Wood burning for cooking: Evaluation of improved stoves in Mexico

Transcription

1 Wood burning for cooking: Evaluation of improved stoves in Mexico Expert meeting to further develop the Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan releases Geneva, Switzerland, 3-5 December 2008 Salvador Blanco, Beatriz Cárdenas, Jepthé Cruz, Pablo Maíz, Gunther Umlauf

2 wood cooking In Mexico, approximately 28 million people (5 million families) use wood open fires to cook and to heat There are mainly rural communities with high poverty rates Open fires: Low energy efficiency (natural resources depletion but longer time and farther distances for women to collect wood) Health impacts on children and women (high concentration of particulate matter during long periods of exposure Building damaging

3 Intervention of improved wood stoves Millenium goals: Mexico should comply with them Mexican goal related to wood cooking: by 2012 there should be 1 million of improved stoves installed Different ministries involved: Social Development, Energy, Health, and Environment Different options for improved stoves but little information on their performance A evaluation study of improved simple stoves was implemented by National Institute of Ecology (INE-Mexico) in order to provide information to decision makers of what parameters should be considered to choose improved simple stoves for intervention programs The study was coordinated by INE and Centro Mario Molina para Estudios Estratégicos sobre Energía y Medio Ambiente, A.C.; with the collaboration of Grupo Interdisciplinario de Tecnología Rural A.C. (GIRA), Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas (CIEco-UNAM), Gamatek and Universidad Iberoamericana.

4 Evaluation of improved wood simple stoves Experimental determinations were done at a rural laboratory in Patzcuaro, Michoacán-Mexico between September and October 2008 Four different types of improved simple stoves *were evaluated by triplicade in terms of the following parameters: Only one type of wood Energy efficiency ** controlled cooking test (tortilla cooking) boling water test Green house gases and particulate emission factors emitted during controlled cooking tests Heavy Metals USEPA NSPS RM 29 CO2/CO/H2O/HCl ASTM D TOC USEPA NSPS RM 25ª O2 USEPA NSPS RM 3ª * Selected base on certain criteria: cost, availability, reported performance. ** Including open fire test

5 Evaluation of improved wood simple stoves Particulate matter emission factors (in stack) during controlled cooking test Wood composition and calorific value Indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and CO** Socioeconomical parameters related to the appropriation of technology Aceptability test with potential users INE in collaboration with Gametek and JRC determination of PCDD/F s, PCB and HCl in filtered and condensed particles as well as ashes obtained during the controlled cooking test for tortillas was added as another part of the study in order to generate information about PCDD/Fs from this source * For both tests controlled cooking and boiling water ** Including open fire test

6 Evaluation of improved wood stoves Onil

7 Evaluation of improved wood stoves Onil Citlali

8 Evaluation of improved wood stoves portable patsari

9 Evaluation of improved wood stoves mexalit

10 Evaluation of improved wood stoves Patsari (autoconstruction)

11 Evaluation of improved wood stoves Open fire

12 Particulate matter condensable and filter sampling In addition to gravimetric determination, filtered and condensed particles will be analyzed by JRC

13 Sampling devices Particulate train sampler FTIR, CO2, FID temperature CO indoor concentration PM2.5 indoor sampling

14 Evaluation of emission factors for PCDD/F from open fire cooking (three stone) Pending the determination of open wood burning for PCDD/F, PCBs and HCB Experimental setting: Integrated sampling in a rural kitchen or a rural laboratory Indoor integrated sampling using a medium flow sampler : at least 100m3 JRC sampler Outdoor integrated sampling using a high flow sampler: at least 800m3 INE sampler Continuous CO2 measuments Several open fires until sampling hours are completed Samples will be sent to JRC for analysis Experiments will be perfomed in the first months of 2009

15 Otros estudios en proceso: Evaluación de estufas mejoradas de leña: determinación de factores de emisión y contaminación en intramuros Patzcuaro Mich, Oct 2008 INE; CMM, Gamatek, CIEco, GIRA, Ibero, JRC

16 Preliminary results Within the next few weeks Thank you!