How To Make A Bio Fuel

Transcription

1 PROCESS CHEMISTRY CENTRE ÅA ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY Department of Chemistry Towards Sustainable Energy: the Nordic Way of Renewables? Doc. Dr. Jyri-Pekka Mikkola Academy Research Fellow, Academy of Finland Prof. Technical Chemistry, Sustainable Development Umeå University Prof. Sust.Dev.. Industrial Chemistry & Reaction Engineering Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University

2 Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory. WE ARE AT A CROSS-ROAD! MOTIVATION

3 World energy demand

4 Targets EU s vision Biofuel proportion from the total sales in EU (traffic fuels; gasoline and diesel ): Target : 2.00 % during % % 2020

5 OVERVIEW Difference in feedstock btw. Fossile & Bio

6 We are in transition... The end of the age of oil

7 Oil Economy What next? Van Krevelen diagram displaying biomass and fossil fuel differences

8 Why Biorefineries? Oil price constantly increasing Insecure supply (political instability) Ever increasing consumption of energy and liquid fuels Drive to move from all-synthetic products and materials to more sustainable, natural bio-based solutions Driving force and focus country-dependent

9 Most Abundant Bio Feedstocks depending on geographical location and local politics Trees Forest residues Grasses Agricultural crops Animal waste Municipal waste Algae Food & Feed... Fast Wood Forestry? pdf_files/books/forestperspective.pdf

10 Fennoscandia the richest in forest resources in Europe and in the whole world... E.g. Chile? Ca. 3-4

11 FOREST BIORAFF Optimum use of biomass raw material in an integrated process: Chemicals to process industry Chemicals to pharmaceutical industry Liquid and solid fuels Pulp and paper Heat and power (electricity)

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13 Challenges in (Forest) Biorefinery Are we able to put more knowledge into bio-derived products? How to invent unique value-added bio and forest products? Innovation capacity/capability? High added-value specialty products from forests and other bioresources?

14 Conversion Upgrading Biofeedstock: Technology Challenge! Extraction, purification (structure preserving) Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Fermentation (enzymes) CATALYSIS still in its infancy when dealing with biorefinery feedstocks in contrary to the well-established petroleum-based refinery technology (almost 100 years of development, fine-tuning and research for perfection)

15 Products in need Food and feed e.g. sugars, oils, fats, betaine... Liquid fuels e.g. Bio-ethanol, Bio-diesel, DME, DMC, oxygenates... Bulk Chemicals Different bio (wood) components DMC, phenolics, adhesives, furfural, fatty acids, acetic acid, carbon products, paints, pigments, detergents, solvents, biodegradable polymers... Platform chemicals? different products and uses: Fine-Chemicals Selected activities in Nordic countries e.g. xylitol, sorbitol, sitosterol, mannans, lignans, stilbenes, flavonoids, betulinol, suberin... Heat and electricity

16 Finechemicals from Birch Outer bark: Betulin (light scattering), aliphatic suberin (natural polyester), antioxidant (aromatic suberin) Total potential hydroxyfattyacids (Finland & Sweden) : t/a aliphatic domain even a potential source of crude Birch-Diesel Betulin (25%) Betulinic acid (2%) Lupeol (2%) Aromatic domain aliphatic domain

17 LignoBoost STFI-Packforsk in Sweden Side-fuel for coal-powered Powerplants (e.g. Fortum Stockholm)

18 Asphalt emulsions for reduced carbon dioxide emissions Akzo Nobel

19 TallDiesel SunPine in Piteå harbour, Sweden

20 Black liquor gasification Piteå, Sweden: Methanol and/or Dimethylether

21 Fischer-Tropsch fuels StoraEnso (Finland)

22 Integration for district heat & electricity, also some transportation fuels Södra (Sweden, Norway)

23 SYNFUEL UPM KYMMENE (Finland)

24 Hydrogen Porvoo, 170 kt/a From any Oils/fats NesteOil NexBtl, (Finland) Acid Caustic Water Bio Oil Feed tank Pretreatment Impurities removal NExBTL-Process Conversion of fatty acids to parafins and isoparafins Stabilation Biodiesel tank Sludge Diesel tank Fuel gas Sour water Mineral oil diesel Diesel + Biodiesel Blends NExBTL component sales Bio Oil - Rape seed oil Palm Oil Soya Oil Animal fat Biodiesel

25 Integrated Biorefinery Örnsköldsvik Biorefinery cluster (Sweden)

26 Conclusions: Major efforts in Nordic countries Industrial / large-scale pilot:

27 New Research - Many solutions, some more difficult than other...

28 Wood tar a classical important product from 16 th to 19 th century Complex concistency

29 Many BioFuels on the market Diesel FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Ester RME - Rapeseed Methyl Ester NExBTL - Next generation biomass to liquid GTL-products (various technologies) Gasoline : Bioethanol ETBE, TAEE Biogas

30 Diesel Future Forest Diesel?

31 EVEN INTEGRATED BIOREFINERIES PRODUCE A LOT OF CARBON DIOXIDE - WHAT TO DO WITH IT? CO2UTIL Utilization of CO 2 for chemicals (incl. fuels) Carbon dioxide to organic carbonates Abundant C1 feedstock Non toxic, non-inflammable Affordable Easy to handle, store, transport Oxygen carrier Solvent (scco2: solvent and reagent) + enhances rate and selectivity (Green house gas) CO 2 + 2CH 3 OH E.g. Direct synthesis of dimethylcarbonate catalytic route DMC + H 2 O M.Sc. Valerie Eta

32 Pyrolysis for Bio-oil Challenge: Bio-oil upgrading (catalysis) corrosiveness, viscosity, coking, stability, cold properties, high water conctent etc. Catalysis Dr.thesis of M.Sc. Atte Aho

33 Hydrogen from Biosources? Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) TEKES (Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), Ecocat Oy, Ehovoc Oy, Selmic Oy, Danisco Sweeteners Oy Dr. Anton Tokarev Reaction pathways involved in glucose and sorbitol reforming R.R. Davda et al., Appl. Catal. B: Envir. 56 (2005) 171

34 Bio-Butanol & -Pentanol and Fuel Additives Academy of Finland Sustainable Energy Program: SUSFUFLEX (collaboration with UOULU and KTH) NEW, INNOVATIVE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION FUELS FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS: FROM BIOCOMPONENTS TO FLEXIBLE LIQUID FUELS Can be blended into standard gasoline or gasoline containing ethanol Compatible with existing vehicle technology BP & DuPont: biobutanol - will be introduced by the end of 2007 Doc. Esa Toukoniitty Synthetic Gasoline From BuOH Via Catalysis!

35 OPTIMAL TREATMENT PROCESSES OF LIGNOCELLULOSES FOR BIOETHANOL OPTBIO Jyri-Pekka Mikkola Lab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ. Prof. Kai Peiponen Department of Physics, University of Joensuu Assoc. Prof. Maria Elena Lienqueo Contreras Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Chile Upgrading biogas for vehicle fuel - BIOGASUP Certain ionic liquids are capable for reversible capture of CO 2 Prof. Jukka Rintala Department of Biology and Environmental Science,, University of Jyväskylä Jyri-Pekka Mikkola Lab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ. Dr. Romel Jiménez Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción

36 Sample Biorefinery The Future is Today! The biggest biorefinery in Europe? DILEMMA - FOOD BASED! (grain)

37 However, in the world Gas & Coal dominate the development in syngas to fuels (dominant technology for 2 nd /3 rd generation biofuels)! FOSSILE SOURCES NOT SUSTAINABLE!

38 So, is Biomass a Sustainable Energy Source? On a Net-Energy Basis? YES On a Green House Gas Basis? YES...provided that non-food crops are utilized COST NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS LAND USE IN PERSPECTIVE: Using ethanol (current technology) in place of oil reduces total carbon dioxide emissions by only 13 %! To fill the tank of a large SUV with ethanol fuel could feed one person for a year!...and certain problems solved:

39 Potential for Biomass Conversion, biofuels Data by F.O.Licht, 2006, Production million m3/year

40 BEST NON-FOOD BIO FOOD BIO FOSSILE WORST

41 Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry Perspectives in Global Terms Will there be enough land? Will there be enough biomass? for food bio-fuels bio-products

42 Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three preoccupations.