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5 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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7 LIST OF FIGURES 1 LIST OF TABLES

8 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

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29 What SHOULD be done? What CAN be done? What WILL be done? What DID we do? Master schedule Phase schedule Lookahead plan Weekly work plan

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105 Improve the planning process Establish a lean culture Create ownership and responsibility Understand the entire construction process Accept the chaotic circumstances of construction Focus on collaborative planning Be proactive and avoid firefighting Use backward planning Continuous improvement Build trust Focus on communication in all levels of the project Create accountability Involve everyone Delegate responsibility Encourage ownership and autonomy Get away from silomentality Gain overview of dependencies and relationships Optimize the process first, then improve individual activities

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111 Alukal, G. (2003). Create a lean, mean machine. Alves, T., & Formoso, C. (2000). Guidelines for managing physical flows in construction sites. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction Assaf, S. A., & Al-Hejji, S. (2006). Causes of delay in large construction projects. International journal of project management, 24(4), Aziz, R. F., & Hafez, S. M. (2013). Applying lean thinking in construction and performance improvement. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 52(4), Ballard, G. (1997). Lookahead planning: the missing link in production control. Paper presented at the 5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Ballard, G. (2000). The last planner system of production control. The University of Birmingham. Ballard, G. (Producer). (2013). Glenn Ballard at NCC [video file]. Retrieved from Ballard, G., & Howell, G. (1994). Implementing lean construction: stabilizing work flow. Lean construction, Ballard, G., & Howell, G. (1995). Toward construction JIT. Lean construction, Ballard, G., & Howell, G. (1997). Implementing lean construction: improving downstream performance. Lean construction, Ballard, G., & Howell, G. (1998a). Shielding production: essential step in production control. Journal of Construction Engineering and management, 124(1), Ballard, G., & Howell, G. (1998b). What kind of production is construction. Paper presented at the 6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Ballard, G., & Howell, G. (2003). An update on last planner1. Paper presented at the 11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction.

112 Ballard, G., Howell, G., & Kartam, S. (1994). Redesigning job site planning systems. Paper presented at the Computing in Civil Engineering (1994). Bell, J. (2014). Doing Your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers: McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Bertelsen, S. (2004). Lean Construction: Where are we and how to proceed. Lean construction journal, 1(1), Bertelsen, S., & Bonke, S. (2011). TFV as a strategic tool. Paper presented at the 19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Bertelsen, S., & Koskela, L. (2002). Managing the three aspects of production in construction. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction Gramado, Brazil. Bertelsen, S., Koskela, L., Henrich, G., & Rooke, J. (2006). Critical flow towards a construction flow theory. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. BKP. (2010). Organisasjonsutvikling og læring knyttet til Trimmet bygging. Brass, D. J. (1981). Structural relationships, job characteristics, and worker satisfaction and performance. Administrative science quarterly, Bølviken, T., & Kalsaas, B. T. (2011). Discussion of strategies for measuring workflow in construction. Paper presented at the Proceedings 19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Chapman, C. (2005). Clean house with lean 5S. Quality progress, 38(6), Cherry, E. (2009). Architectural Programming. Retrieved , from Chua, D., & Shen, L. (2005). Key constraints analysis with integrated production scheduler. Journal of Construction Engineering and management, 131(7), Forbes, L. H., & Ahmed, S. M. (2010). Modern construction: lean project delivery and integrated practices: CRC Press. Fosse, R. (2014). Forbedring av arbeid på byggeplass ved operasjonsanalyse og Lean Construction. NTNU, Trondheim. Frandson, A., Berghede, K., & Tommelein, I. D. (2014). Takt-Time Planning and the Last Planner. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Hamzeh, F. R., Ballard, G., & Tommelein, I. D. (2008). Improving construction workflow-the connective role of lookahead planning. Paper presented at the Proceedings for the 16th annual conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). Themotivation to work. NewYork, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 141. Howell, G. (1999). What is lean construction. Paper presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction Howell, G., & Ballard, G. (1997). Lean production theory: Moving beyond Can- Do. Lean construction, Kalsaas, B. T. (2013). Measuring waste and workflow in construction. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Kalsaas, B. T., & Bølviken, T. (2010). Flow of work in construction a conceptual discussion. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction.

113 Kalsaas, B. T., & Bølviken, T. (2011). Discussion of Strategies for Measuring Workflow in Construction. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Kalsaas, B. T., Grindhein, I., & Læknes, N. (2014). Integrated Planning vs. Last Planner System. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Kalsaas, B. T., Gundersen, M., & Berge, T. O. (2014). To Measure Workflow and Waste. A Concept for Continuous Improvement. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Kim, Y.-W., & Ballard, G. (2000). Is the earned-value method an enemy of work flow. Paper presented at the 8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction King's-College. Google Scholar for citation analysis? Retrieved 16.06, 2015, from nalysis/googlescholar.aspx KIT. Implementation of Lean Management to the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Retrieved 17.06, 2015, from Koskela, L. (1997). Lean production in construction. Lean construction, 1-9. Koskela, L. (1999). Management of production in construction: a theoretical view. Paper presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Koskela, L. (2000). An exploration towards a production theory and its application to construction: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Koskela, L. (2004). Making do-the eighth category of waste. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 12th annual conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. KPMG. (2015). Global Construction Survey Climbing the curve. Kraemer, K., Henrich, G., Koskela, L., & Kagioglou, M. (2007). How construction flows have been understood in lean construction. Paper presented at the 4th International SCRI Symposium, as part of the 4th International Research Week (IRW proceedings). Kvale, S. (2008). Doing interviews: Sage. LCI. What is Lean Design and Construction? Retrieved 13.06, 2015, from LeanConstruction-DK. (2012). Håndbog i Trimmet Byggeri. Retrieved 03.06, 2015, from Leone, G., & Rahn, R. D. (2002). Fundamentals of flow manufacturing: Flow Publishing. Liker, J. (2004). The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World's Greatest Manufacturer: McGraw-Hill. Lindhard, S., & Wandahl, S. (2012). On the road to improved scheduling - fitting activities to capacity. Paper presented at the COBRA 2012-RICS International Research Conference. Lindhard, S., & Wandahl, S. (2014). Exploration of the reasons for delays in construction. International Journal of Construction Management, 14(1),

114 Linnik, M., Berghede, K., & Ballard, G. (2013). An experiment in takt-time planning applied to non-repetitive work. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Liu, M., Ballard, G., & Ibbs, W. (2010). Work flow variation and labor productivity: Case study. Journal of management in engineering, 27(4), Martin, K., & Osterling, M. (2013). Value stream mapping: how to visualize work and align leadership for organizational transformation: McGraw Hill Professional. Meld.St.28. (2012). Meld. St. 28 ( ) Gode bygg for eit betre samfunn (Public report nr. 28). Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook: Sage. Milling, C., & Høybye, D. (2014). Merværdi i Leanpojekter. DTU, Lyngby. Mitropoulos, P., & Nichita, T. (2009). Critical concerns of production control system on projects with labor constraints: Lessons from a residential case study. Journal of management in engineering, 26(3), Modig, N., & Åhlström, P. (2012). This is lean: Resolving the efficiency paradox: Rheologica. Moen, R., & Norman, C. (2006). Evolution of the PDCA cycle. NCC-Denmark. (2013). Rapport Projekt Tillidsbaseret Lean. Retrieved 15.06, 2015, from final-word-2-.pdf Nielsen, A. S., & Kristensen, E. L. (2002). Lean Construction En redegørelse for det amerikanske produktionskoncept. Final thesis at Aalborg University. Odgaard, G., & Scheibel, L. (2014). Trust-based LEAN - a collaboration project between employers and construction workers in NCC Construction, Denmark. Ōno, T. (1988). Toyota production system: beyond large-scale production: Productivity press. Pedersen, P. H. (2013). SSB-statistikken om produktivitet er ikke verdt noe. Pérez, C., Costa, D., & Gonçalves, J. (2014). Concepts and Methods for Measuring Flows and Associated Wastes. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Produktivitetskommisjonen. (2015). Produktivitet - grunnlag for vekst og velferd: Norwegian Comission of Productivity. Rother, M., & Shook, J. (2003). Learning to see: value stream mapping to add value and eliminate muda: Lean Enterprise Institute. Sacks, R., Treckmann, M., & Rozenfeld, O. (2009). Visualization of work flow to support lean construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and management, 135(12), Salthaug, M., & Sørensen, M. (2010). Arbeidsflyt i byggproduksjon-analyse av målemuligheter. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Schmenner, R. (1988). The merit of making things fast. MIT Sloan Management Review, 30(1), 11.

115 Seppänen, O. (2014). Comparison of Takt Time and LBMS Planning Methods. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, Oslo, Norway. Seppänen, O., Ballard, G., & Pesonen, S. (2010). The combination of last planner system and location-based management system. Lean construction journal, 6(1), Serrat, O. (2009). The five whys technique. Knowledge Solutions, Asian Development Bank. Shingo, S. (1988). Non-stock production: the Shingo system of continuous improvement: Productivity Press. Sweis, G., Sweis, R., Hammad, A. A., & Shboul, A. (2008). Delays in construction projects: The case of Jordan. International journal of project management, 26(6), Tommelein, I. D., Riley, D. R., & Howell, G. (1999). Parade game: Impact of work flow variability on trade performance. Journal of Construction Engineering and management, 125(5), UHS. Lean Project Delivery Guide Appendix 6: Last Planner System of Production Control: Universal Health Services. Womack, J. P., & Jones, D. T. (2003). Lean thinking: banish waste and create wealth in your corporation (2nd ed.): Simon and Schuster. Yassine, T., Bacha, M., Fayek, F., & Hamzeh, F. (2014). Implementing Takt-Time Planning in Construction to Improve Work Flow. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, Oslo, Norway. Yin, R. K. (2010). Qualitative research from start to finish: Guilford Press. Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods: Sage publications. Zuo, J., & Zillante, G. (2005). Project culture within construction projects: a literature review. Paper presented at the 13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction

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