A Solution to the Network Challenges of Data Recovery in Erasure-coded Distributed Storage Systems: A Study on the Facebook Warehouse Cluster
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- Lorena Sparks
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1 A Solution to the Network Chllenges of Dt Recovery in Ersure-coded Distributed Storge Systems: A Study on the Fcebook Wrehouse Cluster K V Rshmi, Nihr Shh, D Gu, H Kung, D Borthkur, K Rmchndrn
2 Outline Introducon: Ersure coding in dt centers Low storge, high fult- tolernce High downlod & disk IO during recovery Mesurements from Fcebook wrehouse cluster in producon Proposed lternve: Piggybcked- RS codes Sme storge overhed & fult tolernce 30% reducon in downlod & disk IO
3 Outline Introducon: Ersure coding in dt centers Low storge, high fult- tolernce High downlod & disk IO during recovery Mesurements from Fcebook wrehouse cluster in producon Proposed lternve: Piggybcked- RS codes Sme storge overhed & fult tolernce 30% reducon in downlod & disk IO
4 Need for Redundnt Storge Frequent unvilbility in dt- centers commodity components fil frequently solwre glitches, mintennce shutdowns, power filures Redundncy gives more relibility nd vilbility
5 Populr pproch: Replicon Mulple copies of dt cross mchines Eg, GFS, HDFS store 3 replics by defult block 1 block 2 block 3 block 4 b b Typiclly stored cross different rcks, b: dt blocks
6 Petbyte Scle dt: Replicon expensive Modertely sized dt: storge is chep replicon vible Mulple tens of PBs ggregte storge no longer chep replicon is expensive
7 Ersure Codes Repliction Reed-Solomon (RS) code block 1 block 1 dt blocks block 2 block 2 b block 3 b block 3 +b prity blocks block 4 b block 4 +2b Redundncy 2x 2x
8 Ersure Codes Repliction Reed-Solomon (RS) code block 1 block 1 dt blocks block 2 block 2 b block 3 b block 3 +b prity blocks block 4 b block 4 +2b Redundncy 2x 2x First order comprison: tolertes ny one filure tolertes ny two filures
9 Ersure Codes Repliction Reed-Solomon (RS) code block 1 block 1 dt blocks block 2 block 2 b block 3 b block 3 +b prity blocks block 4 b block 4 +2b Redundncy 2x 2x First order comprison: tolertes ny one filure tolertes ny two filures
10 Ersure Codes Repliction Reed-Solomon (RS) code block 1 block 1 dt blocks block 2 block 2 b block 3 b block 3 +b prity blocks block 4 b block 4 +2b Redundncy 2x 2x First order comprison: tolertes ny one filure tolertes ny two filures
11 Ersure Codes Repliction Reed-Solomon (RS) code block 1 block 1 dt blocks block 2 block 2 b block 3 b block 3 +b prity blocks block 4 b block 4 +2b Redundncy 2x 2x First order comprison: tolertes ny one filure tolertes ny two filures
12 Ersure Codes Repliction Reed-Solomon (RS) code block 1 block 1 dt blocks block 2 block 2 b block 3 b block 3 +b prity blocks block 4 b block 4 +2b Redundncy 2x 2x First order comprison: In generl: tolertes ny one filure lower MTTDL, high storge requirement tolertes ny two filures order of mgnitude higher MTTDL with much lesser storge
13 Ersure Codes Using RS codes insted of 3- replicon on less- frequently ccessed dt hs led to svings of mulple Petbytes in the Fcebook Wrehouse cluster
14 Reed- Solomon (RS) Codes (#dt, #prity) RS code: tolertes filure of ny #prity blocks these (#dt + #prity) blocks constute stripe Fcebook wrehouse cluster uses (10, 4) RS code Exmple: (2, 2) RS code b +b +2b #dt = 2 (dt blocks) #prity = 2 (prity blocks) 4 blocks in stripe
15 Why RS codes? Mximum possible fult- tolernce for storge overhed storge- cpcity opml mximum- distnce- seprble (MDS) (in coding theory prlnce) Flexibility in choice of prmeters Supports ny #dt nd #prity
16 Why RS codes? Mximum possible fult- tolernce for storge overhed storge- cpcity opml mximum- distnce- seprble (MDS) (in coding theory prlnce) Flexibility in choice of prmeters Supports ny #dt nd #prity However result in incresed downlod nd disk IO during dt recovery
17 Dt Recovery: Incresed downlod & disk IO Repliction block 1 block 2 block 3 b Downlod & IO 1x block 4 b
18 Dt Recovery: Incresed downlod & disk IO Repliction Reed-Solomon code block 1 block 2 block 3 b Downlod & IO 1x block 1 block 2 block 3 b +b b +b Downlod & IO 2x block 4 b block 4 +2b
19 Dt Recovery: Incresed downlod & disk IO Repliction Reed-Solomon code block 1 block 2 block 3 b Downlod & IO 1x block 1 block 2 block 3 b +b b +b Downlod & IO 2x block 4 b block 4 +2b In generl Downlod & IO required = #dt x (size of dt to be recovered)
20 Dt Recovery: Burden on TOR switches AS/Router TOR TOR TOR TOR b + + b 2b node 1 node 2 node 3 node 4 Burdens the lredy oversubscribed Top- of- Rck nd higher level switches
21 Outline Introducon: Ersure coding in dt centers Low storge, high fult- tolernce High downlod & disk IO during recovery Mesurements from Fcebook wrehouse cluster in producon Proposed lternve: Piggybcked- RS codes Sme storge overhed & fult tolernce 30% reducon in downlod & disk IO
22 Brief System Descripon HDFS cluster with mulple thousnds of nodes Mulple tens of PBs nd growing Dt immutble unl deleted Reducing storge requirements is of high importnce
23 Brief System Descripon HDFS cluster with mulple thousnds of nodes Mulple tens of PBs nd growing Dt immutble unl deleted Reducing storge requirements is of high importnce Uses (10, 4) RS code to reduce storge requirements on less- frequently ccessed dt Mulple PBs of RS coded dt
24 Brief System Descripon 256 Mbytes dt blocks block 1 block 2 block 10
25 Brief System Descripon dt blocks block 1 block 2 block 10 1 byte 256 Mbytes prity blocks block 11 block 14
26 Mchine Unvilbility Events From HDFS Nme- Node logs Logged when no hert- bet for > 15min Blocks mrked unvilble, periodic recovery process #mchine-unvilbility events logged" Dy" Medin of 50 mchine- unvilbility events logged per dy
27 Missing blocks per stripe # blocks missing in stripe % of stripes with missing blocks x x 10-9 Dominnt scenrio: Single block recovery
28 #Blocks Recovered & Cross- rck Trnsfers Medin of 180 TB trnsferred cross rcks per dy for recovery operons Around 5 mes tht under 3- replicon
29 Outline Introducon: Ersure coding in dt centers Low storge, high fult- tolernce High downlod & disk IO during recovery Mesurements from Fcebook wrehouse cluster in producon Proposed lternve: Piggybcked- RS codes Sme storge overhed & fult tolernce 30% reducon in downlod & disk IO
30 Piggybcking: Toy Exmple Step 1: Tke (2, 2) Reed- Solomon code dt blocks block 1 block b 1 b 2 prity blocks block 3 block b 1 +b 2 b 1 +2b 2 1 byte 1 byte
31 Piggybcking: Toy Exmple (In (2,2) RS code: recovery downlod & IO = 4 bytes) block 1 1 b 1 2 b b 1 +b 2 block 2 2 b 2 block b 1 +b 2 block b 1 +2b 2
32 Piggybcking: Toy Exmple Step 2: Add piggybcks to prity nodes block 1 block 2 block 3 block b 1 b 2 b 1 +b 2 b 1 +2b No ddionl storge!
33 Fult- Tolernce (toy exmple) Sme fult tolernce s RS code: cn tolerte filure of ny 2 nodes block 1 block 2 block 3 block b 1 b 2 b 1 +b 2 b 1 +2b 2 + 1
34 Fult- Tolernce (toy exmple) Sme fult tolernce s RS code: cn tolerte filure of ny 2 nodes block 1 block 2 block 3 block b 1 b 2 b 1 +b 2 b 1 +2b
35 Fult- Tolernce (toy exmple) Sme fult tolernce s RS code: cn tolerte filure of ny 2 nodes block 1 1 b 1 block 2 2 b 2 block b 1 +b 2 block b 1 +2b subtrct 1 2
36 Fult- Tolernce (toy exmple) Sme fult tolernce s RS code: cn tolerte filure of ny 2 nodes block 1 block 2 block 3 block b 1 b 2 b 1 +b 2 b 1 +2b b 1 b 2
37 Recovery (toy exmple) Downlod & IO only 3 bytes (insted of 4 bytes s in RS) block 1 block 2 block 3 block b 1 b 2 b 1 +b 2 b 1 +2b 2 + 1
38 Recovery (toy exmple) Downlod & IO only 3 bytes (insted of 4 bytes s in RS) b 2 block 1 1 b 1 b 1 +b 2 block 2 2 b 2 b 1 +2b block b 1 +b 2 block b 1 +2b 2 + 1
39 Recovery (toy exmple) Downlod & IO only 3 bytes (insted of 4 bytes s in RS) b 2 subtrct block 1 1 b 1 b 1 +b 2 block 2 2 b 2 b 1 +2b block b 1 +b 2 block b 1 +2b 2 + 1
40 Recovery (toy exmple) Downlod & IO only 3 bytes (insted of 4 bytes s in RS) b 2 block 1 1 b 1 b 1 +b 2 block 2 block b 2 b 1 +b 2 b 1 +2b subtrct block b 1 +2b 2 + 1
41 Generl Piggybcking Recipe To construct Piggybcked- RS code: Step 1: Tke RS code with idencl prmeters Step 2: Add crefully designed funcons from one byte stripe on to nother retins sme fult- tolernce nd storge overhed piggybck funcons designed to reduce mount of downlod nd IO for recovery Generl theory nd lgorithms: KV Rshmi, Nihr Shh, K Rmchndrn, A Piggybcking Design Frmework for Red-nd Downlod-efficient Distributed Storge Codes, in IEEE Interntionl Symposium on Informtion Theory (ISIT) 2013
42 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS lternve to (10,4) RS currently used in HDFS
43 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Step 1: Tke (10, 4) Reed- Solomon code block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) 1 byte 1 byte
44 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Step 2: Add `Piggybcks block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0) 1 byte 1 byte
45 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Tolertes ny 4 block filures block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0)
46 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Tolertes ny 4 block filures block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0) recover 1,, 10 like in RS
47 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Tolertes ny 4 block filures block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0) recover 1,, 10 like in RS
48 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Tolertes ny 4 block filures block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block 14 recover 1,, 10 like in RS 1 10 f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 1 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 1 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) subtrct piggybcks (funcons of 1,, 10 ) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 1 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0)
49 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Tolertes ny 4 block filures block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 1 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 1 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 1 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0) recover 1,, 10 like in RS subtrct piggybcks (funcons of 1,, 10 ) recover b 1,,b 10 like in RS
50 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 1 b 1 block 2 2 b 2 block 3 3 b 3 block b 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) block 14 f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0)
51 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 1 b 1 block 2 2 b 2 block 3 3 b 3 block b 10 block 11 block 12 f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0)
52 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 1 b 1 block 2 2 b 2 block 3 3 b 3 block b 10 block 11 block 12 f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) recover b 1,,b 10 like in RS
53 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 1 b 1 block 2 2 b 2 block 3 3 b 3 block b 10 block 11 block 12 f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) recover b 1,,b 10 like in RS
54 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 1 b 1 block 2 2 b 2 block 3 3 b 3 block b 10 block 11 block 12 f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) recover b 1,,b 10 like in RS subtrct f 2 (b 1,,b 10 )
55 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 1 b 1 block 2 2 b 2 block 3 3 b 3 block b 10 block 11 block 12 f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) recover b 1,,b 10 like in RS subtrct f 2 (b 1,,b 10 )
56 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 1 b 1 block 2 2 b 2 block 3 3 b 3 block b 10 block 11 block 12 f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) recover b 1,,b 10 like in RS subtrct f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) remove effect of 2 nd 3 to get 1
57 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code block 1 1 b 1 block 2 2 b 2 Downlod & IO: block 3 3 b 3 block in RS 10 b in Piggybcked- RS block 11 block 12 f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 1 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) recover b 1,,b 10 like in RS subtrct f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) remove effect of 2 nd 3 to get 1
58 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0) Repir of blocks 1,2,3
59 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0) Repir of blocks 4,5,6
60 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0) Repir of blocks 7,8,9
61 (10,4) Piggybcked- RS code Efficient dt- recovery block 1 block 10 block 11 block 12 block 13 block f 1 ( 1,, 10 ) f 2 ( 1,, 10 ) f 3 ( 1,, 10 ) f 4 ( 1,, 10 ) b 1 b 10 f 1 (b 1,,b 10 ) f 2 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 ( 1, 2, 3,0,,0) f 3 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 4, 5, 6,0,,0) f 4 (b 1,,b 10 ) + f 4 (0,,0, 7, 8, 9,0) Repir of block 10
62 Expected Performnce Storge efficiency nd relibility no ddionl storge vs RS sme fult- tolernce vs RS
63 Expected Performnce Storge efficiency nd relibility no ddionl storge vs RS sme fult- tolernce vs RS Reduced recovery downlod & disk IO 30% less for single block recoveries in stripe potenl reducon >50TB cross- rck trffic per dy
64 Expected Performnce Storge efficiency nd relibility no ddionl storge vs RS sme fult- tolernce vs RS Reduced recovery downlod & disk IO 30% less for single block recoveries in stripe potenl reducon >50TB cross- rck trffic per dy Recovery me: expect fster recovery need to connect to more nodes system limited by disk nd network bndwidth corroborted by preliminry experiments hence, expect higher MTTDL
65 Relted Work: Mesurements Exisng Studies Avilbility studies: Schroeder & Gibson 2007, Jing et l 2008, Ford et l 2010 etc Comprisons between replicon nd ersure codes: Rodrigues & Liskov 2005, Wetherspoon & Kubitowicz 2002 etc Our focus Incresed network trffic due to incresed downlods during recovery of ersure- coded dt Mesurements from Fcebook wrehouse cluster in producon
66 Relted Work: Codes for Efficient Dt Recovery Hung et l (Windows Azure) 2012, Sthimoorthy et l (Xorbs) 2013 dd ddionl pries: need extr storge Hu et l (NCFS) 2011 Network file system using repir- by- trnsfer codes (Shh et l): need extr storge Khn et l (Rotted- RS) 2012 #prity 3 (lso, #dt 36) Xing et l, Wng et l (Opmized RDP & EVENODD) 2010 #prity <=2 Our solu;on: Piggybcked- RS no ddionl storge: storge- cpcity opml ny #dt & #prity s good s or bezer thn Rotted- RS, opmized RDP & EVENODD
67 Summry nd Future Work Ersure codes require higher downlod & IO for recovery Mesurements from Fcebook wrehouse cluster in producon Piggybcked- RS: lternve to RS no ddionl storge required; sme fult- tolernce s RS 30% reducon in downlod & disk IO for recovery Future Work implementon in HDFS (in progress t UC Berkeley) empiricl evluon
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