Finnish climate policy

Transcription

1 Finnish climate policy towards a low-carbon and energy-efficient future Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and Ministry of Employment and the Economy

2 PART I Principles of climate policy PART II Sector-specific mitigation of climate change PART III Impacts of climate change and adaptation to them 2

3 PART I Principles of climate policy 3

4 Why do we need climate policy? The target is to keep the earth s average temperature from rising more than 2 C YK:n ilmastosopimus Climate change is a global problem, and active, shared measures should be taken to mitigate it. Kioton pöytäkirja The carbon dioxide content Sitoutuneiden of the atmosphere maiden päästöt has kattavat increased alle by 43% since The reason for this is 15 the % maailman use of fossil kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä fuels and deforestation. As a consequence of the rise in carbon dioxide content, the atmosphere has already grown warmer by 0.85 degrees compared 1. velvoitekausi to the preindustrial era. 2. velvoitekausi The oceans have become warmer, snow and ice cover have decreased, and sea levels have risen.the effects are already seen on all the continents. Climate policy helps in mitigating global warming and adapting to the effects of climate change. Finland s national climate policy is closely linked to the international agreements on climate Uusi change kansainvälinen and the shared sopimus climate policy of the EU Part I: Principles of climate policy 4

5 2012 Finland s goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80 95% compared to 1990 levels by 2050 To achieve this goal, significant and comprehensive societal measures are required, especially concerning energy production and consumption. Source-specific greenhouse gas emissions in Finland between 1990 and 2012 million tonnes CO 2 e.* emission level 71.6 Mt CO 2 e % Million tonnes CO 2 e Waste management Agriculture Industrial processes Energy production and consumption *Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO 2 units. Part I: Principles of climate policy Source: Statistics Finland and MEE/ Energy and Climate Roadmap

6 Finland has an active role in climate policy INTERNATIONAL LEVEL United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 Kyoto Protocol, 1997 Objective: United Nations new climate change agreement 2015 EU LEVEL Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and the EU s internal distribution of responsibility (effort sharing) The EU s shared and coordinated policies Monitoring system for greenhouse gas emissions EU climate and energy package until 2020 EU climate and energy targets until 2030 Energy roadmap 2050 INTERNATIONAL LEVEL EU LEVEL NATIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL LEVEL National climate and energy strategies (2001, 2005, 2008, 2013) Government Foresight Report on Long-term Climate and Energy Policy (2009) Energy and Climate Roadmap 2050 (2014) Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2022 (2014) Climate Change Act (2015) National legislation and other policy instruments, programmes LOCAL LEVEL municipalities civil society Part I: Principles of climate policy 6

7 All countries to be included in the new climate change agreement United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol 1st commitment period of Kyoto 2nd commitment period of Kyoto New international agreement The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris Total emissions of countries in 2011 (incl. land use sector) Greenhouse gas emissions of countries per capita in 2011 million tonnes CO 2 e tonnes CO 2 e/ capita 0 China USA EU28 India Russia China USA EU28 India Russia *Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO 2 units. PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: World Resources Institute 7

8 Finland supports the climate measures of developing countries Climate finance is a key question in international climate change negotiations. The purpose is to share the expenses caused by climate change. This also generates innovations and business. Finnish climate finance 2013 ADAPTATION 43% Forestation Weather stations Cultivation methods Water technology Construction and transport Renewable energy MITIGATION 57% Renewable energy Resource efficiency PUBLIC FINANCE 92 million Weather stations Resource efficiency PRIVATE FINANCE* Estimated 400 million 1.5 billion *Private climate finance includes those direct investments by Finnish companies, such as renewable energy projects in developing countries, which the state has intitiated with support from Finnfund, for instance. PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, the Ministry of the Environment 8

9 Path to the Paris Climate Change Conference in The EU reports the emission reduction commitments to which it will commit in Paris (Finland included in the EU commitment) Large economies are requested to report those climate measures to which they will commit in Paris Climate change negotiations in Bonn Climate change negotiations in Bonn Deadline for reporting the national climate measures Climate change negotiations in Bonn UN synthesis report on the sufficiency of emission reduction commitments for keeping to the target of 2 C (commitments sent by 1 October) The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, where the new agreement will be signed PART I: Principles of climate policy 9

10 The EU has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions at least -20% -40% % by 2020 by 2030 by 2050 PART I: Principles of climate policy 10

11 EU s climate and energy targets for 2020 and Reducing greenhouse gas emissions -20% compared to 1990 levels at least -40% compared to 1990 levels The share of renewable energy to 20 % of final energy consumption to 27 % of final energy consumption Improving energy efficiency 20% compared to the estimated development in % compared to the estimated development in 2007* *Indicative target PART I: Principles of climate policy 11

12 What is included in the EU s emissions trading system? Emissions reduction targets for sectors covered by the emissions trading system and sectors not covered. Emissions trading production of electricity and district heating, metal processing industry, pulp and paper industry, chemical industry, air traffic and construction industry -21% by 2020 The emissions reduction target of the EU s emissions trading system compared to 2005 levels Approximately half of Finland s emissions were covered by the emissions trading system in Not included in emissions trading transportation, some agricultural emissions, use of fuels for the heating of buildings and for transportation, agriculture, and waste management -16% by 2020 The emissions reduction target for Finland s emissions from sectors not covered by the emissions trading system, compared to 2020 levels. PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: Statistics Finland 12

13 The number of emission allowances decreases annually in the EU s emissions trading system Million emission units* MtCO Emission level % Current emission ceiling The new emission ceiling agreed in the EU s 2030 package *1 emission unit = 1 tonne of carbon dioxide PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: EEA

14 Emissions reduction targets and measures are integrated with several other policy targets Security of energy supply Competitiveness Developing new business opportunities Improving air quality Securing food production Affordable housing Reducing greenhouse gas emissions Efficiency of transport Securing ecosystem services PART I: Principles of climate policy 14

15 Finland has decoupled greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth Greenhouse gas emissions have decreased in Finland while the gross national product has increased. Some of the production causing greenhouse gas emissions now takes place abroad, however, and imports have grown. On the other hand, some of Finland s emissions are generated in the manufacturing of products for export abroad. For example, our paper industry produces paper for 100 million people. 200% 150% Gross domestic product (comparison reference 2010 prices), year 1990 = % 1990 level Greenhouse gas emissions of production 50% PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: Statistics Finland 15

16 PART II Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 16

17 Most of Finland s greenhouse gas emissions are generated by energy production and consumption Emissions can be reduced in all sectors by switching from fossil fuels to emission-free energy sources, by improving energy efficiency and by carbon sequestration. Energy production 35% Total emissions in 2013: 63.2 million t of CO 2 e Domestic transportation 19% Industrial production and construction 14% includes electricity and heat production utilised by industry Other energy* 9% Waste management 4% 77% Energy production and consumption 9% Industrial processes 10% Agriculture *For example, heating of buildings, agriculture, forestry and fishing industries and associated machinery used in the sectors, other uses of fuel and fugitive emissions of fuels, for example. Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO 2 units. PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland 17

18 Energy production and consumption In order to achieve the emissions reduction targets, a transition to a zero-emission energy system by 2050 is needed. Energy must also be used more efficiently. 18

19 Finland has a diverse energy system The diversity of energy sources improves the security of supply and enhances the opportunitites to work effectively in changing conditions. The share of renewables and other zero-emission forms of energy is high in Finland in international comparisons. Oil 23.1% Natural gas 7.8% Net imports of electricity 4.1% Peat 4.1% Hydro and wind power 3.5% Coal 11.0% Wood fuels, in total 24.7% Nuclear energy 18.0% Others 3.7% Total consumption* of energy in Finland in 2013 In total 381 terawatthours (TWh) *Total consumption includes the fuels utilised in energy production and processing as well as energy used directly in the final consumption, including transportation fuel and fuels utilised for heating buildings. PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland 19

20 Most of the energy in Finland is used in industry and for heating buildings Use of energy can be made more efficient in all sectors, especially in construction, housing and transportation. In Finland, the industrial sector is already quite energy efficient in its operations, and through this strong energy efficiency competence it is possible to develop and commercialise cleantech solutions. Others 12% 46% Industry Heating of buildings 25% 16% Transportation Sector-specific final consumption of energy in Finland in 2013 In total 308 terawatthours (TWh) The Others sector includes the use of electricity and fuel by households, the public and private service sector, agriculture and forestry, and in construction operations. PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland 20

21 Bioenergy accounts for 80% of Finland s renewable forms of energy Finland is boosting its share of renewable energy by using more wood fuels, in particular. The goal is also to sharply increase the amount of electricity produced through wind power. Sources of renewable Uusiutuvan forms of energian energy lähteet in % Wood fuels from industrial and energy production 33% Waste sludge from the wood processing industry The share of renewable energy in the final consumption of energy 14% Small-scale use of wood 11% Hydropower 11% Others Other bioenergy (e.g. transport biofuels) 4% Recycled fuel (bio) 2% Biogas 0.6% Heat pumps 4% Wind power 0.4% Share 2013 The EU s objective for Finland % 38% PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland, Eurostat 21

22 Bionenergy sources in Finland Forest residue Side streams and waste sludge from forestry Saw dust and bark from sawmills Electricity Heat Biofuels for transport and machinery Side streams from the food industry Biowaste Firewood Manure Energy plants and other vegetation biomass PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 22

23 The share of renewable forms of energy in Finland is one of the highest in the EU countries Share of renewable forms of energy in total energy consumption in 2013 Sweden Austria Finland Denmark 34.8% 29.6% 29.2% 24.2% Spain EU28 Germany France 14.6% 11.8% 10.3% 9% Great Britain 5% hydropower wind power solar energy bioenergy others PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Eurostat 23

24 Electricity produced in Finland has low emissions Greenhouse gas emissions in electricity production are caused by the use of fossil fuels and peat. The proportion of these in electricity production is globally around 68%, in the EU 49% and in Finland 33%. Sähköntuotannon Specific emissions ominaispäästöt of electricity production, gco 2 /kwh* India China World USA Germany Great Britain EU28 Denmark Austria Finland France Sweden Norway PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change * Average value between 2010 and 2012 Source: International Energy Agency IEA 24

25 Transportation Transportation emissions are reduced by improving the energy efficiency of transportation and utilising renewable forms of energy or electricity instead of fossil fuels. 25

26 Road transportation causes the majority of greenhouse gas emissions Approximately 90 per cent of domestic transportation emissions are caused by road traffic. If international transportation is examined, the amount of emissions caused by aviation and, in particular, shipping increases. The emissions of international transportation are not currently regulated by international agreements, and are not, therefore, officially monitored. Greenhouse gas emissions from domestic transportation in 2013 Rail traffic 1% Domestic air traffic 2% Waterway transport 4% Machinery 5% Road traffic 89% Passenger cars 53% 5% Passenger cars, buses, motorcycles and similar Vans and trucks 31% PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland 26

27 New alternatives to oil can be used as transportation fuels In transportation, fossil fuels can be replaced by, for example, electricity, hydrogen, liquid biofuels and renewable diesel, i.e. natural gas and biogas. Carbon dioxide emissions of passenger cars with different fuels (fuel emissions from production to use are included) Petrol Natural gas Diesel Flexifuel vehicles (high blend ethanol vehicle) Biogas Electric vehicle with a battery, average electricity Renewable diesel/waste grease Electric vehicle with a battery, renewable electricity g/km 32 g/km 28 g/km 17 g/km 0 g/km 102 g/km g/km 139 g/km 119 g/km In its legislation, Finland is committed to the following percentages of biocomponents in road traffic fuels 8% by % by 2020 A so-called double counting will be taken into account *C category car, manufactured without performance data, Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland/ Nylund

28 Construction and housing The emissions from the built environment are reduced by improving the energy efficiency of buildings, making the urban structure denser, and reducing emissions of transportation and housing. In addition, the production method of energy needed for the operations and housing of communities has a large impact on emissions. 28

29 To reduce emissions, the various levels, from the infrastructure planning to the user s choices, must be taken into account The planning of sustainable, well-functioning communities is the basis for energy-smart housing. With regard to climate change, the most significant solutions related to land use are made in growing urban areas. Urban planning - Services nearby - Functional public transport - Local energy production Buildings - Energy efficiency - Maintenance and repair work Life-style and consumer actions - Use of buildings PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 29

30 Towards more energy-efficient buildings About 40% of Finland s total energy consumption is attributable to buildings. They generate around 35% of greenhouse gas emissions, which can be reduced significantly by improving the energy efficiency of buildings. Nearly zero-energy buildings by 2020 Energy provisions for building renovation 2013 Energy certificate in use since 2008 What is a nearly zero-energy building like? Healthy room microclimate warmth, humidity, sound, lighting, air quality Low heat loss good insulation, integrity and heat recovery of ventilation Low total energy consumption Efficient use of electricity and management of electricity s peak consumption Use of renewable energy PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 30

31 In Finland, most of the greenhouse gas emissions of housing are caused by heating Approximately half of household emissions are caused by heating living spaces, a fifth by heating water and a third by lighting and other electricity consumption. Reducing emissions and energy consumption is, however, easy as even the smallest changes in routines and habits have an effect. 50% Heating Distribution of household emissions in Finland. 30% Lighting and other electricity consumption 20% Heating of water PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 31

32 Waste sector Greenhouse gas emissions caused by waste are reduced by improving the utilisation of waste and decreasing the quantity of waste transported to landfill sites. In recent years, emissions have dropped so swiftly that it could be called a success story. 32

33 In Finland, most of the greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector are generated in landfill sites Only about three per cent of waste generated in Finland is municipal waste, but it accounts for nearly all of the greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector. Greenhouse gas emissions of landfill sites in 2013 Construction waste 15% Industrial solid waste 17% Municipal solid waste 61% Industrial sludge 6% Municipal wastewater sludge 1% The proportion of landfill site emissions is 83% of the greenhouse gas emissions of the waste sector. Recovery of methane: 36 thousand tonnes PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Finnish Environment Institute 33

34 In Finland, emissions from landfill sites have dropped radically The goal of 85% emission reduction in the waste sector will be achieved by 2050 through the current measures that restrict the disposal of organic waste in landfills. Greenhouse gas emissions of landfill sites in total Mt CO 2 -e year 1997 Waste Tax Act and a decision by the Finnish Government on landfill sites. *Reduction calculation has not taken into account the carbon dioxide emissions created during the energy production when waste is utilised as fuel, as the energy produced with waste is used to replace energy produced with some other fuel and the net effect of the waste utilised as fuel on the greenhouse gas emissions is included in the emissions of the energy sector. PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Finnish Environment Institute and SYKE 34

35 In Finland, less and less municipal waste ends up in landfills Landfill disposal of organic waste will be ended by 2016 and waste will gradually be utilised more as both material and energy. According to the data from early 2015, the goals set for 2016 will be exceeded. Distribution of municipal waste to utilisation and processing between 2006 and 2012 and the goal set for 2016 Goal for Share of community waste, % Utilisation as material, excluding composting and digestion Composting and digestion Utilisation as energy Disposal in landfill site PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland and VALTSU 35

36 Agriculture and forestry Agriculture and forestry generate greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, forests and vegetation sequester a significant amount of carbon dioxide. By managing forests, ensuring good growth conditions of soil, and improving production methods, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced and carbon sequestration by agriculture and forestry can be enhanced. 36

37 Agriculture and forestry: emissions and sequestration of greenhouse gases soil forest clearing fields field manure domestic machinery energy production wood construction animals and wood products PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 37

38 Forests and wood products can be used to sequester and store carbon Carbon sinks of forests refer to the difference between annually sequestered carbon by forests and carbon removals from them. At the the European scale, forest carbon sinks in Finland rank very high volume-wise. By using wood in products and as energy, greenhouse gas emissions and use of non-renewable energy can be reduced. Forest carbon sinks in total: million t of CO 2 e WOOD PRODUCTS in total: -4.4 million t of CO 2 e Heathlands -8.4 million t of CO 2 e. Mires 8.8 million t of CO 2 e. Increment of the growing stock million t of CO 2 e. Removal of the growing stock million t of CO 2 e. Increase in storage million t of CO 2 e. Removal of forest stock 20.1 million t of CO 2 e. CO 2 e = Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO 2 units. PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland

39 Forests sequester a large volume of Finland s greenhouse gas emissions All countries report on the impacts of forests and land use on climate under the international agreement on climate change. One inventory sector covers emissions resulting from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). In Finland, forests sequester annually around 30 60% of greenhouse gas emissions. The most significant reason for the variations in the carbon sinks of our forests are the changes in the annual volume of felling. Million tonnes CO 2 e Greenhouse gas emissions (other sectors) Greenhouse gas emissions from the LULUCF sector minus the sinks, i.e. net sink Emissions minus net sinks CO 2 e. = Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science that describes the amount of all greenhouse gas emissions produced by human actions. LULUCF= Land use, land-use change and forestry PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland 39

40 Sources of emissions from agriculture in Finland Most of the agricultural emissions come from the soil (e.g. from decomposition of organic matter and fertilisation). 1. Soil N 2 O, CO 2 2. Digestion by domestic animals CH 4 3. Treatment of manure N 2 O, CH 4 4. Liming and controlled burning N 2 O, CH 4, CO 2 5. Fuel consumption of agriculture CO 2 CH 4 = methane N 2 O = nitrous oxide CO 2 = carbon dioxide PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 40

41 Food production and consumption and related climate measures in Finland Soil is managed carefully, for example by trenching and preserving organic matter (M+A) The health of vegetation and animals is secured and the spreading of detrimental invasive species is prevented (A) Plant varieties that are better adapted to the new conditions are bred, such as turnip rape and oilseed rape (A) Energy efficiency is increased and fossil fuels are replaced with renewable energy (M+A) Nutrients in manure are recovered and nitrogen fertiliser is applied according to requirements of plants (M) Peatlands are cultivated in a climate-friendly manner (M+A) Vegetables will be utilised more in Food loss is reduced through the whole food system (M) diets (M) M: Measure for mitigation of climate change A: Measure for adaptation to climate change PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 41

42 PART III Impacts of climate change and adaptation to them 42

43 Risks and opportunities of climate change in Finland Energy and industry - Securing the electricity supply in exceptional conditions - Risk management in changing water conditions + More hydropower and bioenergy Agriculture - Greater risk of diseases and pests - Extreme weather conditions cause harvest losses + New species and more bountiful varieties Game management and reindeer herding - The quantity and quality of reindeer food - Greater risk of parasite epidemics - Snow-free winters are a risk for animals that grow a winter coat Forestry - Increase in forest damage - Loss of frost makes felling more difficult + Trees grow faster Biodiversity - Changes in the prevalence of plants and animals - Greater numbers of invasive species - Higher number of threatened species Tourism - Shorter winter tourism season + The popularity of summer tourism may increase Transportation - Effect of heavy rain on the usability of roads - Increased slipperiness External threats - Global economic disturbances - More frequent conflicts - Conflicts over natural resources - Environmental migrants Water resources - Higher risk of flooding - Leaching of nutrients increases - Changes in the quantity and quality of groundwater Fish and fishing - Smaller fish stocks - Endangered species are threatened further The Baltic Sea - Rising sea level - Decrease in salt levels, eutrophication Buildings and use of areas - More flooding from stormwater runoff - Exterior cladding affected by increased humidity and wind stress - Higher moisture content of soil lowers the carrying capacity Health and wellbeing - Heat waves, heat islands of cities - Pollution of domestic water supply due to heavy rains - Changes in the prevalence of animal-borne diseases 43

44 Finland has many ways of adapting to and preparing for climate change With the help of carefully planned adaptation measures the negative effects of climate change can be mitigated while the beneficial effects can be utilised better. Agriculture - breeding plants and animals - improving the management of water resources - alarm systems for pests Forestry - forest tree breeding - developing forest management - preparedness plans for forest damage Transportation - warning systems and communication - improving operations during disturbances - improving the maintenance of transport routes Biodiversity - developing the network of conservation areas - preventing harmful invasive species Energy - measures for improving the security of electricity supply Tourism - developing year-round tourism - developing tourist services Floods - warning systems and communication -land use planning - flood embankments, protective structures Health and wellbeing - heat wave warnings - managing the quality of drinking water PART III: Impacts of climate change and adaptation to them Source: How can we be prepared for inevitable climate change? (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry /2011) 44

45 Extreme weather conditions have already caused plenty of costs in Finland Based on current experience, it pays to be prepared for extreme weather conditions. Droughts 100 million whole Finland Forest damage caused by storms 120 million costs for electricity companies 48 million insurance compensations 102 million Hannu and Tapani storms 2011 Flooding 4.7 million Centre of Kittilä, 2005 Forest damage caused by storms over 60 million Eino storm 2013 Flooding 6 million Southern Ostrobothnia, 2012 Flooding 20 million Pori, 2007 Forest damage caused by storms around 40 million Seija storm 2013 Storms, over 100 million Summer 2010 Flooding 20 million Gulf of Finland, 2005 Flooding 0.9 million Vantaanjoki, 2004 PART III: Impacts of climate change and adaptation to them 45