History of American Parties
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1 History of American Political Parties History of American Parties Six party systems or historical eras Changes in the nature of the two parties Which voters support which party What issues each party adopts This change called a realignment 1848 Whig Party candidates Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore First Party System: Federalist Party Democratic-Republican Party First Party System: No parties in Constitution Develop at elite level Issues National bank Relations with France and England Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson James Madison Strong national government Strong state governments
2 First Party System: Develop inside Congress Loose coalition of supporters or opponents to Hamilton versus Jefferson/Madison facilitates passage of legislation Coordination needed to win presidency Constituencies Constituency Limited electorate Weakly organized Federalists: New England, English ancestry, commercial interests Democratic-Republican: South and Mid-Atlantic, Irish/Scot/German ancestry, farmers and artisans, prosperity through western expansion First Party System: Electoral outcomes 1796 John Adams (Federalist) Thomas Jefferson, Vice President 1800 tied vote and 12 th Amendment Democratic-Republican won next three Madison, Monroe, John Quincy Adams All election maps from nationalatlas.gov Source:
3 Federalists disappear by 1820 Policy disputes within party Failure to organize public support Burr-Hamilton duel, 1804 Opposition to War of 1812 Republican-Democrats co-opt issues Second Party System: Old Democratic-Republican party split into factions in 1824 four factions nominate different president No majority in Electoral College, House selects J.Q. Adams Andrew Jackson comes to dominate one faction Another faction becomes the Whig party Second Party System: First real party organizations First mass-based parties Professional politicians Democratic Party Jackson wins presidency 1828 Issues limited federal government, hard money policy Other presidents (Van Buren, Polk, Pierce, Buchanan) Congressional and organizational leaders (Calhoun, Van Buren)
4 Whig Party Constituencies Webster Clay Issues - economic development, reform Presidents:Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, Fillmore mostly nonpolitical military heroes Congressional leaders Daniel Webster - great orator Henry Clay - compromise leader Democratic Party Small farmer, frontier Foreign-born Catholic Whig Party Middle/Upper class Native-born or British Evangelical Protestant Changes in Parties in 2nd Party System Recognition of legitimacy of parties Patronage Mass-based parties Party convention to nominate president End of Second Party System Failure of compromises over slavery Divides North and South and splits both major parties Number of third parties Free Soil (anti-slavery) American or Know-Nothing (anti-immigrant) Whig party disappears, Democrats transformed
5 Third Party System: Post Civil War party system Era of business expansion more than political leaders Current Republican versus Democrats, but different issues and constituencies Republican Party Lincoln Grant Combination of Whigs, northern Democrats, Free Soil, Know Nothing Control presidency with Civil War heroes Issues: industrial growth with high tariff laws, restrictions on labor, tight money policy, Homestead Act, land grants to railroads A. Republican Presidents: Third Party System B. Rutherford B. Hayes ( ) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur ( ) Benjamin Harrison ( ) Democratic Party Party of the South Only won presidency once (Cleveland) More competitive in Congress Toward turn of century add urban immigrants, who were locked out of the Republican party Grover Cleveland C. D.
6 Golden Age of American parties Strong party organization Strong leaders in Congress and state legislatures Loyal party supporters in electorate Rise of party machines in urban areas Fourth party system: Failure to realign along class lines Economic strains in 1890s, urban & rural Populist movement Use government to aid little guy Silver standard For income tax 8 hour day for labor William Jennings Bryan You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. Republican Party Republican William McKinley won in 1896 Reemerges as a much stronger party Control presidency , except for Wilson elected due to split in Republican party Populist leader and 1896 Democratic presidential nominee President McKinley
7 Changing Competition One party control in many states Regional split in party constituencies Conservative southern Democratic party Republican party of business in the North Decline in voter turnout Progressive Movement Middle class reform movement Clean up abuses of power in politics and business Registration laws Primaries Civil service rather than patronage Nonpartisan local elections & city managers Fifth Party System: Great Depression Hoover blamed 1932 Democratic Franklin Delano Roosevelt won by default New Deal Realignment Large Democratic majority allow dramatic new policies to be passed Benefits cement loyalties of new voters recent immigrants from southern and Eastern Europe, Catholic or Jews, northern blacks, union members, poor Retained conservative southern Democrats
8 Fifth Party System: Democratic majority party but split between liberal North and conservative South factions Republicans minority Only President Dwight Eisenhower in 1950s Control Congress only twice Changes in party structures Increasing decline in party machines Rise of politician more independent from party Media & technology Mixed presidential nomination system Multiple leadership positions in Congress Sixth Party System: Evenly matched parties Rise of independent voters & split-ticket voting Frequent divided government Frequent switch of presidential party Candidate-centered campaigns Presidential nominations through primaries Changing Constituencies Exit of southern Democrats to southern Republican party Strengthening loyalties of African Americans to Democratic party Emergence of gender gap
9 Realignments Long-term (30 years) change in nature of parties Change in constituencies Change in issues Change in majority status Later years decay in alignment new issues conflicts between constituent groups
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