Lecture. Review of Organic Chemistry and Herbicide Chemistry
|
|
- Jeremy Mathews
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 Lecture Review of Organic Chemistry and Herbicide Chemistry 1. Basic herbicide chemistry most herbicides are organic compounds, i.e. they contain carbon the major elements contained in organic herbicides in order of decreasing occurrence are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur, and fluorine the basic structural components of most organic herbicides are carbon chains (aliphatic groups) and rings (aromatic groups) 2. Chemistry and nomenclature of simple aliphatic compounds the simplest aliphatic compound consists of one carbon and four hydrogens (CH 4 ) and is a gas named methane a two carbon aliphatic compound is called ethane (C 2 H 6 ); three carbons, propane; four carbons, butane, etc see Figure 5.1 (Chemistry and nomenclature of simple aliphatic compounds; page 6) when the radicals of these compounds are included as a portion of a large molecule they are similarly named but with -yl as the ending, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc. an aliphatic group with a carboxyl group (- COOH) at the end of the chain is called a carboxylic acid a carbon chain in which one or more of the hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxyl group (- OH) is called an alcohol a carboxylic acid with two carbons in the chain is called ethanoic acid (or acetic acid); the two carbon alcohol chain is called ethanol (ethyl alcohol) see Figure 5.1 (Chemistry and nomenclature of simple aliphatic compounds; page 6)
2 2 3. Chemistry and nomenclature of simple aromatic compounds ring compounds or aromatics are derivatives of benzene (C 6 H 6 ) a benzene ring minus a hydrogen is termed a phenyl group and in this form can accept an appropriate substitution a replacement of the hydrogen atom with a hydroxyl (- OH) group results in the formation of phenol see Figure 7.2 (Chemistry and nomenclature of simple aromatic compounds; page 7) substitutions can include benzoic acid, toluene, and aniline the positions on the benzene ring are numbered from 1 to 6 and also may be named positions 2 and 6 are the ortho positions; 3 and 5, the meta positions; and 4, the para position derivatives of organic compounds are named according to the functional groups and substitutions present see Figure 5.4 (Examples of how chemical terminology is used; page 8) 4. How chemistry affects herbicidal properties the chemistry of a compound determines how the herbicide will act in biological and physical systems such as plants, animals, soils, and water compounds made up of simple chains of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen tend to be degraded readily by microbes e.g. Roundup (glyphosate), Liberty/Ignite/Finale (glufosinate), and several thiocarbamate herbicides compounds with aromatic structures and halogen (chlorine, bromine, fluorine,iodine) substitutions tend to be longer lived than straight chains, e.g chloroacetamide, triazine, sulfonylurea, dinitroaniline herbicides the more chlorinated a compound the longer it will persist in soil the substitutions and alterations that can be made to an organic acid illustrate the effects that chemical structure can have on important herbicidal and mixing properties
3 3 example of 2,4-D the acid form of 2,4-D is only slightly soluble in water and oil so use is limited in commercial formulations the acid can be reacted with bases to form salts: common salt formulations include sodium, potassium, ammonium, lithium, and several amine salts these compounds ionize (dissociate) in water to form charged particles (see Figure 5.5; Major forms of 2,4-D; page 9) all salts listed above are soluble in water with the amine salt being the most soluble and the most commonly used salts are not soluble in oil and when used as foliar treatments must be applied with wetting agents to enhance penetration into the leaf the acid can be reacted with alcohols to form esters: esters of 2,4-D are nonpolar molecules and do not ionize (see Figure 5.5; page 9) they are insoluble in water, but highly soluble in oil during formulation they are usually diluted in oil-based solvents and mixed with an emulsifying agent (keeps the oil-ester droplets suspended in water) oils may be used directly as carriers for application of esters particularly for treatment of woody species ester formulations more readily wet and penetrate plant cuticles and are more toxic to plants than the salt formulations the salts of phenoxy herbicides are non-volatile, whereas the ester formulations vary in their degree of volatility
4 4 volatility of an ester is determined by molecular weight of the alcohol: short-chain, low-molecular-weight alcohols of five or fewer carbons lead to the formation of highly volatile esters low volatile esters are heavier and consist of long-chained alcohols with an ether linkage (although called low volatile, they are still somewhat volatile) see Figure 5.5; page 9 effect of hard water on herbicide chemistry hard water (water having high calcium or magnesium content; calcium content of 125 ppm) can affect herbicide stability example of 2,4-D: 2,4-D dissociates in water, the sodium and potassium molecules are released leaving the 2,4-D anion calcium and magnesium bind to the 2,4-D anion causing formation of precipitates that clog filters and nozzles amine salts are less susceptible than the alkali salts to forming precipitates; the esters have excellent stability in water example of Roundup (glyphosate): in hard water, the isopropyl amine salt of glyphosate (see Lecture Inhibition of Amino Acid Synthesis) reacts with CaCO 2 to form a calcium salt of glyphosate, which is not acceptable to the plant (does not readily pass through the cell membrane) resulting in decreased activity to remedy the situation, ammonium sulfate (NH 4 SO 4 ) is added to the spray solution. the reaction of NH 4 SO 4 with the CaCO 2 forms CaSO 4 and the ammonium salt of glyphosate this removes Ca as a factor affecting glyphosate activity The ammonium salt of glyphosate is acceptable to the plant (readily passes through the cell membrane) and weeds are controlled. effect of water ph on herbicide chemistry example of Asulox/Asulam (asulam):
5 5 High ph of water used as a herbicide carrier (ph of 8 or more) can result in the breakdown (degradation) of some herbicides through alkaline hydrolysis. This has been documented for Asulox/Asulam, which is used extensively for johnsongrass control in sugarcane. To alleviate this problem, a buffer is added to the spray solution, lowering the ph of the spray solution. 5. Herbicide classification by chemistry most herbicides are classified into groups (chemical families) according to common chemistry chemical groups will have a common base structure and substitutions on the base molecular structure will determine the specific herbicide much of the remaining course will concentrate on herbicides classified by both chemical family and mode of action
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
Unit Vocabulary: o Organic Acid o Alcohol. o Ester o Ether. o Amine o Aldehyde
Unit Vocabulary: Addition rxn Esterification Polymer Alcohol Ether Polymerization Aldehyde Fermentation Primary Alkane Functional group Saponification Alkene Halide (halocarbon) Saturated hydrocarbon Alkyne
More informationUNIT (9) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, ESTERS, AMINES, AND AMIDES
UNIT (9) CARBXYLIC ACIDS, ESTERS, AMINES, AND AMIDES 9.1 Carboxylic Acids The functional group in carboxylic acids is called the carboxyl group. A carboxyl group is a carbonyl group (C = ) with a hydroxyl
More informationName Lab #3: Solubility of Organic Compounds Objectives: Introduction: soluble insoluble partially soluble miscible immiscible
Lab #3: Solubility of rganic Compounds bjectives: - Understanding the relative solubility of organic compounds in various solvents. - Exploration of the effect of polar groups on a nonpolar hydrocarbon
More informationChapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility
Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Deductions based upon interpretation of simple solubility tests can be extremely useful in organic structure determination. Both solubility and
More informationOrganic Functional Groups Chapter 7. Alcohols, Ethers and More
Organic Functional Groups Chapter 7 Alcohols, Ethers and More 1 What do you do when you are in Pain? What do you do when you are in a lot of pain? 2 Functional Groups A functional group is an atom, groups
More informationCh17_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch17_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which molecule is a carboxylic acid? A) 1) B) C) D) E) CH3 CH2 CH2 NH2 2) Which molecule
More informationQuestion Bank Organic Chemistry-I
Question Bank Organic Chemistry-I 1. (a) What do you understand by the following terms : (i) Organic chemistry (ii) Organic compounds (iii) Catenation? [3] (b) Why are there very large number of organic
More informationChemistry Post-Enrolment Worksheet
Name: Chemistry Post-Enrolment Worksheet The purpose of this worksheet is to get you to recap some of the fundamental concepts that you studied at GCSE and introduce some of the concepts that will be part
More informationMolecular Models in Biology
Molecular Models in Biology Objectives: After this lab a student will be able to: 1) Understand the properties of atoms that give rise to bonds. 2) Understand how and why atoms form ions. 3) Model covalent,
More informationQuestion (3): What are the different types of covalent bonds found in carbons compounds? Briefly explain with examples.
CLASS: X NCERT (CBSE) Chemistry: For Class 10 Page : 1 Question (1): What is organic chemistry? Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds of living matter i.e., plants and animals (CO 2, carbonates,
More informationIdentification of Unknown Organic Compounds
Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds Introduction The identification and characterization of the structures of unknown substances are an important part of organic chemistry. Although it is often
More informationIntroduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information
Introduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information Basic rganic Chemistry rganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with organic compounds. rganic compounds are compounds
More informationOrganic Chemistry Lab Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Soap
Organic Chemistry Lab Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Soap Introduction A soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a long-chain fatty acid. The fatty acid usually contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
More informationChapter 13 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides. Carboxylic Acids. Names and Sources of Some Carboxylic Acids. IUPAC Names
Chapter 13 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides 13.1 Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid contains a carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group (C=) attached to a hydroxyl group (
More informationBioremediation. Biodegradation
Bioremediation A technology that encourages growth and reproduction of indigenous microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) to enhance biodegradation of organic constituents in the saturated zone Can effectively
More informationSurvival Organic Chemistry Part I: Molecular Models
Survival Organic Chemistry Part I: Molecular Models The goal in this laboratory experience is to get you so you can easily and quickly move between empirical formulas, molecular formulas, condensed formulas,
More informationBalancing Chemical Equations Worksheet
Balancing Chemical Equations Worksheet Student Instructions 1. Identify the reactants and products and write a word equation. 2. Write the correct chemical formula for each of the reactants and the products.
More informationIUPAC System of Nomenclature
IUPAC System of Nomenclature The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is composed of chemists representing the national chemical societies of several countries. ne committee of the
More informationEXPERIMENT 1: Survival Organic Chemistry: Molecular Models
EXPERIMENT 1: Survival Organic Chemistry: Molecular Models Introduction: The goal in this laboratory experience is for you to easily and quickly move between empirical formulas, molecular formulas, condensed
More informationCopyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Fourteen 1
An alcohol has an OH bonded to an alkyl group; a phenol has an OH bonded directly to an aromatic ring; and an ether has an O bonded to two organic groups. Chapter Fourteen 1 Ethyl alcohol, dimethyl ether,
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS
IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS Alcohols are organic compounds that which considered as derivatives of water. One of the hydrogen atoms of water molecule (H-O-H) has been replaced by an alkyl or substituted
More informationINCOMPATIBILITY OF COMMON LABORATORY CHEMICALS
INCOMPATIBILITY OF COMMON LABORATORY CHEMICALS When certain hazardous chemicals are stored or mixed together, violent reactions may occur because the chemicals are unsuitable for mixing, or are incompatible.
More informationUnit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test
Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test 2. Write the IUPAC names for the following organic molecules: a) acetone: propanone d) acetylene: ethyne b) acetic acid: ethanoic acid e)
More information6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Water is by far the most common medium in which chemical reactions occur naturally. It is not hard to see this: 70% of our body mass is water and about 70% of the surface
More informationChemistry Diagnostic Questions
Chemistry Diagnostic Questions Answer these 40 multiple choice questions and then check your answers, located at the end of this document. If you correctly answered less than 25 questions, you need to
More informationChapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions I. Describing Chemical Reactions A. A chemical reaction is the process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. A chemical
More informationPage 1. 6. Which hydrocarbon is a member of the alkane series? (1) 1. Which is the structural formula of methane? (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (4) (4)
1. Which is the structural formula of methane? 6. Which hydrocarbon is a member of the alkane series? 7. How many carbon atoms are contained in an ethyl group? 1 3 2 4 2. In the alkane series, each molecule
More informationAlcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a benzene ring.
Chapter : rganic Compounds with xygen Alcohols, Ethers Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( H) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( H) attached to a benzene ring.
More informationChemical Calculations: The Mole Concept and Chemical Formulas. AW Atomic weight (mass of the atom of an element) was determined by relative weights.
1 Introduction to Chemistry Atomic Weights (Definitions) Chemical Calculations: The Mole Concept and Chemical Formulas AW Atomic weight (mass of the atom of an element) was determined by relative weights.
More information1. The functional group present in carboxylic acids is called a A) carbonyl group. B) carboxyl group. C) carboxylate group. D) carbohydroxyl group.
Name: Date: 1. The functional group present in carboxylic acids is called a A) carbonyl group. B) carboxyl group. C) carboxylate group. D) carbohydroxyl group. 2. Which of the following statements concerning
More informationCHEM 121. Chapter 17. Name: Date:
CHEM 121. Chapter 17. Name: Date: 1. The elements present in a tertiary amine with two phenyl groups are A) carbon and nitrogen B) carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen C) carbon, nitrogen and oxygen D) carbon,
More informationAlkanes. Chapter 1.1
Alkanes Chapter 1.1 Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties What s so special about carbon? Carbon has 4 bonding electrons. Thus, it can form 4 strong covalent bonds
More informationChem101: General Chemistry Lecture 9 Acids and Bases
: General Chemistry Lecture 9 Acids and Bases I. Introduction A. In chemistry, and particularly biochemistry, water is the most common solvent 1. In studying acids and bases we are going to see that water
More informationATOMS. Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 3 ATOMS AND MOLECULES Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water? (i) 2 moles of H 2 0 (ii) 20 moles of water (iii) 6.022 10 23 molecules of water (iv)
More informationMolecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations (Chapter 3)
Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations (Chapter 3) Chemical Compounds 1. Classification of Elements and Compounds Types of Pure Substances (Figure 3.4) Elements -- made up of only one type of atom
More informationFigure 8. Example of simple benzene naming with chlorine and NO 2 as substituents.
BENZENE NAMING EXPLAINED. This was excerpted from CHEM WIKI and is used with appreciation to the authors. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/organic_chemistry/hydrocarbons/aromatics/naming_the_benzenes. Simple
More informationSCH 4C1 Unit 2 Problem Set Questions taken from Frank Mustoe et all, "Chemistry 11", McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001
SCH 4C1 Unit 2 Problem Set Questions taken from Frank Mustoe et all, "Chemistry 11", McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001 1. A small pin contains 0.0178 mol of iron. How many atoms of iron are in the pin? 2. A sample
More informationChapter 4 Lecture Notes
Chapter 4 Lecture Notes Chapter 4 Educational Goals 1. Given the formula of a molecule, the student will be able to draw the line-bond (Lewis) structure. 2. Understand and construct condensed structural
More informationBIOLOGICAL MOLECULES OF LIFE
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES OF LIFE C A R B O H Y D R A T E S, L I P I D S, P R O T E I N S, A N D N U C L E I C A C I D S The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 115, Page 1 of 29) Carbon
More informationMolarity of Ions in Solution
APPENDIX A Molarity of Ions in Solution ften it is necessary to calculate not only the concentration (in molarity) of a compound in aqueous solution but also the concentration of each ion in aqueous solution.
More informationCH 102 Practice Exam 2 PCC-Sylvania
CH 102 Practice Exam 2 PCC-Sylvania True/False Indicate if the statement is true or false. 1.Tertiary alcohols are not easily oxidized. 2.Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes. 3.Primary alcohols
More informationSeparation by Solvent Extraction
Experiment 3 Separation by Solvent Extraction Objectives To separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid and a neutral compound by using solvent extraction techniques. Introduction Frequently, organic
More informationAmides and Amines: Organic Nitrogen Compounds
Chapter 25 Amides and Amines: Organic Nitrogen Compounds Nylon is one of the materials used to give these colorful sails their strength and durability. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry,
More informationChapter 16: Tests for ions and gases
The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series Hydrogen, although not a metal, is included in the reactivity series because it, like metals, can be displaced from aqueous solution, only this time the
More informationIB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
More informationCarbon-organic Compounds
Elements in Cells The living substance of cells is made up of cytoplasm and the structures within it. About 96% of cytoplasm and its included structures are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
More informationChapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 1. Methane and ethane are both made up of carbon and hydrogen. In methane, there are 12.0 g of carbon for every 4.00 g of hydrogen, a ration of 3:1 by mass. In ethane,
More informationChemical Equations and Chemical Reactions. Chapter 8.1
Chemical Equations and Chemical Reactions Chapter 8.1 Objectives List observations that suggest that a chemical reaction has taken place List the requirements for a correctly written chemical equation.
More informationElements in Biological Molecules
Chapter 3: Biological Molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Elements in Biological Molecules Biological macromolecules are made almost entirely of just 6 elements: Carbon (C)
More informationChemical Basis of Life Module A Anchor 2
Chemical Basis of Life Module A Anchor 2 Key Concepts: - Water is a polar molecule. Therefore, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of its special properties. - Water s polarity
More informationIrrigation Water for Greenhouses and Nurseries
Agriculture and Natural Resources Irrigation Water for Greenhouses and Nurseries FSA6061 James Robbins Professor - Ornamentals Arkansas Is Our Campus Visit our web site at: http://www.uaex.edu Both the
More information4/18/2011. 9.8 Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions. Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions
9.8 Substituent effects in the electrophilic substitution of an aromatic ring Substituents affect the reactivity of the aromatic ring Some substituents activate the ring, making it more reactive than benzene
More informationChapter 8 How to Do Chemical Calculations
Chapter 8 How to Do Chemical Calculations Chemistry is both a qualitative and a quantitative science. In the laboratory, it is important to be able to measure quantities of chemical substances and, as
More informationChapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur
Chapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur 1 Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached
More informationChemistry: Chemical Equations
Chemistry: Chemical Equations Write a balanced chemical equation for each word equation. Include the phase of each substance in the equation. Classify the reaction as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement,
More informationALCOHOLS: Properties & Preparation
ALLS: Properties & Preparation General formula: R-, where R is alkyl or substitued alkyl. Ar-: phenol - different properties. Nomenclature 1. ommon names: Name of alkyl group, followed by word alcohol.
More informationChemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines
1 P a g e Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines Amines constitute an important class of organic compounds derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms ofnh 3 molecule by alkyl/aryl group(s).
More informationLecture Overview. Hydrogen Bonds. Special Properties of Water Molecules. Universal Solvent. ph Scale Illustrated. special properties of water
Lecture Overview special properties of water > water as a solvent > ph molecules of the cell > properties of carbon > carbohydrates > lipids > proteins > nucleic acids Hydrogen Bonds polarity of water
More informationCh24_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch24_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Substances originating in plant or animal material and soluble in non-polar organic solvents
More informationCHEM 121. Chapter 19, Name: Date:
CHEM 121. Chapter 19, Name: Date: 1. A lipid is any substance of biochemical origin that is A) soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents B) insoluble in both water and nonpolar solvents C) insoluble
More informationChemical Bonds and Groups - Part 1
hemical Bonds and Groups - Part 1 ARB SKELETS arbon has a unique role in the cell because of its ability to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. Thus carbon atoms can join to form chains.
More informationProperties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3
Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3 Objectives: To observe the solubility of alcohols relative to their chemical structure, to perform chemical tests to distinguish primary, secondary and
More informationMOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS
1 MOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS Molecular mass = sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule. Formula mass = sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the formula unit. 2 MOLECULAR MASS AND
More informationBalancing Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations Academic Success Center Science Tutoring Area Science Tutoring Area Law of Conservation of Mass Matter cannot be created nor destroyed Therefore the number of each type of
More informationNITROGEN IN SOIL AND FERTILIZERS James J. Camberato
1 NITROGEN IN SOIL AND FERTILIZERS James J. Camberato Nitrogen influences turf health and quality more than any other nutrient. Nitrogen is present in grass plants in greater quantities than any other
More informationCHM220 Addition lab. Experiment: Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes*
CM220 Addition lab Experiment: Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes* Purpose: To investigate the physical properties, solubility, and density of some hydrocarbon. To compare the chemical reactivity
More informationFormulae, stoichiometry and the mole concept
3 Formulae, stoichiometry and the mole concept Content 3.1 Symbols, Formulae and Chemical equations 3.2 Concept of Relative Mass 3.3 Mole Concept and Stoichiometry Learning Outcomes Candidates should be
More informationQuestion Bank Electrolysis
Question Bank Electrolysis 1. (a) What do you understand by the terms (i) electrolytes (ii) non-electrolytes? (b) Arrange electrolytes and non-electrolytes from the following substances (i) sugar solution
More informationLewis Dot Structures of Atoms and Ions
Why? The chemical properties of an element are based on the number of electrons in the outer shell of its atoms. We use Lewis dot structures to map these valence electrons in order to identify stable electron
More informationName: Hour: Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms
Name: Hour: Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight. All compounds
More informationN-P-K FERTILIZERS. by M.L. Vitosh Extension Specialist, Crop and Soil Sciences
Michigan State University Extension! Extension Bulletin E-896! Reprint July 1996 N-P-K FERTILIZERS by M.L. Vitosh Extension Specialist, Crop and Soil Sciences T here are many grades and analyses of nitrogen
More informationWRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA For ionic compounds, the chemical formula must be worked out. You will no longer have the list of ions in the exam (like at GCSE). Instead you must learn some and work out others.
More informationDetermining the Structure of an Organic Compound
Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure of the products as well as the reactants In the 19 th and early 20 th
More informationSCPS Chemistry Worksheet Periodicity A. Periodic table 1. Which are metals? Circle your answers: C, Na, F, Cs, Ba, Ni
SCPS Chemistry Worksheet Periodicity A. Periodic table 1. Which are metals? Circle your answers: C, Na, F, Cs, Ba, Ni Which metal in the list above has the most metallic character? Explain. Cesium as the
More informationMolecular Models Experiment #1
Molecular Models Experiment #1 Objective: To become familiar with the 3-dimensional structure of organic molecules, especially the tetrahedral structure of alkyl carbon atoms and the planar structure of
More informationBy Thomas K. Wray. They divide peroxidizable organic compounds into eight classes: Aldehydes. Ethers and acetals Dienes and vinyl acetylenes
DANGER: PEROXIDIZABLE CHEMICALS By Thomas K. Wray Many organic chemicals used in laboratory solutions and reagents can form potentially deadly peroxides - powerful oxidizing agents containing active oxygen
More informationAqueous Solutions. Water is the dissolving medium, or solvent. Some Properties of Water. A Solute. Types of Chemical Reactions.
Aqueous Solutions and Solution Stoichiometry Water is the dissolving medium, or solvent. Some Properties of Water Water is bent or V-shaped. The O-H bonds are covalent. Water is a polar molecule. Hydration
More informationneutrons are present?
AP Chem Summer Assignment Worksheet #1 Atomic Structure 1. a) For the ion 39 K +, state how many electrons, how many protons, and how many 19 neutrons are present? b) Which of these particles has the smallest
More informationAcids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity
Acids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity Review the Acids and Bases Vocabulary List as needed. Tutorial Contents A. Introduction B. Resonance C. Atomic Radius D. Electronegativity E. Inductive
More informationStudy Guide For Chapter 7
Name: Class: Date: ID: A Study Guide For Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The number of atoms in a mole of any pure substance
More informationAlcohols. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH 1-propanol OH
Chapter 12 rganic Compounds with xygen and Sulfur 12.1 Alcohols, Thiols, and Ethers Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( ) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( )
More informationORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
(adapted from Blackburn et al., Laboratory Manual to Accompany World of hemistry, 2 nd ed., (1996) Saunders ollege Publishing: Fort Worth) Purpose: To become familiar with organic molecules in three dimensions
More informationStoichiometry. Lecture Examples Answer Key
Stoichiometry Lecture Examples Answer Key Ex. 1 Balance the following chemical equations: 3 NaBr + 1 H 3 PO 4 3 HBr + 1 Na 3 PO 4 2 C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 6 CO 2 + 3 N 2 + 5 H 2 O + 9 O 2 2 Ca(OH) 2 + 2 SO 2
More informationAssessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391)
NCEA Level 3 Chemistry (91391) 2013 page 1 of 8 Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Achievement Achievement
More information2.1.1 Chemical and physical properties of semiochemicals
Semiochemicals Semiochemicals are small organic compounds that transmit chemical messages. They are used by insects for intra and interspecies communication. Insects detect semiochemicals directly from
More informationExercise 3.5 - Naming Binary Covalent Compounds:
Chapter Exercise Key 1 Chapter Exercise Key Exercise.1 Classifying Compounds: Classify each of the following substances as either a molecular compound or an ionic compound. a. formaldehyde, CH 2 O (used
More informationFormulas, Equations and Moles
Chapter 3 Formulas, Equations and Moles Interpreting Chemical Equations You can interpret a balanced chemical equation in many ways. On a microscopic level, two molecules of H 2 react with one molecule
More informationstoichiometry = the numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a reaction.
1 REACTIONS AND YIELD ANSWERS stoichiometry = the numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a reaction. 2C 8 H 18 (l) + 25O 2 16CO 2 (g) + 18H 2 O(g) From the equation, 16 moles of CO 2 (a greenhouse
More informationHow to Quickly Solve Spectrometry Problems
How to Quickly Solve Spectrometry Problems You should be looking for: Mass Spectrometry (MS) Chemical Formula DBE Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) Important Functional Groups o Alcohol O-H o Carboxylic Acid
More informationChemistry 201. Practical aspects of buffers. NC State University. Lecture 15
Chemistry 201 Lecture 15 Practical aspects of buffers NC State University The everyday ph scale To review what ph means in practice, we consider the ph of everyday substances that we know from experience.
More informationNOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 2010, 2003, 1980, by David A. Katz. All rights reserved.
NMENCLATURE F RGANIC CMPUNDS 2010, 2003, 1980, by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. rganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself to form long chains
More informationLABORATORY 5 DETECTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LABATY 5 DETETIN F FUNTINAL GUPS IN GANI MPUNDS I. haracteristic reactions differentiating saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons 1. The test of bromine addition. Unsaturated
More informationWriting a Correct Mechanism
Chapter 2 1) Balancing Equations Writing a Correct Mechanism 2) Using Arrows to show Electron Movement 3) Mechanisms in Acidic and Basic Media 4) Electron rich Species: Nucleophile or Base? 5) Trimolecular
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch14_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Compounds with the -OH group attached to a saturated alkane-like carbon are known as A)
More informationEDEXCEL IGCSE chemistry (separate award)
EDEXCEL IGCSE chemistry (separate award) Section 1: Principles of chemistry a) States of matter 1.1 understand the arrangement, movement and energy of the particles in each of the three states of matter:
More informationSpecimen Paper. Time allowed! 60 minutes
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number Specimen Paper For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier Question 1 Mark Chemistry
More informationChapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Multiple-Choice Questions 1) About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living
More informationEstimation of Hardness of Water by EDTA Method
Estimation of Hardness of Water by EDTA Method 1 EXPERIMENT 1 Estimation of Hardness of Water by EDTA Method INTRODUCTION Water hardness is the traditional measure of the capacity of water to precipitate
More informationUnit 6 The Mole Concept
Chemistry Form 3 Page 62 Ms. R. Buttigieg Unit 6 The Mole Concept See Chemistry for You Chapter 28 pg. 352-363 See GCSE Chemistry Chapter 5 pg. 70-79 6.1 Relative atomic mass. The relative atomic mass
More informationChemical Proportions in Compounds
Chapter 6 Chemical Proportions in Compounds Solutions for Practice Problems Student Textbook page 201 1. Problem A sample of a compound is analyzed and found to contain 0.90 g of calcium and 1.60 g of
More information