LEARN SANSKRIT Through English Medium

Transcription

1 LEARN SANSKRIT Through English Medium A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOL Ratnakar Narale KALIDAS SANSKRIT UNIVERSITY NAGPUR, INDIA 1

2 INDEX AnauÛmaiNaka_ INTRODUCTION paritap#apanama` xii The anus>t>ubh metre xvii BOOK 1 LEARN TO READ & WRITE SANSKRIT Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet sa>s tavana maalaa 3 Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation) qccaara: 5 Lesson 3 The Sanskrit Characters sa>s tavanaa : 8 Vowels svara: 8 Consonants vyaøjanaaina 10 Sound Strings from S}iva maaheovaraina sau%aaina 12 Word endings oabdantaa: 15 Lesson 4 Writing the Sanskrit Consonants vyaøjanaaina 17 va, ba, k (va, ba, ka) ; pa, Pa, f, Na (pa, s<a, pha, n<a) 18 ta, na, ga, ma, Ba (ta, na, ga, ma, bha); ca, ja, Øa, La (c{a, ja, n~a, la) 19 r, sa, Sa, oa (ra, sa, kha, s{a) ; za, Za, C (gha, dha, c{ha) 20 ya, Ya; xa, Xa, Ù (ya, tha; ks<a, jn~a, l> #, $, d, D, G, h, Ja (t>a, t>ha, d<ha, da, d<a, ha, jha) 21 Lesson 5 Writing the Sanskrit Vowels svara: 22 A, Aa, Aae, AaE (a, a@, o, au) ; }, } (i, &) 22 q, Q, /,, La\, La¾ (u, u@, r<, r<{, lr<, lr<{) ; ], ]e (e, ai) 23 Lesson 6 Writing the Vowel-Signs svaricaèaina 24 Application of Vowel-signs 25 2

3 Anusvara and Avagraha Anausvaar: AvagaRh: ca 26 Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks 27 Lesson 7 Writing Compound Consonants with : 31 k, Sa`; ga`, za`, G`, (k, kh, g, gh, n[,) 33; ca`, C`, ja`, #`, D`, $`, Na`, ta`, Ya`, Za`, (c[, c{h, j[, jh, n~, t>, t>h, d<m d<h,[ n<, t, th, dh) 34; na`, pa`, f, ba`, Ba`, ma`, ya`, La`, va`, oa` (p, ph, b, bh, m, y, l, v, s{) 35; Pa`, sa`, h` (s>, s, h) 36 Lesson 8 Writing Special Compound Characters sa>yaufoada: 37 Kta, F (kta); ±, ª, &,,, ^,, V (dr<a, dda, ddha, dga, dbha, dya, dma, dva) 37; Û, gar, Ã, Ä, Å (kra, gra, s{ra, tra, tra, sra, stra) 38; k, pa Ta Tva ² (rka, rpa, tta, ttva, nna) 39 Lesson 9 Rapid Reading : oaizarpa#nama` 46 The Sanskrit Language sa>s tabaapaa 46 Ra@ma@yan<am ramaayanama` 48 A Devotional Song BaiFgaItama` 49 Maha@bha@ratam mahabaartama` 50 The G&ta@ gaitaa 51 I am S}iva ioavaae~hma` 52 Obeisance to Motherland vande maatarma` 53 The Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%ai-ma>%a: 54 BOOK 2 UNDERSTAND SANSKRIT, EASY WAY Lesson 10 Introduction to Sandhi sainza: 57 Compounding Vowels svarsainza: 57 Compounding Consonants vyaøjanasainza: 64 Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi ivasaga sainza: 68 Lesson 11 Introduction to Numerals sa>syaa: 72 Lesson 12 Sanskrit Verbs iûyaapadaina 82 3

4 Lesson 13 Persons pauwpaa: 87 Lesson 14 Numbers vacanaaina 89 Genders ilagðaina 93 Lesson 15 Nouns naamaaina 95 Dictionary of Nouns oabdkaeoa: 97 Pictorial Dictionary ica%akaeoa: 105 Lesson 16 Pronouns sava naamaaina 120 Lesson 17 The Present Tense 123 Use of the Particle sma sma 126 Lesson 18 The (Past) Imperfect Tense LaG` 133 Use of the phrase sma maa sma 137 Lesson 19 The (Past) Perfect Tense 138 Lesson 20 The (Past Indefinite) Aorist Tense LauG` 140 Use of the Particle maa 142 Lesson 21 The Indefinite Future Tense 143 Lesson 22 The Definite Future Tense 147 WHICH TENSE TO USE? LakarpaRyaaega: 151 Lesson 23 Parasmaipad& and tmanepad& Verbs AatmanaepadI parsmaepadi ca 152 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs sakma kma` Akma kma` ca 157 The Causative Verbs inajantapariûyaa 159 The Desiderative Verbs sa²ntapariûyaa 160 The Frequentive Verbs yagnta-yaglaugantapariûyae 162 Lesson 24 The 11 Classes of Verbs ganaa: The First Class Bvaaid: The Second Class Adaid: The Third Class jauhaetyaaid: The Fourth Class idvaaid: The Fifth Class svaaid: 191 4

5 6. The Sixth Class taudaid: The Seventh Class WZaaid: The Eighth Class tanaaid: The Nineth Class Ûyaaid: The Tenth Class cauraid: The Eleventh Class kndôaid: 221 Lesson 25 The Cases karka: ca ivabafya: ca 225 The Nominative (1st) Case paryamaa 230 The Accusative (2nd) Case ivtaiyaa 232 The Instrumental (3rd) Case ta\taiyaa 237 The Dative (4th) Case catauyai 243 The Ablative (5th) Case paøcamai 248 The Possessive (6th) Case PaP#I 254 The Locative (7th) Case saptamai 251 The Vocative Case sambaaezanama` 265 Lesson 26 The Voices paryaaegaa: 267 The Active Voice kta irparyaaega: 267 The Passive Voice kma inaparyaaega: 269 The Voice BaavaepaRyaaega: 272 Lesson 27 The Moods AYaa : 275 The Negative Mood nakaraya : 275 The Interrogative Mood paronaaya : 277 The Imperative Mood Laae@` 279 The Potential Mood ivaizailag` 282 The Benedictive Mood AaioaiLa G` 286 The Conditional Mood La\G` 287 Lesson 28 The Adjectives and Participles ivaoaepanaaina dntaaina ca 289 The Adjectives ivaoaepanaaina 290 5

6 The Degree of Comparison tar-tama-baavaae 296 The Participles dntaaina 299 Past Passive Participle, ppp\ F 299 Past Active Participle Fvatau 302 Present Active Participle oata\-oaanaca` 304 Potential Participle AnaIyar` 310 Future Active Participle 310 Future Passive Participle 311 Indeclinable Past Participle Ktvaa, Lyapa` 314 The Infinitive taumauna` 318 set> and anit> verbs sae@` Aina@` 321 Creating Existance of Non-existent icva 322 Lesson 29 The Adverbs and Conjunctions 324 Adverbs iûyaaivaoaepanaaina 324 Dictionary of Adverbs 327 Conjunctions yaaeigakoabda: 340 Lesson 30 The Prepositions AaEpasaiga koabda: 344 Lesson 31 The Compound Words samaasaa: 348 BOOK 3 SPEAK SANSKRIT Lesson 32 Conversations vaataa lapaa: 363 Lesson 33 Correct Speaking oau&sambaapanama` 372 Lesson 34 Prose Reading ga^pa#nama` 377 Short Stories LazaukYaa: 377 Mother and the Baby Parrot oaukioaavakae 377 Unnecessary Advice inarya k: qpadeoa: 379 The Inherant Nature jaaitasvabaava: 381 Short Essays LazauinabanZaa: 383 6

7 The Horse Aova: 383 The Sun sauya : 384 The Knowledge iva^a 386 Poetic Sayings saubaaipataaina 388 The Words of Wisdom sadupadeoaa: 389 Good Sayings sauvacanaaina 391 Parsing and Analysis ivaolaepanama` 393 Va@lm&kih vaalmaiik: 393 Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%ai-ma>%a: 398 Lesson 35 General Knowledge saamaanyaxaanama` 399 The Days of the Week vaasara: 399 The Names of the Months maasaa: 400 The Measurements pairmaanaaina 401 The Names of the Directions idoa: 402 Time samaya: 403 Relationships sa>banzaa: 405 Lesson 36 Antonyms ivalaemaoabda: 408 Lesson 37 Words with Suffixes partyayaantaoabda: 409 Words with Primary Suffixes tapartyayaantaoabda: 810 Words with Secondary Suffixes tai&ta`-oabda: 415 Using Nouns as Verb Roots naamazaatau: 422 Amazing Sanskrit Creations 423 APPENDICES : (i) Charts of conjugations of the Tenses 429 Ten Parasmaipad& tenses, Active voice 429 Ten Ètmanepad& tenses, Active voice 438 Ten Passive Voice tenses 445 (ii) Charts of declensions of the Cases 448 7

8 rama (A), vana (A), gaaepaa (Aa) 448; maalaa (Aa), kiva (}) 449; vaair (}), maita (}), sauzai (} ) 450; nadi (} ), gauw (q) 451; mazau (q), Zaenau (q), svabau (Q) 452; vazau (Q), ipata\ (/) 453; kta\ (/), Zaata\ (/), maata\ (/) 454; re (]e), gaae (Aae), glaae (AaE) 455; naae (AaE), oak (k`)456; ilasa` (Sa`), vaaca` (ca`) 457; raja` (ja`), Qja ` (ja`), Äja` (ja`) 458; paraøca` (Øca`) 459; SaØja` (Øja`), mawta` (ta`),bagavata` (ta`) 460; Bavata` (ta`), köva ta` (ta`), jagata` (ta`) 461; mahta` (ta`), sairta` (ta`) 462; sauêd` (d`), Êd` (d`), xauza` (Za`) 463; oaioana` (na`), Baaivana`` (}na`) 464; Aatmana` (na`), kma na` (na`) 465; gaupa` (pa`), LaBa` (Ba`) 466; car` (r`), vaar` (r`) igar` (r`) 467; idva` (va`), naoa` (oa`), ivaoa` (oa`) 468; idoa` (oa`), icakipa ` (Pa`), ZanauPa` (Pa`) 469; AaioaPa` (Pa`), ca>drmasa` (sa`) 470; OaReyasa` (sa`), payasa` (sa`) 471; gariyasa` (sa`), pau>sa` (sa`) 472, mauh` (h`), qpaanah` (h`) 473. (iii) Declensions of Pronouns 474 Asmad`, yaupmad`, tad` (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 474; yad`, (yad) 475; ]tad`, }dma` (etad, idam) 476, Adsa`, sava (adas, sarva) 477; ikma` (kim) 478; kiocata` (kas{c{it) 479. (iv) Declensions of Numerical Adjectives 480 ]ktar, ]ktama (ekatara, ekatama) 482 (v) Dictionary of 2000 Verbs Zaatauoabdkaeoa: 484 (vi) Which verb to use? 570 (vii) Charts of Verb Declensions 577 þad`, þaca, þasa` 577; þaasa`, þ} 578; þ}pa`, þ/cc` 579; þ]za`, þkya`, þkma` 580; þ, þûya`, þûid`, þixa 581; þxauba`, þgana` 582; þgad`, þgama`, þgarh` 583; þzara 584; þcala`, þicanta`, þcaur` 585; þjana`, þija þxaa 586; DI, þtana`, þtapa` 587; þtaud`, þtaupa`, þtyaja`, þ%ae 588; þdd`, þdh` 589; þda 590; þidva`, þdipa`, þdu, þ±oa` 591; þzaa 592; þza\, þzaava` 593; þzva>sa` 594; þnand`, þnaoa`, þnai 595; þpaca` 596; þpad` 597; þpaa, þpaupa` 598; þpauja`, þbauza` 599; þparcc`, þbaru 600; þbaxa`, þbaja` 601; þbaa, þbai 602; þbauja` 603; þbau, þba\, þbarma` 604; þbar>sa` 605; þmana`, þimala` 606; þmauøca` 607; þma\, þma\oa`, þmlae, þyaja` 608; þyaa 609; þyauja`, þrxa` 610; þrma` 611; þwca`, þwd` 612; þwza`, þlaa, þilasa` 613; þpad`, þivaja` 614; þivad` 615; þivaoa`, þva\ 617; þva\ta` 618; þvarja`, þvah` 619; þoauca`, þoauba` 620; þoaupa`, þãu 621; þsad`, þsau, þsau, þsa\ja` 622; þsyaa 623; þsnaa, þä>sa`, þhna` 624; þhsa`, þha 625; þih>sa`, þhu, þê 626; þêpa`, þéi 627, þìe 628. (viii) Chart of Participles dnta> 629 (ix) Breakdown, Transliteration and Meaning of the Verses 630 (x) Answers to the Exercises qtaraina 647 References inade oa: 653 8

9 LESSON 1 Prathamah< abhya@sah< paryama: AByaasa:_ THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET sam~skr<ta-varn<ama@la@ sa>s tavana maalaa_ Vowels (svara@h< svara:) A Aa } } q Q / La\ La¾ ] ]e Aae AaE A> A: a a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ l> l<} e ai o au m[ h<: Consonants (vyan~jana@ni vyaøjanaaina) k Sa ga za G 1 - the Gutterals ka kha ga gha n[a ca C ja Ja Øa 2 - the Palatals c{a c{ha ja jha # D $ Na 3 - the Cerebrals t>a t>ha d<a d<ha n<a ta Ya d Za na 4 - the Dentals ta tha da dha na pa f ba Ba ma 5 - the Labials pa pha ba bha ma ya r La va oa Pa sa h ya ra la va s{a s<a sa ha 9

10 NOTES ** In these lessons, the pronounciation of Sanskrit character ch is transliterated as c{ in order to distinguish it from the common English character c (which = k). eg\ The car moves. karyaana> calaita ca@rya@nam[ c{alati (ca@rya@nam[ calati). PRONOUNCIATIONS (1) GUTTURALS : The consonants from k-class (k, kh, g, gh, n[) are pronounced by touching the hind part of the tongue to the THROAT (Gutter). (2) PALATALS : The consonants from c{-class (c{, c{h, j, jh, n~) are pronounced by touching the middle part of the tongue to the middle roof of the mouth i.e. the PALATE. (3) CEREBRALS : The consonants from t>-class (t>, t>h, d<, d<h, n<) are pronounced by momentarily touching tip of the tongue against roof of the mouth i.e. the CEREBRUM. (4) DENTALS : The consonants from t-class (t, th, d, dh, n) are pronounced by touching tip of the tongue against the base of the TEETH. (5) LABIALS : The consonants from p-class (p, ph, b, bh, m) are pronounced by touchning the LIPS together. 10

11 LESSON 2 dvit&yah< abhya@sah< ivtaiya: AByaasa:_ Pronouncing Sanskrit Characters (1) Guttural kn#¹ (kan<t<hya) = with throat (2) Palatal taalavya (ta@lavya) = with palate (3) Cerebral mauza nya (mu@rdhanya) = with cerebrum (4) Dental dntya (dantya) = with teeth (5) Labial AaeP#¹ (os<t>hya) = with lips (6) Nasal Anaunaaisak (anuna@sik) = with nose (1) THE VOWELS : Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation a (A) A American Guttural a@ (Aa) a car Guttural i (}) I India Palatal & (} ) ee peel Palatal u (q) u put Labial u@ (Q) oo moon Labial Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation r< (/) ri, ru ring, crucial Cerebral r<{ ( ) r&, ru@ Cerebral 11

12 lr< (La\) lri, lru Dental lr<{ (La¾) lr&, Dental e (]) e grey Guttural+Palatal ai (]e) ai aisle Guttural+Palatal o (Aae) o go Guttural+Labial au (AaE) au gauge Guttural+Labial (2) THE SEMIVOWELS : m{ (A>) a~ nasal h<: (A:) half-h breath (3) THE CONSONANTS : Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation k (k ) k kit Guttural kh (Sa`) kh khyber Guttural g (ga`) g god Guttural gh (za`) gh ghost Guttural n[ (G`) n ring Guttural c{, c (ca`) ch rich Palatal c{h (C`) chh c{ with breath Palatal j (ja`) j jug Palatal jh (Ja`) dgeh hedgehop Palatal n~ (Øa`) n hinge Palatal Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronounciation t> (@`) t cut> Cerebral t>h (#`) th t> with breath Cerebral d< (D`) d red Cerebral d<h ($`) dh adhere Cerebral 12

13 n< (Na`) n band Cerebral t (ta`) t (soft t) Dental th (Ya`) th thunder Dental d (d`) th other Dental dh (Za`) dh buddha Dental n (na`) n no Dental p (pa`) p cup Labial ph (f ) ph, f photo Labial b (ba`) b rub Labial bh (Ba`) bh abhore Labial m (ma`) m mug Labial y (ya`) y yes Palatal r (r`) r rub Cerebral l (l`, La`) l love Dental v (va`) v, w wave Dental + Labial s{ (oa`) sh shoot Palatal s< (Pa`) sh should Cerebral s (sa`) s sun Dental h (h`) h hug Guttural l< (Ù`) soft l Cerebral 13

14 LESSON 3 tr<t&yah< abhya@sah< ta\taiya: AByaasa:_ THE SANSKRIT CHARACTERS sam~skr<ta-varn<a@h< sa>s tavanaa :_ The character (varn<ah< vana :) that can be pronounced independently is called a VOWEL (svarah< svar:). eg\ A, }, q (a, i, u)...etc. The characters that can NOT be pronounced independently (without the help of a vowel), are called the CONSONANTS (vyan~jana@ni vyaøjanaaina). yaepaa> vanaa naama` qccaarna> svata>%a> na Bavaita tae vyaøjanaaina kyyantae **_ eg\ k, Sa`, ga` (k, kh, g)...etc. Therefore, k + A = k; Sa`, + A = Sa k + a = ka; kh + a = kha...etc. 3.1 THE VOWELS svara@h< svara:_ In Sanskrit, the vowels are of three types. sa>s tasvara: i%aivazaa: sainta_ (A) The SHORT vowels (hrasva@h< svara@h< Ésvaa: svara:) are those which take one unit of time to pronounce them. A, }, q, /, La\ (a, i, u, r<, lr<) are the five basic short vowels. (B) The LONG vowels (d&rgha@h< svara@h< dizaa : svara:) are those which take two units of time to pronounce them. Aa, }, Q,, ], ]e, Aae, AaE, La¾ (a@, &, q@, r<{, e, ai, o, au, lr<{) are the nine long vowels. Each long vowel is made up of two or more short vowels. The Short vowels A, }, q, /, La\ (a, i, u, r< and lr<) and the Long vowels Aa, }, Q, and La¾ (a@, &, u@, r< and lr<{) are together called SIMPLE vowels (AimaOaRsvara:) The four Long vowels ], ]e, Aae AaE (e, ai, o, au) composed of two dis-similar vowels, are called DIPTHONGS (imaoarsvara:) 14

15 EXAMPLES : Long Vowels (1) Long vowel Aa = short vowel A + short vowel A (2) Long vowel } = short vowel } + short vowel } (3) Long vowel Q = short vowel q + short vowel q (4) Long vowel ] = short vowel A + short vowel } (5) Long vowel Aae = short vowel A + short vowel q (C) The PLUTA vowels (pluta@h< svara@h< plautaa: svara:) are those that take at least three units of time to pronounce them. The long expressions such as vowel Aa (a@) in the word ra~~~ma, form the pluta vowels. TABLE : VOWELS (What we learned so far) 1. Short vowels A, }, q, /, La\ a, i, u, r<, lr< 2. Long vowels Aa, }, Q,, ], ]e, Aae, AaE, La¾ a@, &, q@, r<{, e, ai, o, au, lr<{ 3. Simple vowels A, Aa, }, }, q, Q, /,, La\, La¾ a, a@, i, &, u, u@, r<, r<{, lr<, lr<{ 4. Dipthongs ], ]e, Aae AaE e, ai, o, au 5. Pluta vowels ~ EXERCISE 1 : A. Read the following characters: (1) A, q, }, / (2) }, /, A (3) q, }, A (4) Q, Aa, } (5) AaE, ], Aae (6) ], ]e, Q, Aa B. Fill in the blanks: (1) A + A = (2) A + q = (3) A + } = THE CONSONANTS In Sanskrit there are 25 class consonants (varga-vyan~jana@ni vaga vyaøjanaaina) and there are nine non-class (avarga Avaga -) consonants. sa>s tae paøcaiva>oaita: vaga vyaøjanaaina nava ca Avaga vyaøjanaaina sainta_ (1) The 25 Class Consonants from k to ma` are grouped phonetically into five classes (varga@h< vagaa :) 15

16 consisting of five consonants each. These 25 consonants from k to m are also called Contactuals (spars{a-vyan~jana@h< spaoa -vyaøjanaa: kadyaa: maavasaanaa: spaoaa :) 1. Class k (k) k Sa` ga` za` G` k kh g gh n[ 2. Class c{ (ca) ca` C` ja` Ja` Øa` c{ c{h j jh n~ 3. Class t< #` D` $` Na` t> t>h d< d<h n< 4. Class t (ta) ta` ya` d` Za` na` t th d dh n 5. Class p (pa) pa` f ba` Ba` ma` p ph b bh m (2). The next 4 characters ya`, r`, La`, va` are semi-consonsnts or semi-vowels (antastha@h< yarlavaa: A>tasYaa:) (3). Remaining four characters oa`, Pa`, sa`, h` are the warm breath characters (us<ma@n<ah< qpmaana: oapasaha: qpmaana:) of which the first three oa`, Pa`, sa` are called sibilants and the last one h` is an aspirate. THE PRONOUNCIATIONS (1) GUTTURALS are A, Aa, : k, Sa`, ga`, za`, G`, h` a, a@, h<, k, kh, g, gh, n[, h. They are pronounced from the throat (2) PALATALS are }, }, ca`, C`, ja`, Ja`, Øa`, ya`, oa` (i, &) c{, c{h, j, jh, n~, y, s{. They are pronounced from the palate (3) CEREBRALS are #`, D`, $`, Na`, r`, Pa` r<, r<{, t>, t>h, d<, d<h, n<, r, s<. They are pronounced from the roof of the mouth (4) DENTALS are La\, La¾, ta`, Ya`, d`, Za`, na`, La`, sa` lr<, lr<{, t, th, d, dh, n, l, s. They are pronounced from the teeth (5) LABIALS are q, Q, pa`, f, ba`, Ba`, ma` u, u@, p, ph, b, bh, m, v. They are pronounced from the lips. Character va v is dental-labial; ], ]e e, ai are guttural-palatal and ], ]e e, ai are guttural-palatal. (6) THE HARD CONSONANTS The first two consonants from each class (k, Sa`; ca`, #`; ta`, Ya`; pa`, f k, kh, c{, c{h, t>, t>h, t, th, p, ph) and three sibilants (oa`, Pa`, sa` s{, s<, s) are Hard Consonants (kat>hora-vyan~jana@ni k#aer-vyaøjanaaina) (7) THE SOFT CONSONANTS The rest of the consonants, namely, the last three consonants from each class (ga`, za`, G`; ja`, ja`, Øa`; D`, $`, Na`; d`, Za`, na`; ba`, Ba`, ma` g, gh, np, j, jh, n~, d<, d<h, n<, d, dh, n, b, bh, m) the semi-vowels (ya`, r`, La`, va` y, r, l,v) and the aspirate (h` h) are Soft Consonants (mr<du-vyan~jana@ni ma\duvyaøjanaaina) (8) THE NASAL CONSONANTS 16

17 The last character from each of the five classes (G`, Øa`, Na`, na`, ma`), are the Nasal Consonants Anaunaaisakaina) (9) THE ANUSV RA AND THE VISARGA ( > ) and visarga (:) are two more sounds in Sanskrit. The anuswa@ra (Anausvaar:) is the modification of nasal consonants G`, Øa`, Na`, na` and ma`; where as the visarga (ivasaga :) is the modified form of consonant sa` or r`_ So the anusva@ra and visarga are counted among the consonants, even though they are not counted as separate characters, but they are sometimes treated as semi-vowels. Together they are called yogava@ha/ (a@yogava@hau AayaaegavaahaE) 3.5 THE WORD ENDINGS oabdantaa:_ Below is how consonants and vowels are joined to form words. The last character of a word shows how the word ends. eg\ in the word rama (r` + A + A + ma` + A) the last letter is A, therefore, the word rama is Akaranta (aka@ra@nta = ending in character A) (A) Ajanta (ending in Aca`, ending in a vowel) (1) rama = r` + Aa + ma` + A Akaranta (2) vana = va` + A + na` + A Akaranta (3) maalaa = ma` + Aa + La` + Aa Aakaranta (4) kiva = k + A + va` + } }karanta (5) vaair = va` + Aa + r` + } }karanta (6) maita = ma` + A + ta` + } }karanta (7) nadi = na` + A + d` + } } karanta (8) Baanau = Ba` + Aa + na` + q qkaranta (9) mazau = ma` + A + Za` + q qkaranta 17

18 (10) Zaenau = Za` + ] + na` + q qkaranta (11) vazau = va` + A + Za` + Q Qkaranta (12) ipata\ = pa` + } + ta` + / /karanta (13) Zaata\ = Za` + Aa + ta` + / /karanta (14) maata\ = ma` + Aa + ta` + / /karanta (B) hlanta (ending in a consonant) (15) vaaca` = va` + Aa + ca` cakaranta (16) raja` = r` + Aa + ja` jakaranta (17) mawta` = ma` + A + r` + q + ta` takaranta (18) jagata` = ja` + A + ga` + A + ta` takaranta (19) sauêd` = sa` + q + h` + / + d` dkaranta (20) oaioana` = oa` + A + oa` + } + na` nakaranta (21) Aatmana` = Aa + ta` + ma` + A + na` nakaranta (22) kma na` = k + A + r` + ma` + A + na` nakaranta (23) idoa` = d` + } + oa` oakaranta (24) ca>drmasa` = ca` + A + na` + d` +r` + A + ma` + A + sa` sakaranta (25) payasa` = pa` + A + ya` + A + sa` sakaranta EXERCISE 2 : A. Fill in the blanks (1) rama = _ (2) saitaa = _ (3) pauppa = _ (4) PNa = _ (5) sa>s ta = _ (6) manasa` = _ (7) Baanau = _ (8) vazau = _ 18

19 (9) vaed = _ (10) vae^ = _ (11) barma = _ LESSON 4 c{aturthah< abhya@sah< catauya : AByaasa:_ WRITING SANSKRIT WORDS PRACTICING SIMPLE CONSONANTS asam~yukta-varn<a@na@m abhya@sah< Asa>yauFvaNaa naama` AByaasa:_ Study the order of the Sanskrit consonants given in Lesson 1, and do the following exercises. Uniquely in this book, the characters are grouped according to their shapes, and not according to their usual aplhabetical order. For, we have observed that with this novel method it is easy for a new learner to corelate and remember the Hind& characters. Letters : va va (wa), ba ba, k ka v va b ba v va k v (w) # va (wa) b # ba v # va # ka 4.1 EXERCISE 3 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following in Sanskrit : 1. ka, ba, ka 2. ba, va, ba 3. va, ka, ba 4. ba, va, ka 5. ka, va, ba 6. va, ba, ka 7. k, ba, va 8. kk, kba, kva 9. baba, bak, bava 10 vava, vak, vaba 11 kkk, kbava, kvaba 12 vabak, bakva 19

20 Letters : pa pa, Pa s<a, f pha (fa), Na n<a p pa P Pa p pa f N Na p # pa s< # s<a p # pa # pha, fa n< # n<a 4.2 EXERCISE 4 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following in Sanskrit : 1. pa, pha 2. pha, ba 3. va, pa, ka 4. pa, s<a, n<a 5. pha, s<a, pa 6. ba, pa, pha 7. Pa, pa, f 8. k, Na, f, va 9. ba, Na 10. kna, baba, kpa, fna, bava, kba, NaNa, PaNa, Papa, baf, kf, papa, bak, vak, pak, baf, vaf, paba, vana, bapa, NaPa, pava, kva 20

21 Letters : ta ta, na na, ga ga, ma ma, Ba bha t ta n na g ga m ma B Ba t # ta n # na g # ga m # ma bh # bha 4.3 EXERCISE 5 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following in Sanskrit : (A) 1. ma, bha 2. bha, ga 3. ma, na 4. ka, ta, ga 5. va, s<a 6. pa, na (B) 1. ta, na, Ba 2. ma, Ba, na, ta 3. ga, ta, k, ba 4. tana (body), mana (mind), naga (mountain), kna (particle), vana (forest), Bagata (devotee), tama (darkness), bak (stork), mata (opinion), gagana (sky), patana (downfall) Letters : ca c{a, ja ja, Øa n~a, La or l la c ca j ja Ø Øa L La c{ (ch)# c{a (cha) j # ja n~ # n~a l # la 4.4 EXERCISE 6 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following characters in Sanskrit 1. ka, c{a, n<a, pa 2. la, ma, ja, ta 3. bha, pha, s<a 4. mana, manana 5. kan<a, vana 6. labha, c{ala 7 ja, ca, Øa 8. La, ja, ca 9. l, La 10. jalaja, capala 11. jala, cala 10. LavaNa (mana mind, manana meditation, kna particle, vana forest, LaBa get, cala moving, jalja water-born, capal quick, jal water, lvana salt) 21

22 Letters : r ra, sa sa, Sa kha, oa s{a r s sa S Sa o oa ra s # sa kh # kha s{ # s{a 4.5 EXERCISE 7: Only on what we have learned so far Read and write the following in Sanskrit : 1. c{a, ja, la 2 n~a, ja, c{a 3. la, c{a, ja 4. sa, kha, ra 5. sa, s{a, kha 6. ra, sa, s{a 7. ca, ja, Øa, La 8. r, sa, Sa, oa 9. cala, jala, jaga 10. klaoa, carna, rsa, oar, rsa, sama, fla, kmala, sarla, Barta 11. canak, carma, samar, tana, mana, kna, parma, capal, pata, nar 12. naba, nark, jala, SaLa, oar, par, sama, cala, oarna, sabala_ Letters : za gha, Za dha, C c{ha z za Z Za C gh # gha dh # dha c{ha 4.6 EXERCISE 8 : Only on what we have learned so far Read and witer in Sanskrit : 1. c{a, ga, c{ha 2. na, c{a, ma, c{ha 3. bha, c{a, gha 4. za, Za, na, ga 5. C, ca, Ba, ta 6. ma, C, Ba, ca 7. naga, zana, Zana 8. tana, manana, gata 9. mama, vacana, knak 10. CLa, vaza, ZavaLa, marna, vamana, Sar, bala, pala, fl, mala_ (for meanings of the words, see Answers in Appendix 10) 22

23 Letters : ya ya, Ya tha; xa ks<a, Xa jn~a y ya Y Ya x xa X Xa y # y a th # tha ks< # ks<a jn~ # jn~a 4.7 EXERCISE 9 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit : (A) 1. c{ha, gha, dha 2. dha, gha 3. ya, tha 4. ks<a, jn~a 5. gha, jn~a, ya, tha 6. jn~a, dha, tha, gha. (B) 1. za, Za, C 2. ya, Ya 3. xa, Xa 4. xaya, oar, yaxa 5. yaxa, rya, Zana 6. zana, yama, xar 7. tana maya Zana, vaza, jaya, lya, yajana, CLa, sazana, zana, sama, oarna; 8. Baya, oayana, rna, rxana, kxa, xana, paxa, lba, tarla, sarla, garla; 9. cala, mata, yaxa, BaxaNa, kr, var, Zar, Bar, Sar, car, nar, hr, oar; 10. Baxa, yaxa, rxa, taxak, taxa, kxa, yama, oama, xana, rxana, saxa, yaxa, kxa, paxa, Baxa, Laxa, vaxa, rxak, Baxak, sayaxa_ (for the meanings, see Answers in Appendix 10) Letters : t>a, t>ha, d<a, n[a, d<ha, da, Jha, # #, D, G, $, d, Ja, h d D G Ja h t>a t>ha d<ha da d<a n[a jha ha 4.8 EXERCISE 10 : On what we have learned. Write the following characters in Sanskrit 1. t>ha, t>a, d<a, ha 2. d<a, t>a, t>ha 3. n[a, d<a, t>ha 4. d>ha, da, jha 5. da, d<ha, jha 6. t>a, t>ha, d<a, d<ha #, $, d, D, G, Ja, h, Ja, dla, dma, LaBa, janana_ 8. Dyana, rma, bak, JaPa, hta, kr, tamasa, tala, dma, oama, pavana, hr_ 9. JaPa, var, nar, mad, pa@, pa@la, pad, bala, vana, satata, Saga, cala_ 10. Bava, mana, bak, Baja, vaoa, Laxa, LaxaNa, zana, Zana, varna, hya_ 23

24 LESSON 5 pan~c{amah< abhya@sah< paøcama: AByaasa:_ STUDY OF SANSKRIT VOWELS sam~skr<ta-svara@n<a@m abhya@sah< sa>s tasvarabyaasa:_ Letters : A a, Aa a@, Aae o, AaE au A a Aa A ae Aae A ae AaE a # a@ a # o a # au 5.1 EXERCISE 11 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the Sanskrit characters : 1. A, Aa, Aae, AaE 2. Aa, A, AaE 3. Aae, AaE, Œ 4. Axa Aagama Aagaar 5. Aaeza Aaeja 6. AaEdk AaExa (for meanings, see Answers in Appendix 10) 5.2 Letters : } i, } &, } } i & EXERCISE 12 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit : 1. a, a@ 2. i, & 3. a@, a@ 4. a, & 5. a@, &, i 6. a@, & 7. }, }, } rna, }h, } D, } oa: } xak, }tar, }xava, } xana, }va_ (for meanings, see Answers in Appendix 10) 24

25 Letters : q u, Q u@, / r<, r@<, La\ lr<, La¾ lr<{ q Q / La\ u u@ r< r<{ lr< 5.3 EXERCISE 13 : Only on what we have learned so far Write the following Sanskrit characters and words : 1. q, Q, q, /, 2. qxana, qdr 3. qpa, qpaga, paa 4. qpapad, Avakr 5. qpamaana, qpala 6. Qta, QPak 5.4 Letters : ] e, ]e ai ] ]e e ai EXERCISE 14 : Only on what we have learned so far (A) Write the following Sanskrit words : 1. ], ]e 2. ]k, ]ktar 3. ]PaNa, ]exava 4. ]eravata, ]ela 5. ]tad`, ]kadoa 6. ]eravana, ]eoa 25

26 LESSON 6 s<as<t>hah< abhya@sah< PaP#: AByaasa:_ THE SANSKRIT VOWEL-SIGNS SANSKRIT VOWEL-SIGNS u U \ ¾ e E Vowels : A Aa } } q Q / ] ]e Aae AaE signs : a i I ae ae sound: a a@ i & u u@ r> r<{ e ai o au aa ee oo ri r& a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae a a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ e ai o au eg\ pa paa ipa pai pau pau pa\ pa¾ pae pae paae paae p pa@ pi p& pu pu@ pr< pr<{ pe pai po pau pau pau kö k w W C½ ta\ Ê ± Oa\ ta¾ pu pu@ ku ku@ ru ru@ c{hru kr< tr< hr< dr< s{r< tr<{ EXERCISE 15 : On what we have learned. Read and write the following in Sanskrit : 1. jayai, jayaita, ijagaipaa 2. ijagaipau, kita 3. Oa\Nau, paa 4. dipa, Êdya, pauta, pauita 5. paujak, paujana 6. ±ita, ±$ 7. XaanaI, maha, sausa, du:sa, ±oa`, dupana, va\yaa, pa\yaa, pa\iyavai 8. Xaanayaaega, mahabaartaiya, sa>oaya, naila, paaerainak, ibaxau, ipata¾naama, gauw, Wpa, taw, tawna, kwna_ 26

27 CHART OF VOWEL-SIGNS APPLICATION A Aa } } q Q / ] ]e Aae AaE a i I u U \ ¾ e E ae ae a@ i & u u@ r< r<{ e ai o au k ka ik ki kö k k¾ k k kae kae xa xaa ixa xai xau xau xa\ xa¾ xae xae xaae xaae Sa Saa isa SaI Sau SaU Sa\ Sa¾ Sae SaE Saae SaaE ga gaa iga gai gau gau ga\ ga¾ gae gae gaae gaae za zaa iza zai zau zau za\ za¾ zae zae zaae zaae G Ga ig GI Gu GU Ge GE Gae GaE ca caa ica cai cau cau ca\ ca¾ cae cae caae caae C Ca ic CI Cu CU C\ C¾ Ce CE Cae CaE ja jaa ija jai jau jau ja\ ja¾ jae jae jaae jaae Xa Xaa ixa XaI Xau XaU Xae XaE Xaae XaaE Ja Jaa ija JaI Jau JaU Ja\ Ja¾ Jae JaE Jaae JaaE Øa Øaa iøa ØaI Øau ØaU Øae ØaE # #a i# #I #u #U #\ #¾ #e #E #ae #ae D Da id DI Du DU D\ De DE Dae DaE $ $a i$ $I $u $U $\ $e $E $ae $ae Na Naa ina NaI Nau NaU Na\ Nae NaE Naae NaaE ta taa ita tai tau tau ta\ ta¾ tae tae taae taae Ya Yaa iya YaI Yau YaU Ya\ Ya¾ Yae YaE Yaae YaaE d da id di du du ± d¾ de de dae dae Za Zaa iza ZaI Zau ZaU Za\ Za¾ Zae ZaE Zaae ZaaE 27

28 na naa ina nai nau nau na\ na¾ nae nae naae naae pa paa ipa pai pau pau pa\ pa¾ pae pae paae paae f fa if fi fö f f\ f f fae fae ba baa iba bai bau bau ba\ ba¾ bae bae baae baae Ba Baa iba BaI Bau BaU Ba\ Ba¾ Bae BaE Baae BaaE ma maa ima mai mau mau ma\ ma¾ mae mae maae maae ya yaa iya yai yau yau ya\ yae yae yaae yaae r ra ir ri w W re re rae rae La Laa ila LaI Lau LaU La\ La¾ Lae LaE Laae LaaE va vaa iva vai vau vau va\ va¾ vae vae vaae vaae oa oaa ioa oai oau oau oa\ oa¾ oae oae oaae oaae Pa Paa ipa PaI Pau PaU Pa\ Pae PaE Paae PaaE sa saa isa sai sau sau sa\ sa¾ sae sae saae saae h ha ih hi hu hu Ê he he hae hae ANUSWARA AND AVAGRAHA A> m[, A: h< pa> pam[ pa: pah< EXERCISE 16 : On what we have learned so far. Read and write the following words. 1. Ama`, A:, ANDja: (born from egg), va>oa: (linage), pa>kja> (lotus), r>ga: (colour), dnd: (punishment), Ba>ga: (breaking), ga>za: (smell), 2. sa>ga: (attachment), sa>oaya: (doubt), h>sa: (swan), käsa: (a glass), svata: (oneself), käpana> (shaking), Sa>ja: (bald), Baya>kr: (terrible), ca>dna> (sandlewood), kädr> (cave) 3. kä#: (throat), pata>ga: (moth), Ba>jana> (breakage), ga>zak: (sulphur), tar>ga: (wave), vadna> (mouth), va>dna> (salute), oa>sa: (conch-shell), sa>klana> (weaving), saøcaya: (assembly), sa>pada (wealth), maøca: (a stage) 4. PaD>ga> (of six organs), A>ba (mother), ma>jana> (rubbing compound), A>bar> (sky), oa>kr: (Shiva), sacaya: (gathering), r>jana> (entertainment), balva>ta: (powerful), Bagava>ta: (god), sa>jaya (Sanjaya), sa>gar: (battle), sa>za: (group), saøca: (gathering), sa>ta: (saint), ma>d (slow), Ana>tar> (after) sa>gama: (meeting), sa>kr: (admixture). 5. C>d: (meter), d>ba: (pretending), r>k: (poor), 28

29 RULES FOR PROPER TRANSLITERATION OF SANSKRIT CHARACTERS INTO ENGLISH with diacritical signs m~ (A>), m[, m (ma`); ma (ma), n[ (G`), n~ (Øa`), n< (Na`), n (na`), na (na) Character m~ (A>) or m[ (ma`) is the nasal dot (Anausvaar:) placed over any chacter in a word : (i) m[ Within a sentence, when character m (ma`) comes at the end of any word that is followed by a word that begins with any consonant, only that nasal dot means m[ (ma`) eg\ aham kim kromi = aham[ kim[ kromi Ahma` ikma` kraeima = Ah> ikä kraeima_ (ii) m Within a sentence, when m (ma`) comes at the end of the sentence, it stays as ma` (m). eg\ kim kromi aham = kim[ kromi aham ikma` kraeima Ahma` = ikä kraeima Ahma`_ (iii) m[ Within a word, when the nasal dot is followed by any consonant from p-class (p ph b bh m pa f ba Ba ma), then that nasal dot means half character ma` (m). eg\ sam[pada@ sa>pada = sama`pada = sampada_ gum[phana gau>fna = gauma`fna = gaumfna, am[bara A>bar = Ama`bar = Ambar_ dam[bha d>ba = dma`ba = dmba_ sam[mati sa>maita = sama`maita = sammaita_ (iv) m~ Within a word, when the nasal dot is followed by any non-class consonant (y r l v s{ s< s h ya r l va oa Pa sa h), that nasal dot means m~ A> (just a nasal sound, even though it is generally inaccurately transliterated as m[). eg\ sa>s ta> pa# = sam~skr<tam[ pat>ha NOT sam[skr>tam[ pat>ha sams ta> pa# or sanskr<tam pat>ha sans ta> pa# (NOTE: the nasal dots in sams sa>sa` and in kr<tam ta> both have different pronounciations, and thus must be transliterated differently (as m~ and m[), but NOT both as m[) Similarly, sa>yama = sam~yama, not sama`yama sam[yama; sa>rxana = sam~raks<an<a, not sama`rxana sam[raks<an<a; sa>lagna = sam~lagna, not sama`lagna sam[lagna; sa>vaad = sam~va@da, not sama`vaad sam[vada; va>oa = vam~s{a, not vama`oa vam[s{a; käsa = kam~sa, not kma`sa kam[sa; sa>har = sam~hara, not sama`har sam[[email protected]. (v) m The half character m ma` may come (1) at the end of any word that is followed by any word that is starting with a vowel, eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ tvam uddhara! Baae rama maa> tvama` q&r! or (2) it may come at the end of a sentence. eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ uddhara tvam! Baae rama maama` q&r tvama`! Baae rama maamau&r tvama`! 29

30 (vi) The full character ma ma (ma` + A = ma m + a = ma) may come anywhere in a sentence. eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ tvam uddhara! Baae rama maa> tvama` q&r! Baae rama maa> tvamau&r! Baae rama maama` q&r tvama`! Baae rama maamau&r tvama`! Baae ramaae&r tva> maama`_ Baae rama tvamau&r maama`_ AGAIN REMEMBER Anuswara = n[ (G`), n~ (Øa`), n< (Na`), n (na`), m[ (ma`), m~ (A>) For transliterating the nasal dot (anusva@rah< Anausvaar:) within a word, into English, following six rules apply. (1) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from k-class (k, Sa`, ga`, za` k, kh, g, gh), that nasal dot is transliterated as # n[ (G`) (2) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from c{-class (ca`, C`, ja`, Ja` c{, c{h, j, jh), that nasal dot is transliterated as # n~ (Øa`) (3) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from t>-class (@`, #`, D`, $` t>, t>h, d<, d<h), that nasal dot is transliterated as # n< (Na`) (4) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from t-class (ta`, Ya`, d`, Za` t, th, d, dh), that nasal dot is transliterated as # n (na`) (5) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from p-class (pa`, f, ba`, Ba` p, ph, b, bh), that nasal dot is transliterated as # m (ma`) (6) When the nasal dot is followed by any non-class character (ya` r` La` va oa` Pa` sa h`` y, r, l, v, s{, s<, s), that nasal dot is transliterated as # m~ (A>) EXERCISE 17 : What we learned so far. Read and write the following words (answers are on the next page) (1) Ahma` Aavaama` vayama` maama` mayaa mae mama na: maiya tava sa: tama` taena tae saa taama` ya: yaae yae yama` yaana` yaena yaa yaa: yaama` yayaa ]Pa: ]tae ]tama` ]taana` ]taena ]tae: ]taepau ]Paa ]taa: ]taama` ]tayaa ]taasau ]tata` ]tad` ]taaina k: kae k kma` k na k Pau ka ka: kyaa kaiba: ikma` kaina Ayama` }mae }mama` Anaena ]Paama` ]Pau }dma` }maaina AsaaE rama: vanama` maalaa kiva: vaair maita: nadi mazau Zaenau: vazau ipataa Zaata\ maataa vaak ra@` jagata` oaioana` idk paya: BaU Asa` Ad` taud` tana`_ (2) Ahma` kraeima_ AZaunaa oaitama` AnauBavaaima_ 30

31 (3) ]tata` kdaipa na kraeima_ sa: k:? sa: mama banzau:_ (4) Baaejanae LavaNa> kya> na Bavaita? (5) ]tata` Ah> na jaanaaima_ maatar> namaaima_ (6) mama ga\he ]k: oauk: AasaIta`_ saitaa ]ka cataura baailaka_ (7) sa: Avadta` mama LaeSanaI na ilasaita }ita_ (8) payaa tasmae inajalaesanai> deih_ Ahma` }danaima` qpaivaoaaina ikma`? (9) sada mahabaarta> ca ramaayana> ca pa#_ (10) tava vaevaaihkjaivana> sausamaya> BaUyaata`! (11) mayaa sah Baaejana> caayapaana> ca köw_ (12) mau$vata` va\yaa maa vad_ ga>gaa paavanaa nadi_ (13) baijama` Ah> BaUtaanaa> sanaatanama` }ita k oava: qvaaca_ (14) paryaanakalae manasaa AcaLaena yaaegabalaena ca par> pauwpama` qpaeita_ (15) ramae vanae gatae tae saklaa: Aipa wwdu:_ (16) taata! k: Ayama`? Aya> yaacak:_ yaacak: ikä kraeita? (17) kailadasa: mahakiva: AasaIta`_ (18) paura imaiyalaayaa> janak: naama mahana` rajaa babauva_ ANSWERS TO THE PREVIOUS EXERCISE (1) aham a@va@m vayam ma@m maya@ me mama nah< mayi tava sah< tam tena te sa@ ta@m yah< yau ye yam ya@n yena ya@ ya@h< ya@m yaya@ es<ah< ete etam eta@n etena etaih< etes<u es<a@ eta@h< eta@m etaya@ eta@su etat etad eta@ni kah< kau ke kam kena kes<u ka@ ka@h< kaya@ ka@bhih< kim ka@ni ayam ime imam anena es<a@m es<u idam ima@ni asau ra@mah< vanam ma@la@ kavih< va@ri matih< nad& madhu dhenuh< vadhu@ pita@ dha@tr< ma@ta@ va@k ra@t> jagat s{as{in dik payah< bhu@ as ad tud tan. (2) aham[ karomi. adhuna@ s{&tam anubhava@mi. (3) etat kada@pi na karomi. sah< kah<? sah< mama bandhuh< (4) bhojane lavan<am kahtam[ na bhavati? (5) etat aham[ na ja@na@mi. ma@taram[ nama@mi. (6) mama gr<he ekah< s{ukah< a@s&t. s&ta@ eka@ c{atura@ ba@lika@> 31

32 (7) sah< avadat mama lekhan& na likhati. (8) tasmai nijalekhan&m[ deh&. aham kim? (9) c{a c{a pat>ha. (10) tava sukhamayam[ (11) saha bhojanam[ c{a kuru! (12) vada. nad&. (13) b&jam aham[ iti kes{avah< (14) ac{alena yoga-balena c{a param[ purus<am upaiti. (15) vane gate ruruduh<. (16) kah< ayam? ayam[ kim[ karoti? (17) (18) janakah< LESSON 7 saptamah< abhya@sah< saptama: AByaasa:_ COMPOUND CONSONANTS sam~yukta-vyan~jana@na@m abhya@sah< sa>yaufvyaøjanaanaama` AByaasa:_ Very well, now that you have studied the chart of simple consonants and vowels, let us study compounding of the consonants and application of vowel-signs, through proper examples. THE HALF CONSONANTS : (halanta@h< hlantaa:) - The Chart shown in Lesson 1 containes the full consonants i.e. each base consonant with vowel a (A) added to it. Let us now see the consonants without this vowel (A) a. These consonants are called Half-consonants (halanta@h< hlantaa:) and they are either written by attaching a small slant at the bottom of the character or by writing their half-letter shapes. A half-consonant can not be pronounced by itself, unless a vowel is added to it. A vowel can be pronounced by itself. A consonant can be added to another consonant or consonants, and, at least one vowel must be added to it, to make it a complete compound character that can be pronounced. 32

33 7.1 The Sanskrit Half-Consonants EXERCISE 18 : Write the following Half Consonants (pure consonants without a vowel) k K Sa` S ga` g za z G` k kh g gh n[ ca` c C` ja` j Ja` J Øa` Ø c{ c{h j jh, z #` D` $` Na` N t> t>h d< d<h n< ta` t Ya` Y d` Za` Z na` n t th d dh n pa` p f Ý ba` b Ba` B ma` m p ph, f b bh m ya` y r` La` L va` v y r l v, w oa` o Pa` P sa` s h` Æ s{ s< s h 33

34 7.2 COMMON COMPOUND CHARACTERS With the use of half characters such as: k k, Sa` kh, ga` g, za` gh, G` n[, ca` c{, C` c{h, ja` j, Øa` t>, #` t>h, D` d<, Na` n<, ta` t, Ya` th, Za` dh, na` n, pa` p, f ph, ba` b, Ba` bh, ma` m, ya` y, r` r, La` l, va` v, oa` s{, Pa` s<, sa` s, h` h EXERCISE 19 : Read, study and write the following groups of Sanskrit Compound characters. Compare each of them with the corresponding full-character. (1) Character k (k K ) pakva, pak va (pakva ripened), KlIbama`, k LaIbama`, (kl&bam weakness) KLaed: k led: (kledah< K k wettness), vaakyama`, vaak yama` (va@kyam speech), rktama`, rk tama` (raktam blood), wikmanai, wk imanai (rukmin<&), Kvaicata`, k vaicata` (kvac{it sometimes) (2) Character kh (Sa` S ) Syaaita: Sa`yaaita: (khya@tih< fame), AaSyaa AaSa`yaa (a@khya@ saying), sasyama` sasa`yama` (sakhyam S kh friendship) (3) Characters g and gh (ga` g ; za` z ) glaaina: ga`laaina: (gla@nih< downfall), Aigna: Aga`ina: (agnih< fire), Baagyama` Baaga`yama` g g; z gh (bha@gyam fortune), Bagna Baga`na (bhagnam broken), ivaznama` ivaza`nama` (vighnam obstacle) (4) Characters n[ (G`) G` n[ GÍ n[ka GÎ n[kta GÏ n[kha GÐ n[ga GÑ n[gha GÒ n[ma GÓ n[la GÕ n[ks<a Gß n[ks<va LaGÍa LaG`ka (lan[ka@ Sri Lanka), paigî: pag`ikta: pag`k ita: (pan[ktih< line, row), oagï: oag`sa: (s{an[khah< conchshell), rgð: rg`ga: (ran[gah< colour), sagñ: sag`za: (san[ghah< group), vaagòyama` vaag`mayama` (va@n[mayam literature), AaGÓ AaG`La (a@n[la English), kagõa kag`xaa (ka@n[ks<a@ desire), BauGß (bhun[ks<va please enjoy) 34

35 (5) Characters c{ and c{h (ca` c ; C`) c c{ ; C` c{h j j ; Ø n~ (7) Characters t>, t>h (@`, #` t> ; #` t>h D` d< ; $` d<h Acyauta: Aca`yauta: (ac{yutah< Krishna), Avaacya Avaaca`ya (ava@c{yah< unspeakable), sauvaacya sauvaaca`ya (suva@c{ya well said), qccôasa: qca`cvaasa: (uc{c{hava@sah< breath) (6) Characters j and n~ (ja` j ; Øa` Ø ) rajyama` raja`yama` (ra@jyam kingdom), sajja saja`ja (sajja ready), qjjvala qja`ja`val (ujjvala bright), jyaaeita: ja`yaaeita: (jyotih< light) paøca paøa`ca (pan~c{a five) pa k: pa@`@k: (pat>t>akah< plate), pa nama` pa@`@nama` (pat>t>anam town), kn#¹ kna`#`ya (kan<t>hya guttural) (8) Character d<, d<h (D`, $`) q yanama` q yanama` (ud<d<ayanam flight), qi ta (ud<d<ita flown), ca $Ôe (c{akr<d<hve you all had done) (9) Character n< (Na`, N ) paandva: paana`dva: (pa@n>d<vah<), kn#: kna`#: (kan<t>hah< throat), kn@k: kna`@k: (kan<t>akah< N n< thorn), PaNmaasa: PaNa`maasa: (s<an<ma@sah< six-months) (10) Characters t, th and dh (ta` t ; Ya` Y ; Za` Z ) t t ; Y th ; Z dh satkar: sata`kar: (satka@rah< honour), dugzama` duga`zama` (dughdam milk), rtnaakr: rta`naakr: (ratna@karah< ocean), qtpaata: qta`paata: (utpa@tah< rise), Aatmaa Aata`maa (a@tma@ soul), satyama` sata`yama` (satyam truth), tyaaga: ta`yaaga: (tya@gah< sacrifice), tvara ta`vara (tvara@ rush); tayyama` taya`yama` (tathyam reality); baazya baaza`ya (ba@dhya binding) (11) Character n (na`, n ) Aanand: Aanana`d: (a@nandah< joy), A²ma` Ana`nama` (annam food), janma jana`ma (janma birth), Anya n n Ana`ya (anya other), Anvaya: Ana`vaya: (anvayah< relation), iba² ibana`na (bhinna different), vandnama` vana`dnama` (vandanam salute), banzanama` bana`zanama` (bandhanam bondage) (12) Characters p, ph (pa` p ; f Ý ) p p ; Ý ph samaapta samaapa`ta (sama@pta ended), Apsara Apa`sara (apsara@ celestial maid), svapnama` sa`vapa`nama` (svapnam dream), paapmana` paapa`mana` (pa@pman sin), wpyakma` wpa`yakma` 35

36 (rupyakam Rupee). (13) Characters b, bh and m (ba` b ; Ba` B ; ma` m ) b b ; B bh ; m m oabd: oaba`d: (s{abdah< word), oaebya: oaeba`ya: (s{aibyah<), sabya saba`ya (sabhya gentle), sampada sama`pada (sampada@ wealth), samyak` sama`yak (samyak right), Za\P@ Za`/Pa`@ (dhr<s<t>a courageous), Aml Ama`l (amla sour) (14) Characters y and l (ya` y ; La` L ) y y ; L l oayyaa! oaya`yaa! (s{ayya@ bed), qlka ql`ka (ulka@ meteor), qllaesa: qla`laesa: (ullekhah< reference), ALpa Al`pa (alpah<, short), klyaanama` kl`yaanama` (kalya@n<am benefit) valganaa val`ganaa (valgana@ chatter) (15) Character v (va` v ) v v vyaya: va`yaya: (vyayah< expense), vyaayaama: va`yaayaama: (vya@ya@mah< exercise), vyaaema va`yaaema (vyoma sky), vyau$ va`yau$ (vyu@d<ha, arranged), vyagðma` va`ya>gama` (vyangam deformity), vyavasaaya: va`yavasaaya: (vyavasa@yah< business) (16) Chararacter s{ (oa` o O ) o O s{ ivaovaasa: ivaovaasa: ivaoa`vaasa: (vis{va@sah< trust), inaocaya: inaocaya: inaoa`caya:` (nis<c{ayah< firm resolution), paocaata` paocaata` paoa`caata` (pas{c{a@t after), kaomair: kaoa`mair: (ka@s{m&rah<), Avaoyama` Avaoa`yama` (avas{yam certainly), Aomak: Aoa`mak: (as{makah< stone), ivaolepanama` ivaoa`lepanama` (vis{les<an<am analysis) (17) Character s< (Pa` P ) P s< AP@ APa`@ (as<t>a eight), }P@ }Pa`@ (is<t>a desired), kp@ma` kpa`@ma` (kas<t>am trouble), AaivaPkar: AaivaPa`kar: (a@vis<ka@rah< discovery), manaupya: manaupa`ya: (manus<yah<, man), pauppama` paupa`pama` (pus<pam flower), qpmaa qpa`maa (us<ma@ heat), AaeP#: AaePa`#: (os<t>hah< lip), qpna: qpa`na: (us<n<ah< hot), PNa: Pa`Na: (kr<s<n<ah<), baappama` baapa`pama` (ba@s<pam vapour), BaivaPyama` BaivaPa`yama` (bhavis<yam future) (18) Character s (sa` s ) s s taskr: (taskarah< thief), Astau Asa`tau (astu let it be), isyaita: sa`iyaita: (sthitih< state), sfi@k: sa`fi@k: (sphat>ikah< crystal), snaayau: sa`naayau: (sna@yuh, muscle), spap@ sa`papa`@` (spas<t>a clear), Asya Asa`ya (asya of this), hasyama` (ha@syam laughter), ismatama` (smitam a smile), svata: sa`vata: (svatah< oneself), svadeoa: sa`vadeoa: (svades{ah< motherland), svaagatama` (sva@gatam welcome), sknd: sa`kna`d: 36

37 (skandah<), sma\ita: sa`ma\ita: (smr<tih< memory, rememberance) (19) Character h (h` Æ ) Æ h Ê hr< Ç hn<a È hna H hya M hma É hra Ë hla Ì hva Êdyama` h`/dyama` (hr<dayam heart), baah baah`ya (ba@hya external), barm ba`rh`ma (brahma Brahma), AaËad: Aah`Laad: (a@hla@dah joy<), ga\çaita ga\h`naaita (gr<hn<a@ti he takes), Ésva h`rsa`va (hrasvah< short) icaèma` icah`nama` (c{ihnam sign), vaiè: (vahnih< fire), ijaìa ivaìa (jihva@ toung) LESSON 8 as<t>amah< abhya@sah< AP@ma: AByaasa:_ 8.1 STUDY OF SPECIAL COMPOUND CHARACTERS Characters k + ta can be written as Kta (kta), but there is a special single character F for this purpose. eg\ rktama` rfma` (raktam blood), BaiKta: BaiF: (bhaktih< devotion), vaktaa vafa (vakta@ speaker), yaukta: yauf: (yuktah< equipped) Kta F kta Character da (d`) has following common compounds 1. d + da = dda û d` + d = ª (qªeoa: uddes{ah< objective, taªanama` tadda@nam that charity) 2. d + dha = ddha # d` + Za = & (yau&ma` yuddham war, baui&: buddhih< thinking) 3. d + ga = dga # d` + ga = (q ma: udgamah< rise, Bagava Itaa bhagavadg&ta@) 4. d + bha = dbha # d` + Ba = (sa ava: sadbha@vah< goodness; q va: udbhavah< rise) 5. d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya = ^ (Aa^: a@dyah< first; ^Utama` dyu@tam, gambling) 6. d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma = (pa ma` padmam lotus, C I c{hadm& cunning) 7. d + va = dva written as : d` + va = V (V>V: dvandvah< duality, ivavana` vidva@n learned) 37

38 ª dda dgha & ddha dga dbha ^ dya dma Vdva Letter ra (r) forms following two groups of compounds: (A) When full-consonant r (ra) comes after any half-consonant, it is written as a slanted line ( R) attached to that half-consonant. 1. k + ra (k + r = Û) caûma` c{akram wheel, Ûainta: kra@ntih< revolution, ÛaeZa: krodhah< anger, iûyaa kriya@ deed, Û r: kru@rah< cruel, Û taa kreta@ buyer 2. g + ra (ga` + r = gar) AgaRma` agram tip, AgaResar: agresarah< leader, garamama` gra@mam village, garivaa gr&va@ neck 3. d + ra (d` + r = dr) BadR: bhadrah< gentle, saubadra subhadra@, drivad dravid<a, draena: dron<ah<, draeh: drohah< treachery, druma: drumah< tree 4. s{ + ra (oa` + r = Oa` + r = Ã) Ã&a s{raddha@ faith, ivaãa>ita: vis{ra@ntih< rest, ÃI s{r& divine, ÃeP#: s{res<t>hah< superior, Ãaetaa s{rota@ listner, Ãutama` s{rutam heard 5 t + ra (ta` + r = %a) ya>%ama` yantram machine, rai%a: ra@trih< night, pa%ama` patram leaf, %aetaa treta@ saviour, i%azaa tridha@ in three ways, %aezaa tredha@ in three ways. Û kra gar gra à s{ar %a tra 6. t> or d< + ra (@¼, D¼) : qp@¼: qpa`@`r: us<t>rah< camel, rap@¼: rapa`@`r: ra@s<t>rah< country, paaend¼: paaena`d`r: paun<d<rah< 7. s + ra (sa` + r = Ä) sahäma` sahsa`rma` sahasram thousand, Äaeta: sa`raeta: srotah< flown, Äava: sa`rava: sra@vah a < flow 8. s+ t + ra (sa`+ta`+r = Å) ÅI sa`ta`ri str& woman, AÅma` Asa`ta`rma` astram weapon, vaåma` vasa`ta`rma` vastram tra Ä sra Å stra (B) When half-consonant r` (r) comes before any consonant, it is written as ( ) 38

39 9. r` + pa = (pa ); Ak : Ar`k: arkah< sun, saga : sar`ga: sargah< the creation, Aca naa Ar`canaa arc{ana@ worship, vaataa vaar`taa va@rta@ news, sapa : sar`pa: sarpah< snake, kma kr`ma karma deed, kaya ma` kar`yama` ka@ryam duty k rka pa rpa Character ta (ta`) makes following common compounds 1. t + ta = tta (ta`+ta = Ta, tta) qtamama` uttamam best, sataa satta@ jurisdiction, satvama` sattavam truth. 2. n + na = nna (na`+na = ²) isa² khinn sad 3. h + ma = hma (h`+ma = M) barma brahma@ the Creator, barmandma` brahman<d<am universe 4. h + ya = hya (h`+ya = H) baah: ba@hyah<, external, gauhma` guhyam, secret T tta Tva ttva ² nna EXERCISE 20 : What we learned so far. Read and write the following Sanskrit words 1. Ûma: (order), PNa (black), ÛÖ&: (angry), pana: (miser) 2. caøcal: (quick), oaucya: (pure), paujya: (holy), jyaaetsnaa (moonlight), ZanaØjaya: (Arjun) 3. svapnama` (dream), parona: (question), parazaanyama` (priority), parsa²ma` (pleased), Za\P@^umna: (Draupad& s brother), A²ma` (food) 4. vyaazar: (tiger), vajarma` (thunderbolt), ABaRma` (cloud), i%alaek: (three worlds), ta\pta: (satisfied), ZaRuva: (steady), Za\ita: (courage), partyaek (each), barm (God), taivarma` (strong) 5. ±ip@: (vision), va\ip@: (rain), sa\ip@: (creation), pa\yvai (earth), ma\taatmaa (dead person), pa\p#ma` (surface) 6. va\tama` (news), Za\taraP@¼: (a king s name), na\pa: (king), Ûa>ita: (revolution) 7. ÅI (woman), iåya: (women), staae%ama` (praise), AjaÄma` (huge), sa\janama` (creation); pa naaba: (Vis{n<u), pa a (Laks<m&), pa^ma` (poetry), ga^ma` (prose) 8. syaanama` (place), vayask: (old), sma\ita: (memory), snaanama` (bath), isnagzama` (viscous) 9. draepadi, d`raepadi, duyaae Zana:, dur`yaaezana:, Baaga va: Baar`gava: (proper nouns) 10. gava : (pride), sava : (all), pauva ma` (earlier), svaga : (heaven), Aca naa (worship), tak : (guess), dpa Na: (mirror) 39

40 8.2 SANSKRIT COMPOUND CHARACTERS (WITH EXAMPLES) saaedahrnaa: sa>yaufvanaa :_ A Reading and Writing Exercise : k, Kk (vau ita, vaukkita vauk kita vukkati, he barks), KSa (kksaita kakkhati he laughs, kksa@ kakkhat>a hard), Kca (tvakcaeva tvakc{aiva skin also), F (qf ukta said), Ktya (BaKtyaa bhaktya@ with devotion), K%a (vak%ama` vaktram, mouth), Ktva (qktvaa uktva@ having said), ³ (oa³aeima s{aknomi, I am able), Kpa (pa\yakpa\yak pr<thak-pr<thak separately), Kma (wikmanai rukmin<&), Kya (vaakyama` va@kyam speech), Û (Ûma: kramah< order), kó (KLaa>ta kla@nta tired), KLa\ (KLa\ipta: klr<ptih< invention), š (Kvaicata` kvac{it sometimes), Koa (parakoaririvamaaexanama` pra@k-s{ar&ra-vimoks<an<am before death), xa (xamaa ks<ama@, forgiveness), Ksa (/Ksaama r>k-sa@ma Rigveda and Sa@mveda) xmya (saaexmyama` sauks<myam minuteness), xya (samaixya sam&ks<ya having seen), xva (Iks<va@ku xa` }xvaakö:) Sa` Sya (saa>sya: sa@n[khyah<) gd (vaagdevai va@g-dev& Sarasvat&), gza (dgza: dagdhah< burnt), (Ai : agnih< fire), gpa ga` (vaagpa@u: va@gpat>uh< elouquent), gba (pa\yagbaava: pr<thag-bha@vah> different nature), gbya (ilagbyaama` lignhya@m for two writers), jagmau: (jagmuh< they went), gya (Baagyama` bha@gyam luck), gar (garsanama` grasanam eating), gla (glaaina: gla@nih< downfall), gva (pa\yaigvazaa pr<thagvidha@ differently), gvya (samyagvyavaisyata samyag-vyavasthita properly established) zna (ivazna> vighnam obstacle), znya (Aznya: aghnyah< not to be killed), zya (Azya arghya za` G` holy), zar (zarana> ghra@n<am nose), zva (LazvaaoaI laghva@s{& moderate eater) GÍ (AGÍ: an[kah< body), GÎ (BauGÎe bhun[kte he eats), G`KYa (BauG`KYa bhun[gtha you all enjoy), GÏ (oagï: s{an[khah< conch-shell), GÐ (gagða gan[ga@), GÐ (sagðitama` san[g&tam music), GÑ (sagñ: san[ghah< attachment<), G`Zva (BauG`Zvae bhun[gdhve you all enjoy), GÒ (vaagòyama` va@n[gmayam literature), GÕ (kagõaima ka@n[ks<a@mi I desire), G`Bya (parag`byaama` pra@n[gbhya@m for two Easterners) 40

41 ca` cca (qccae: uc{c{aih<, loudly), cc (}cca desire), cc\ (qcc\gïla uc{c{hr<n[khala unrestrained), yau&acc¼eya: better than war), cya (Acyauta: ac{yutah< Krishna), qcyatae uc{yate it is called), icva (c{vi existance of non-existant) C` C¹ (C¹vatae c{hyavate he approaches), C¼ (yacc¼eya: yac{c{hreyah that which is better), qicc¼ta (uc{c{hrita raised), qccôasa: exhalation) jja (sajja sajja ready), jjya (tajjyaaeita: tajjyotih that light<), jxa (tajxaatvaa ja` knowing that), jya (rajyama` kingdom), jar (vajarma` vajram thunderboalt), jva (jvaalaa flame) Øa` Øca (paøca pan~c{a five), ØC (vaaøca desire), Øja (saøjaya: san~jayah<), Øjya (yauøjyaa^aegama` should practice yoga), ØJa (qøjaita un~jhati he lets it go), Øjma (BauØjma bhun~jma we all enjoy), Øjva (BauØjva bhun~jva we both enjoy), ØÃ (paoyaøãunvana` pas{yan~-s{run<van while seeing and hearing), Øova (svapaøovasana` svapan~s{vasan sleeping and breething) (pai ka plate), country), seeing) (q yatae ud<d<ayate he flies), D`Bya (rad`byaama` for two kings), D¹ (} D¹ D` glorified) $` $¹ (Aa$¹ wealthy) Na` kan>t>akah< thorn), N# (vaekön#ma` vaikun<t>ham heaven), ND (paandvaa: N$ (PaN$ s<an<d<ha impotant), ND¼ (paaend¼: paun<d<rah<), NNa (ivapanna vs<an<n<a dejected), Nma (PaNmaasaa: six-months), Nya (kapa Nyama` pity) ta` tk (tatkala: that time), t (AiBaBavaat PNa abhibhava@t-kr<s<n<a! O Krishna! from the rise of), tû (kamaatûaeza: ka@ma@tkrodhah< anger from desire), txa (Anyatxai%ayasya anyatks<atriyasya anything else for a warrior), tca (Bayaatca bhaya@tc{a and from the fear), Ta (sataa satta@ power), Tya (BayaaTyajaeta` bhaya@t-tyajet let go out of fear), t%a (tat%ayama` tat-trayam those three), Tva (tatvama` tattvam principle), tya (AovatYaamaa as{vattha@ma@), tna (rtnaakr: ratna@karah< ocean), tpa (tatparma` tatparam that supreme), taatpaya > (ta@tparyam morale), tpar (tatparapya tatpra@pya having attained that), tma (Aatmaa a@tma@ soul), tmya (mahatmyama` maha@tmyam greatness), tya (tyaktvaa tyaktva@ having renounced), %a (Zama xae%ama` dharmaks<etram righteous place), %ya (ra%yaagamae ra@trya@game at night), tva (tvama` tvam you), tsa (qtsaah: utsa@hah encouragement), tsya (paoyaitsyataana` pas{yatsthita@n he saw the standing ones), tsna ( tsnama` 41

42 kr<tsnam all), tsma (sammaaehatsma\itaivabarma: loss of thinking as a result of delusion) tsya (paritayaaetsyaaima pratiyotsya@mi I will defend) tsva (parzamaa tsvanauip#taata` para-dharma@tsvanus<t>hita@ than performed others duty) maynaaita (mathna@ti he churns), Yya (tayyama` tathyam truth); imayyaa mithya@ false) (q ar: udga@rah< exclamation), (Asa ah: asadgra@hah< misunderstanding), (q a@nama` Ya` d` udgha@t>anam inauguration), ª (qªeoa: uddes{ah< objective), ª¹ (mahª¹uitakr: mahaddyutikarah<, sun), ªR (AnyaªRP@uimacCisa anyad-dras<t>um-ic{c{hasi whatever else you wish to see), & (yau&ma` yuddham war), &¹ (yau&¹sva yuddhyasva please fight), &Ô (bau&ôa buddhva@ having known) «(sma\itabar>oaa«ui&naaoa: smr<ti-bhram~s{a@d-buddhi-na@s{ah< misunderstanding due to confusion), (tasmaa MiNa tasma@d-brahman<i therefore in the brahma), (sa ava: sad-bha@vah< righteousness), ¹ (Bagava ¹ama` bhagavadbhya@m for two gods), (pa ma` padmam, lotus), ^ (pa^ma` padyam song), dr (drupad: drupadah<), V (V>V>, VnVma`ma` dvandvam duality), V¹ (AvyaFaV¹Fya: avyakta@d-vyaktayah<, the manifest emerged from the unmanifest) Zna (baznaaita badhna@t it binds), Zma (dzmaae dadhmau he blew), Zya (Zyaanama` dhya@nam Za` na` meditation), ZaR (ZaRuva dhruva unmoving), Zva (Zvaja: dhvajah< flag) nk (samavaetaanköwna` samaveta@n-kuru@n to the assembled Kuru/), nga (AonangacCna` as{nangac{c{han eating and going), nta (Anta: antah< the end), ntya (vyayayantyaetae vyathayantyete these do bother), n%ya (vaaman%ya a@mantrya having invited), nya (manyanama` manthanam churning), n%a (yan%ama` yantram machine), ntva (saantvanaa sa@ntvana@ consolation), ntsya (Bantsyaita bhantsyati he will tie), nd (Aanand: a@nandah< joy), ndr (}indryama` indriyam organ), nv (VnVma` dvandvam duality), n& (wn&ama` runddha@m he should resist), Awn&Ôma` (arunddhvam you all had resisted), n&¹ (wn&¹ataama` runddhya@ta@m may they stop), nza (AnZa andha blind), AwnZmaih (arundhmahi we all had resisted), ivanzyanta: (vindhyantah> lacking), AwnZvaih (arundhvahi we two had resisted), ² (A²ma` annam food), npa (isyataanpaaya : sthita@n-pa@rthah< Arjuna to the seated ones), npar (paranaanparanaepau pra@n<a@n-pra@n<es<u breath in the breaths), nba (savaa nbanzauna` sarva@n-bandhu@n to all brothers), nbar (taanbarvaiima ta@n-brav&mi I tell about them), nba (BavaainBaPma: bhava@n-bh&s<mah< you Bh&shma), nbya (SanByaama` khanbhya@m for two lame men), nbar (maataulaanbarata¾na` ma@tula@n-bhratr<{n to uncles and brothers), nma (janma janma birth), nya (Anya: anyah<, other), nr (AismanrNae asmin-ran<e on this battlefield), nva (Anvaya: anvayah< following), nvya (BagavanvyaiFma` 42

43 bhagavan-vyaktim O Lord! Your personifiction), nsa (taansamaixya ta@n-sam&ks<ya having seen them), nsya (baui&maansyaata` buddhima@n-sya@t he will be wise), nsva (Zaata rap@¼ansvabaanzavaana` dha@rtara@s<t>ra@n-sva-ba@ndhava@n, to our brother Kauravas), nh (saøjanayanhpa ma` san~janayan-hars<am, while increasing the joy) pta (payaa ptama` parya@ptam limited), ptva (LaaeLauptvama` loluptvam eagerness), (svapnama` havirbrhma@gnau offering in the fire of brahma), Ba (dba : darbhah< grass), ma (kma karma deed), mya (Zamyaa ta` dharmya@ than the righteous), ya (oaaeya ma` s{auryam bravery), La (icakipau Laae ksa>garhma` c{ik&rs<urpa` svapnam sleep, dream), pma (paapmaanama` pa@pma@nam to the wicked), pya (Avaapya ava@pya having obtained), par (parita prati towards), pla (sa>plautaaedkä samplutodakam full of water), psa (Apsau apsu in the water), psya (Avaapsyaisa ava@psyasi you will attain) ba` bd (oabd: s{abdah< sound), bza (LabZa labdha attained), bzva (LabZvaa labdhva@ having), bbya (gaubbyaama` gubbhya@m for tow defenders), bya (oaebya: s{aibyah<), bar (barm brahma) Bya (AByaasa: abhya@sah< study), BaR (BaRma: bhramah< delusion), Bvaaid (bhva@di bhu@ etc.) (Za\P@^umna: dhr<s<t>adyumnah<), mpa (ivakmpa: vikampah< trembling), mf (gauimfta gumphita Ba` ma` intertwined), mba (Ambaa anba@ mother), mba (AmBaisa ambhas in the water), mbya (paumbyaama` pumbhya@m for two persons), mma (sammaana: samma@nah< respect), mya (rmya ramya enchanting), mar (imaryatae mriyate it dies) yya (tvayyaupapa^tae tvayyupapadyate it befits you) k (Ak : arkah< sun), xya (sauixya Pyaita su@rks<is<yati he will disrespect), Sa (mausa mu@rkha ya` r` foolish) ga (vaga : vargah< class), gbya (QgByaa ma` u@rgbhya@m with two languages), gya (Asvagya asvargya un-heavenly), zya (Azya ma` arghyam offering) ca (Aca naa arc{ana@ worship), cya (AByaca : abhyarc{ah< salute), cc (maucc ita mu@rc{c{hat it coagulates), ja (BaImaajau naae bh&ma@rjunau of Bhima and Arjuna), jya (vajya varjya without), jva (vadnaejva Lai : vadanairjvaladbih< with balzing mouths), Ja (JaJa ra jharjhara@ prostitute), Na (vana : varn<ah< a class), Nya (AakNya a@karn<ya, hearing), ta (Zaata rap@¼: dha@rtara@s<t<rah< Kaurava), Ta (AaTa a@rtta afflicted) tma (vatma ina vartmani on the path), tya (matya martya dying), Ya (AYa : arthah< meaning), d (janaad na: jana@rdanah< Kr<s<n<a), Za (AZa ardha half), Zna (mauizna mu@rdhn in the head), Znya (mauiznyaa Zaayaatmana: mu@rdhnya@dha@ya@tmanah< having fixed in one s head), ZaR (ma\tyauzar uvama` mr<tyurdhruvam death is certain), Zva (QZva u@rdhva up), na (inaraoaiina ma ma: nira@s&rnirmamah< indifferent and selfless), pa (sapa : sarpah< snake), ba (dubau i&: dur-buddhih<, wicked), bar (hivabar MagnaaE 43

44 lokasan[graham desirous of people), va (sava sarva all), vya (baui&vya itatairpyaita buddhirvyatitaris<yati mind will transcend), oa (spaoa : spars{ah< contact), Pa (hpa : hars<ah< joy), PNa (vaapnae ya: va@rs<n<eyah< Krishna), h (Ah : ahrah< worthy), Xa (par taexaa navaanaipa pr<kr<terjn~a@nava@napi the wise also - with his own nature) La` Lk (valklama` valkalam bark), Lga (valganaa valgana@ chatter), Lpa (ALpa alpa short), qlbaena (ulbena with umblical cord), pargalba (pragalbha proud), Lma (klmapama` kalmas<am sin), Lya (oalya: s{alyah< thorn), LLa (Ã&avaaãLLaBatae s{raddha@va@m~l-labhate the faithful person attains), Lva (ibalvama` bilvam the Bel tree) va` vya (vyaazar: vya@ghrah< tiger), var (varta> vratam austerity) oa` [a (Aaocaya ma` a@s{c{aryam wonder), oc (BaRP@ioC²ma` bhras<t>s{c{hinnam broken and spoiled), ona (Aonaaima as{na@mi I eat), oma (komalama` kas{malam delusion), oya (paoya pas{ya see), Ã (ÃI s{r& divine), {a (Aova: as{vah> horse), ola (AoLaIl as{l&la obscene) Pk (inapkama: nis<ka@mah< without desire), P (inap ita: nis<kr<tih< fruitless act), P@ (AP@ as<t>a Pa` eight), P@¹ (VeP@¹kÖoaLama` dves<t>ya-kus{alam he hates non-pleasent), P@¼ (rap@¼ma` ra@s<t>ram country), P@Ô (±P@Ôa dr<s<t>va@ seeing), P# (pa\p#ma` pr<s>t>ham surface), PNa ( PNa: kr<s<n<ah< black), Ppa (pauppama` pus<pam flower), PpaR (dupparapa: dus<pra@pah< difficult to attain), PNya (AaEPNyama` aus<n<yam warmth), Pma (BaIPma: bh&s<mah<), Pya (manaupya: manus<yah< man), Pva (köwpva kurus<vah< do) sa` sk (skäd: skandah< chapter), ssa (ssalaita skhalat it falls), sja` (BaRsja` bhrasj to roast), sta (Astama` astam setting), stya (paranaanstyaktvaa pra@n<a@nstyaktva@ having renounced their lives), Ä (Ä>satae sram~sate it falls), Äaeta: (srotah< flow), Å (ÅI str& woman), stva (kötastvaa kutastva@ from where did you?), sya (syaanama` stha@nam place), sna (snaanama` sna@nam bath), spa (spaoa : spars{ah< contact), sf (ivasfae@: visphot>ah< explosion), sma (tasmaata` tasma@ therefore), smya (igaramasmyaekmaxarma` gira@masmyekam-aks<aram among the syllables I am the syllable of Om), sya (Asya asya its), Ä (sahäma` sahasram thousand), sva (svata: svatah< oneself), ssa (ihnaisa hinassi you kill) Ê (Êdyama` hr<dayam heart), ÊPyaita (hrs<yati he enjoys), Ç (ga\çaita grhn<a@ti he takes), È (vaiè: h` vahni fire), M (barma brahma@), H (dhtae dahyate it burns), É (ijaéeita jihreti she blushes), Ë (parëad: prahla@dah<), Ì (jauìita juhvati he performs offering) 44

45 LESSON 9 navamah< abhya@sah< navama: AByaasa:_ RAPID READING 9.1 THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ sa>s tabaapaa_ saursa-saubaaezaa ivaovamanaaexaa LaiLataa Ê^a rmanaiyaa_ Ama\tavaaNaI sa>s tabaapaa naeva iklap@a na ca ki#naa 1 Surasa-subodha@ vis{va-manojn~a@ lalita@ hr<dya@ raman<&ya@, Amr<ta-va@n<& sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ naiva klis<t<a@ na c{a kat>hina@. (for meaning of Sanskrit verses, please see Appendix 9) EXERCISE 21: ONLY FOR READING PRACTICE on what we have learned so far in the previous pages. I assume that you have understood all previous lessons, before proceeding to the following eight exercises. Following eight exercises are ONLY FOR A PRACTICE IN READING simpler sentences containing easy-to-read Sanskrit compound words. Please read the exercises several times, skip the meaning at this stage, until you finish the book up to lesson 30. Attain a comfortable Sanskrit-reading skill, so that you may be able to tackle the subsequent difficult exercises. sa>saare Anaeka: BaaPaa: sainta_ (sam~sa@re aneka@h< bha@s<a@h< santi) taasau savaa sau sa>s ta-baapaa savaae Tamaa ca ÃeP#a ca Aista_ (ta@su sarva@su sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ sarvottama@ c{a s{res<t>ha@ c{a asti) ]Paa Ama\ta-vaaNaI gaivaa Na-vaaNaI gaivaa NaBaartaI deva-vaanai }tyaaidiba: naamaiba: Xaayatae_ (es<a@ amr<ta-va@n<&, g&rva@n<a-va@n<&, g&rva@n<a-bha@rat& deva-va@n<& itya@dibhih< na@mabhih< jn~a@yate) ]Paa na k vala> BaartaIyaanaa> BaaPaaNaa> 45

46 jananai Aista na kevalam[ janan& asti) Aipatau vaedeioakanaa> BaaPaanaama` Aipa jananai Aista_ (apitu api janan& asti) /Paya: samaaizama` AasYaaya ]naa> saaxaata` tavanta: (r<s<ayah< kr<tavantah<) Ata ]va ]Paa BaaPaa daeparihtaa ivakaroaunyaa sa>skar-sa>pa²a ca Aista_ (ata eva c{a asti) Asyaa: vyaakrnama` A utama` Aista_ (asya@h< vya@karan<am adbhutam asti) sa>s ta> vaexaainak> savaa GÐpaUNa > ca Aista_ (sam~skr<tam[ vaijn~a@nikam[ sarva@n[ga-pu@rn<am[ c{a asti) Asyaa: oabdrcanaa ABaUtapaUvaa Aista_ (asya@h< s{abda-racana@ abhu@ta-pu@rva@ asti) Asyaa: ca oabdkaepa: sauivaoaala: Aista_ (asya@h< c{a s{abda-kos<ah< suvis{a@lah< asti) saaihtya> ca saulailatama` Aista_ (sa@hityam[ c{a sulalitam asti) vaalmaiik: vyaasa: kailadasaparba\taya: mahakvaya: ivaovasaaihtyae dula Baa: sainta_ (va@lm&kih<, vya@sah<, ka@lida@saprabhr<tayah< maha@-kavayah< vis{va-sa@hitye durlabha@h< santi) sa>s tabaapaayaama` AnaekivaZaXaanama` iva^tae_ (sam~skr<ta-bha@s<a@ya@m aneka-vidha-jn~a@nam[ vidyate) Asyaa> BaaPaayaa> gainatasya jyaaeitapasya Aayauvae dsya AZyaatmasya ca sauxma-ivavaecanama` qpalabyatae_ (asya@m[ bha@s<a@m[ gan<itasya, jyotis<asya, a@yurvedasya adhya@tmasya c{a su@ks<ma-vivec{anam upalabhyate) sa>s ta> BaartaIya-sa>s tae: maulama` Aista_ (sam~skr<tam[ bha@rat&ya-sam~skr<teh< mu@lam asti) 9.2 Ra@ma@yan<am ramaayanama`_ kivakaeikla-vaalmaiik-ivaricataa ramaayana-rmanaiyakyaa_ AtaIva sarlaa mazaura maøjaulaa naeva iklap@a na ca ki#naa 2 Kavi-kokila-va@lm&ki-virac{ita@, ra@ma@yan<a-raman<&ya-katha@, At&va sarala@ madhura@ man~jula@, naiva klis<t<a@ na c{a kat<hina@. 46

47 EXERCISE 22 : ONLY A READING EXERCISE. rama> samauidtae: gaunae: yauf> samaixya doarya: tasya yaaevarajyama` Amanyata`_ (Ra@mam[ samuditaih< gun<aih< yuktam[ sam&ks<ya das{arathah< tasya yauvara@jyam amanyat) ivaivazaana` naagairkana` naanaa jaanapadana` Aipa savaa > sabaama` Aaman%ya doarya: qvaaca_ (Vividha@n na@garika@n na@na@ ja@napada@n api sarva@m[ sabha@m a@mantrya das{arathah< uva@c{a) ÃeP#: ]va mama pau%a: rama: savae : gaunae: yauf: Aista_ Ata: yaaevarajyae tama` inayaaejayaaima tasmaata` Anaumanyataama`_ (S}res<t<hah< eva mama putrah< ra@mah< sarvaih< gun<aih< yuktah< asti. Atah< yauvara@jye tam[ niyojaya@mi tasma@t anumanyata@m) tae Aipa doaryama` Qcau: (te api das{aratham u@c{uh<) na\patae! (Nr<pate!) ÃIrama: Zama Xa: satyasanza: oailavaana` AnasaUyak: (S}r&ra@mah< dharmajn~ah< satyasandhah< s{&lava@n anasu@yakah<) tasmaata` sava oa%audmanama` }mama` ÃIrama> yaaevarajyae vayama` Aipa drp@uma` }ccama: (Tasma@t sarvas{atrudamanam imam[ s{r&ra@mam[ yauvara@jye vayam api dras<t<um ic{c{ha@mah<) EXERCISE 23: Fill in the blanks. (1) rama> samauidtae: gaunae: samaixya_ (2) savaa > sabaama` Aaman%ya qvaaca_ (3) mama pau%a: savae : gaunae: yauf: Aista_ (4) yaaevarajyae inayaaefa Aisma_ (5) tae Aipa qcau:_ (6) ÃIrama> yaaevarajyae Aipa drp@uma` }ccama:_ 9.3 A Devotional Song bhakti-g&tam BaiFgaItama`_ EXERCISE 24 : Only a Reading and Writing exercise. Read the paragrapha and write them in Sanskrit. If you want, the meaning of the verses is given in Appendix 9 at the end. S}r&kr>s<n<a govinda hare mura@re, He na@tha na@ra@yan<a va@sudeva, Jihve! pibasva@mr>tametadeva, Govinda da@modara ma@dhaveti. Jihve! sadaiva bhaja sundara@n<i, Na@ma@ni kr<s<n<asya manohara@n<i, Samasta bhakta@rtivina@s{ana@ni, Govinda da@modara ma@dhaveti. S}r&kr<s<n<a ra@dha@vara gokules{a, Gopa@la govardhana na@tha vis<n<o, 47

48 Jihve! Govinda EXERCISE 25 : Fill in the blanks with the Sanskrit words used in above English transliterated verses. (1) ijaìe sadeva saundraina _ (2) PNasya manaaehraina_ (3) BaFaita ivanaaoanaaina_ (4) ÃI PNa razaavar _ (5) gaaepaala gaaevaza na ivapnaae_ (6) damaaedr maazavaeita _ 9.4 Maha@bha@ratam mahabaartama`_ vyaasaivaricataa ganaeoailaisataa mahabaartae idvyakyaa_ kaervapaandva-sagðr-maiyataa naeva iklap@a na ca ki#naa 6 Vya@sa-virac{ita@ gan<es<a-likhita@, maha@bha@rate divya-katha@, Kaurava-pa@n<d<ava-san[gara-mathita@, naiva klis<t<a@ na c{a kat<hina@. (for meaning of Sanskrit verses, please see Appendix 9) EXERCISE 26 : READING EXERCISE. This is only a reading exercise. Read the following Sanskrit paragraphs. Write them for practice. vaeoampaayana: AbaRvaIta` (Vais{ampa@yanah< abrav&t) tae paandvaa: vaira: ba&sadða: ba&k oapaaoaa: kailandi> nadima` AiBamauSama` tvaa jagmau: (te pa@n<d<ava@h< v&ra@h< baddha-khad<ga@h< baddha-kes{a-pa@s{ah< ka@lindim[ nad&m abhimukham[ kr<tva@ jagmuh<) tata: tae dixana> tair> paadabyaama` ]va AnvagacCna`_ (tatah< te daks<in<am[ t&ram[ pada@bhya@m eva anvagac{c{han) tada tae paandvaa: (tada@ te pa@n<d<ava@h<) inava\tavanavaasaa: (nivr<tta-vana-va@sah<) svarap@¼> parepsava: (sva-ra@s<t<ram[ prepsavah<) igairdugae Pau vanadugae Pau ZanauPmanta: (giri-durges<u vana-durges<u dhanus<mantah<) tae mahazanauzaa irna: mahabalaa: (te maha@-dhanurdha@rin<ah< maha@-bala@h<) vanaepau ma\gasamauhana` oare: ivanzyanta: (vanes<u 48

49 s{araih< vindhyantah<) qtarena doaana deoaana` (uttaren<a tayaa dixanaena paaøcaalaana` deoaana` daks<in<ena AntareNa ca (antaren<a c{a) ya LLaaemaana` oaursaenaana` tvaa matsyasya ivapaya> deoa> (matsyasya vis<ayam[ des{am[ tata: matsyasya nagar> parapya (tatah< matsyasya nagaram[ Zama rajaana> draepadi qvaaca_ draupad& paoya! ]kpa^: ±oyantae_ (pas{ya! ekapadyah< dr<s{yante) Ata: Anaena icaèena vyafä Bavaita (atah< anena c{ihnena vyaktam[ bhavati) yata` rajanagari }ta: dure ]va BaivaPyaita_ (yat itah< eva bhavis<yati) EXERCISE 27 : Fill in the blanks : (1) tae vaira: ba&sadða:_ (2) tae tair> padabyaama` ]va AnvagacCna`_ (3) ivara@sya rajanagari }ta: ]va BaivaPyaita_ 9.5 The G&ta@ gaitaa_ köwxae%a-samara>gðna-gaitaa, ivaovavaindtaa Bagava Itaa_ Ama\tamaZaura kma diipaka, naeva iklap@a na ca ki#naa 7 Kuruks<etra-samara@n[gan<a-g&ta@vis{va-vandita@ bhagavadg&ta@, Amr<ta-madhura@ karma-d&pika@ naiva klis<t>a@ na c{a kat<hina. EXERCISE 28 : READING EXERCISE saøjaya: qvaaca_ ta> tayaa payaa AaivaP@ma` AÃupaUNaa k lexanama` ivapaidna` tama` }d> vaakyama` qvaaca mazausaudna:_ k ta: tvaa komalma` }dma` ivapamae samaupaisyatama`_ Anaaya jaup@ma` Asvagya ma` AkIita krma` Ajau na! KlEbya> maa sma gama: paaya! na ]tata` tvaiya qpapa^tae_ xaudrma` Êdya-daEba Lya> tyaktvaa qitap# par>tapa! San~jayah< uva@c{a. Tam[ tatha@ kr<paya@ a@vis<t>am as{ru-pu@rn<a@kuleks<an<am[ vis<&dan tam idam[ va@kyam uva@c{a madhusu@danah<. Kutah< tva@ kas{malam idam[ vis<ame sam-upasthitam. Ana@rya-jus<t>am asvargyam ak&rtikaram arjuna! Klaibyam[ ma@ sma gamah< pa@rtha! na etat tvayi upapadyate. Ks<udram[ hr<dayadaurbalyam[ tyaktva@ uttis<t>ha parantapa! 49

50 EXERCISE 29 : Fill in the blanks (1) ivapaidna` tama` }d> vaakyama` qvaaca _ (2) k ta: tvaa komalma` }dma` samaupaisyatama`? (3) xaudrma` Êdya-daEba Lyama` qitap# par>tapa! 9.6 I am S{iva s{ivo]ham ioavaae~hma`_ EXERCISE 30: Reade and write the verses as you see them. For meaning see Appendix 9. Na me dves<a-ra@gau na me lobha-mohau, Mado naiva me naiva ma@tsarya-bha@vah<, Na dharmo na c{a@rtho na ka@mo na moks<ah<, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham. na mae VeParagaaE na mae LaaeBamaaehaE_ madae naeva mae naeva maatsaya Baava:_ na Zamaae na caayaae na kamaae na maaexa:_ icadanandwpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma` 8 Na pun<yam[ na pa@pam[ na saukhyam[ na duh<kham, Na mantro na t&rtham[ na veda@ na yajn~a@h<, Aham[ bhojanam[ naiva bhojyam[ na bhokta@, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham. na paunya> na paapa> na saaesya> na du:sama`_ na ma>%aae na taiya > na vaeda na yaxaa:_ Ah> Baaejana> naeva Baaejya> na BaaeFa_ icadanandwpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma` 9 Na me mr<tyu-s{an[ka@ na me ja@ti-bhedah<, Pita naiva me naiva ma@ta@ na janma, Na bandhurna mitram[ gururnaiva s{is<yah<, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham. na mae ma\tyauoagía na mae jaaitabaed:_ ipataa naeva mae naeva maataa na janma_ na banzauna ima%a> gauwnae va ioapya:_ icadanandwpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma` 10 Aham[ nirvikalpo nira@ka@ra-ru@pah<, Vibhurvya@pyasarvatra sarvendriya@n<a@m, Sada@ me samatvam[ na muktirna bandhah<, C}ida@nandaru@pah< s{ivo]ham[ s{ivo]ham. Ah> inaiva klpaae inarakarwpa:_ ivabauvyaa pyasava %a savae indryaanaama`_ sada mae samatva> na mauifna banza:_ icadanandwpa: ioavaae~h> ioavaae~hma` 11 50

51 PART 9.7 OBEISANCE TO THE MOTHERLAND Vande vande maatarma`_ EXERCISE 31: Read this beautiful prayer from Bankim Chandra Chaterji's poetry. vande maatarma`_ saujalaa> sauflaa> malayaja-oaitalaama`_ oasyaoyaamalaa> maatarma`_ vande maatarma` 12 Vande vande oaubar-jyaaetsnaa> paulaikta-yaaimanaima`_ sauhaisanai> saumazaur-baaipanaima`_ sausada> varda> maatarma`_ vande maatarma` vande iva^adaiyaina namaaima tvaama`_ namaaima kmalaama` AmaLaama` AtauLaama`_ saujalaa> sauflaa> maatarma`_ vande maatarma` vande oyaamalaa> sarlaama`_ sauismataa> BaUiPataama`_ ZarNaI> BarNaI> maatarma`_ vande maatarma` 15 Dharan<im[ bharan<im[ vande 51

52 9.8 THE VEDAS The Chant gaaya%ai-ma>%a:_ gaitaa gagða caò gaaóyaó%ai gaaeivandeita Êòidó isyòatae_ catauga karòsa>óyauóf paunaja nma naò ivaó^òtae 16 c{a govindeti hr<di sthite, punarjanma na vidyate. Loftiest among all Sanskrit writings is the divine Mantra. EXERCISE 32: Read, write and compare the Sanskrit and English characters. 1. Œ BaUBau va: sva:_ tatsaivatauva renya> Bagaae devasya ZaImaih_ izayaae yaae na: parcaaedyaata` 17 Om[ svah<, tatsaviturvaren<yam[ bhargo devasya dh&mahi, dhiyo yo nah< 2. Œ ]kdntaaya iva he_ vaûtaundaya ZaImaih_ ta²ae dntai parcaaedyaata` 18 Om[ vidmahe, dh&mahi, tanno dant& 3. Œ tatpauwpaaya iva he_ mahadevaaya ZaImaih_ ta²ae wdr: parcaaedyaata` 19 Om[ vidmahe, dh&mahi, tanno rudrah< 4. Œ naarayanaaya iva he_ vaasaudevaaya ZaImaih_ ta²ae ivapnau: parcaaedyaata` 20 Om[ vidmahe, dh&mahi, tanno vis<n<uh< 5. Œ devyae barmanyae iva he_ mahaoaktyae ca ZaImaih_ ta²ae devai parcaaedyaata` 21 Om[ devyai vidmahe, c{a dh&mahi, tanno dev& 6. Œ mahalaxmyae ca iva he_ ivapnaupatnyae ca ZaImaih_ ta²ae LaxmaI parcaaedyaata` 22 Om[ c{a vidmahe, vis<n<upatnyai c{a dh&mahi, tanno laks<m& 7. Œ Baaskraya iva he_ mahª¹uitakraya ZaImaih_ ta²ae Aaidtya: parcaaedyaata` 23 Om[ vidmahe, dh&mahi, tanno 8. gaaya%yaastau par²aista oaaezana> paapakma Naama`_ gaaya>ta> %aayatae yasmaa aya%ai saa tata: sma\taa 24 s{odhanam[ tatah< 52