Toward a Modern America: The 1920s Toward a Modern America: The 1920s The Economy That Roared Boom Industries Corporate Consolidation

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1 Toward a Modern America: The 1920s The Economy That Roared What contributed to the economic boom of the 1920s? The Business of Government What was the relationship between big business and government in the 1920s? Cities and Suburbs What factors contributed to the growth of America s cities and suburbs in the 1920s? Toward a Modern America: The 1920s Mass Culture in the Jazz Age How did new systems of distribution, marketing, and mass communication shape American culture? What forces fueled the cultural divisions in the 1920s? Herbert Hoover and the New Era In what ways did Hoover promote the policies of the New Era abroad? What was Hoover s final triumph in the New Era? The 1920s Cities and Suburbs The New Power of Advertising The Scopes Trial The Economy That Roared Boom Industries Corporate Consolidation Open Shops and Welfare Capitalism Sick Industries Boom Industries Automobiles New industries Aviation 1

2 Aviation Chemicals Radio and movies Federal Communication Commission 1934 Hollywood 7 8 Corporate Consolidation Period of mergers Oligopoly Ford, General Motors, Chrysler Including financial institutions Open Shops and Welfare Capitalism National Association of Manufacturers Open-shop campaign Yellow-dog contracts Attraction of labor unions weakened with welfare capitalism Unemployment Consumer credit Sick Industries Older industries: coal mining, textiles, clothing, railroads Excess capacity, shrinking demand Labor conflict The Business of Government Republican Ascendancy Government Corruption Coolidge Prosperity The Fate of Reform Republican Ascendancy Herbert Hoover Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon 2

3 Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon Support for business Supreme Court William Howard Taft Government Corruption Justice Department officials Head of Veterans Bureau Teapot Dome scandal Death of Harding 1923 Coolidge Prosperity Calvin Coolidge Free rein to business Federal Trade Commission Supported mergers Election of 1924 Coolidge elected The Fate of Reform Leadership of Robert La Follette and George Norris League of Women Voters agenda Equal-pay laws Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act Cities and Suburbs Expanding Cities The Great Black Migration Barrios The Road to Suburbia Expanding Cities Urbanization South urbanized most rapidly Western regional centers: Denver, Portland, Seattle Skyscrapers 3

4 Skyscrapers The Great Black Migration Great Migration Push and pull factors Segregation in the North Black identity Universal Negro Improvement Association Marcus Garvey Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Alain Locke Zora Neale Hurston Barrios Puerto Ricans, Mexicans Barrios grew from segregation La Orden de Hijos de America League of United Latin American Citizens Explore the Immigrants and Migrants in the Early Twentieth Century on MyHistoryLab The Road to Suburbia Car culture Compared to earlier streetcar suburbs Often exclusively white State highway systems Shopping centers Mass Culture in the Jazz Age Advertising the Consumer Society Leisure and Entertainment 4

5 Leisure and Entertainment The New Morality The Searching Twenties Culture Wars Nativism and Immigration Restriction The Ku Klux Klan Prohibition and Crime Old-Time Religion and the Scopes Trial Advertising the Consumer Society Created new demand Consumption replaced thrift Installment purchases Debt rose faster than incomes Leisure and Entertainment Movies Cecil B. De Mille Phonographs Jazz Age Louis Armstrong Professional sports Baseball Boxing The New Morality Shift away from traditional values Young culture Flappers Economic independence The Searching Twenties Theme of disillusionment F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway Critiques of mass culture 5

6 Critiques of mass culture Harold Stearns H. L. Mencken 31 Culture Wars Deep divisions Lasting legacy Immigration reform Evolution Racism Nativism and Immigration Restriction Demands for immigration restriction Red Scare Sacco and Vanzetti Emergency Quota Act 1921 National Origins Act of 1924 Asian immigration None allowed under quota system Nisei The Ku Klux Klan Founded 1915 National organization Many more groups targeted More public, vocal Backlash Weakened by Prohibition and Crime Eighteenth Amendment Volstead Act 1920 Bootleggers 6

7 Bootleggers Organized crime Al Capone Support for Prohibition wanes Repealed in Old-Time Religion and the Scopes Trial Evangelists Billy Sunday Aimee Semple McPherson Foursquare Gospel Fundamentalism Attacks on Darwinian ideas American Civil Liberties Union challenge Scopes trial Clarence Darrow Herbert Hoover and the New Era War Debts and Economic Expansion Rejecting War Managing the Hemisphere Hoover and the Final Triumph of the New Era War Debts and Economic Expansion United States became a creditor nation European war debts Multinational corporations Ford, International Telephone and Telegraph United Fruit Company Bureau of Foreign Commerce Offices around the world Rejecting War Washington Naval Conference 1921 Disarmament Suspended shipbuilding Kellogg-Briand Pact

8 Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Sixty-four nations Managing the Hemisphere Interventions Less than under Roosevelt and Wilson But enough to raise resentment Inter-America Conference 1928 Condemned intervention Clark Memorandum Backed off from Roosevelt Corollary Hoover and the Final Triumph of the New Era Hoover s cooperative federalism Moderately progressive Al Smith exacerbated culture wars Republican triumph Conclusion Innovations transformed business, often actively supported by the federal government. Cultural developments were equally important, and provoked strident debates in the culture wars. The prosperity and changes of the period were not experienced equally by all. 8