil beams) Peakfinder water column 3-D motorized water ph.

39 DDD p 60 MeV 121 MeV 250 MeV

40 Energy from accelerator and Bragg peak measurement match to 0.1 mm

41 Beam delivery scanning control Box 1 Box 2 1 Integral chamber: 1 Integral chamber: Beam Intensity measure every 1 Beam Intensity measure every 1 2 Strip µs chambers (X and Y): 1 µs Pixel chamber: Beam position measure every Beam position and dimension 100 µs, with 100 µm m of measure every 100 µs/1 ms, with precision 200 µm m of precision

42 Fast scanning magnets Current step measurement < t > = 35.1 ± 3.5 µs between 20% to 80% I / t ~ 170 ka/s or ~ 85 T/sec

43 First scannings

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45 Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything

46 Minimal Beam Specification 50 energies, MeV, steps 2 mm p/spill spill: 1 s FWHM (iso, in air): 1 cm

47 Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything Integration with the non accelerator systems (OIS, PACS, DOP...)

48 Patient Data Workflow and Interfaces Siemens TPS Imaging Modalities (CT, MR, CT-PET)) DICOM DICOM RT Ion PT Archive (Shortterm) DICOM RT Ion DICOM RT Ion DICOM PACS Long Term Storage PPS-PVS Elekta MOSAIQ V 2.0 DICOM RT Ion DOP OIS R&V DTMI CNAO Synchrotron Control System and Dose Delivery System

49 Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything Integration with the non accelerator systems (OIS, PACS, DOP...) Some parts of the control system not yet operational

50 Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything Integration with the non accelerator systems (OIS, PACS, DOP...) Some parts of the control system not yet operational Start using all treatment rooms

51 Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything Integration with the non accelerator systems (OIS, PACS, DOP...) Some parts of the control system not yet operational Start using all treatment rooms Extend library of setups with new foci and energies, carbon,...

52 Conclusions The work is not yet finished, but CNAO will soon be operational!

53 Acknowledgements CNAO is the fruit of a large and complex collaboration. What has been shown is the result of many years of work and many joined efforts, which I want to acknowledge. I therefore want to thank all those institutions and people who have contributed.

54 An image of the beam on the TV screen at injection demostrates that...

55 There is a feeling with the accelerator... Thank you for your attention